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The Element examines ethical and conceptual issues about conscientious objection in medicine. Concepts analyzed include conscientious objection, conscientious provision, conscience, moral complicity, and moral integrity. Several ongoing ethical controversies are identified and critically analyzed. One is a disagreement about whether conscientious objection is compatible with physicians' professional obligations. The Element argues that incompatibilists fail to offer a justifiable specification of professional obligations that supports their position. The Element also argues that a challenge for compatibilists who support a reason-giving requirement is to specify justifiable and unambiguous criteria for reviewing objectors' reasons. Arguments for and against requirements to inform and refer patients are critically analyzed, and an alternative, context-dependent requirement is offered. Another subject of controversy is about the justifiability of asymmetry between responses to conscientious objectors and conscientious providers. Typically, only the former receive accommodation. The Element critically examines arguments for asymmetry and maintains that none provides a convincing justi

Nonviolence is celebrated and practiced around the world, as a universal 'method for all human conflict.' This Element describes how nonviolence has evolved into a global repertoire, a patterned form of contentious political performance that has spread as an international movement of movements, systematizing and institutionalizing particular forms of protest as best claims-making practice. It explains how the formal organizational efforts of social movement emissaries and favorable and corresponding global models of state and civic participation have enabled the globalization of nonviolence. The Element discusses a historical perspective of this process to illuminate how understanding nonviolence as a contentious performance can explain the repertoire's successes and failures across contexts and over time. The Element underscores the dynamics of contention among global repertoires and suggests future research more closely examines the challenges posed by institutionalization.

There are many explanations for the so-called rigor-relevance gap in academic research on strategic management. This Element reviews the existing literature on the matter and argues that it must go beyond the typical explanations of knowledge and language differences and look at more fundamental, societal, and cultural explanations. The empirical focus of this Element is the history and possible particularities of strategic management research in Sweden where the authors show how almost 300 years of relevance-centered research have undergone significant changes over the last 30 years, and that the historical development is based very much on societal pressure, academic culture and shifting perspectives on the role of academic research. The authors conclude by offering a couple of examples of how Swedish research, close to its traditional approaches, still can contribute to relevance and thus help balance the rigor-relevance divide.

Leftwing activism of recent decades exhibits an anarchist turn evident in quantitative indicators like mentions of anarchists in news reports and by activists adopting anarchist modes of organization, tactics, and social goals-whether or not they claim that label. The authors of this Element argue that the very crises that generated radical mobilizations since the turn of the millennium have both led activists to reject other strategies for social transformation and to see anarchist practices as appropriate to the challenges of our time. This turn is clearly apparent in the Americas and Europe, and has reverberations on an even broader transnational, perhaps global, scale. This suggests the need for research on social movements to consider anarchists and other marginalized radical traditions more fully, not just as objects of study, but as important sources of theory.

Financial markets, actors, institutions and technologies are increasingly determining which kinds of services and 'welfare' are available, how these are narrated, and what comes to represent the 'common sense' in the policy world and in everyday life. This Element problematises the rationale and operation of one such financial technology, private health insurance, and the industry it inhabits. It offers a cross-disciplinary overview of the various drivers of these markets in middle-income countries and their appeal for development institutions and for governments. Using a range of illustrative case examples and drawing on critical scholarship it considers how new markets are pursued and how states are entangled with market development. It reflects on how the private health insurance sector in turn is shaping and segmenting health systems, and also our ideas about rights, fairness and responsibility.

In this final book by renowned sociologist Margaret S. Archer, her groundbreaking morphogenetic approach is defended, refined and extended through a series of engagements with her critics. Archer, a pioneer of critical realism, addresses key debates surrounding her work on structure, agency, and social change. Each chapter responds to critiques from a different scholar, using these exchanges as springboards to further develop her powerful explanatory framework. Through these lively dialogues, Archer elaborates her tools for analysing social and cultural dynamics. This book offers readers a unique window into Archer's thought as she clarifies, sharpens and expands her theoretical contributions in response to constructive criticism. It will be an essential read for scholars and students across the social sciences, and for anyone seeking to understand the forces that shape our social world and how we can reshape it.

Legal and social movement scholars have long puzzled over the role of movements in moving, being moved by, and changing the meanings of the law. But for decades, these two strands of scholarship only dovetailed at their edges, in the work of a few far-seeing scholars. The fields began to more productively merge before and after the turn of the century. In this Element, the authors take an interactive approach to this problem and sketch four mechanisms that seem promising in effecting a true fusion: legal mobilization, legal-political opportunity structure, social construction, and movement-countermovement interaction. The Element also illustrates the workings and interactions of these four mechanisms from two examples of the authors' work: the campaign for same-sex marriage in the United States and social constitutionalism in South Africa.

This Element offers a new theoretical model of acculturation within the general framework of cultural psychology. It is divided into four sections. First, cross-cultural and cultural orientations are contrasted. The psychology of economic migration (EARN), separate from the psychology of acculturation (LEARN), is the theme of the next section. Berry's model of acculturation preferences is discussed in section three. It serves as a contrasting reference point for the tripartite model of bicultural competencies, developed in the final section. The three interconnected components are symbols, language, and values/practices characterize both enculturation and acculturation. As a second culture learning process, acculturation is not restricted to immigration. It may take a vicarious (remote) shape in the home country. Reaching bicultural competencies and identities, in the long run, is the proposed outcome of acculturation.

The Australia in World Affairs series commenced in 1950 and provides a continuous, researched scholarly account of Australia's foreign policy. The first volume, Australia in World Affairs 1950-1955, uses the war in Korea as its starting point. Prior to the second world war, Australian security had rested upon geographical isolation, a favourable situation in Asia and the undeniable strength of Great Britain. The war deeply disturbed accepted ways of thinking about Australian security and, at least for a time, put an end to complacency. After the war, there was an increase in American influence across all levels of Australian society. This change transformed Australia's international situation, bringing a regard for American leadership in world affairs and a new emphasis on Asia and the Pacific, alongside the traditional relationship with the United Kingdom.

The Australia in World Affairs series commenced in 1950 and provides a continuous, researched scholarly account of Australia's foreign policy. The sixth volume, Australia in World Affairs 1976-1980: Independence and Alliance, opens with the accession of Malcolm Fraser's Coalition government and closes with the departure of Andrew Peacock from the Foreign Affairs portfolio. The international environment changed appreciably during these five years, amid growing concern in the West at the reported decline of American military strength relative to that of the Soviet Union. Deteriorating economies in the West, restricted access to the enormous EEC market, increased uncertainty about long-term trade relations with Japan, and recognition of the Third World's increasingly vocal role in world affairs were additional causes of concern to Australian foreign policymakers, and these were issues with serious implications for Australian domestic politics as well.

The Australia in World Affairs series commenced in 1950 and provides a continuous, researched scholarly account of Australia's foreign policy. The third volume, Australia in World Affairs 1961-1965, is crowded with major events, with the tension over Berlin, acrimonious disputes over nuclear testing and the advance to the brink of war with Cuba. Chinese troops crossed the Indian frontiers, and Indian and Pakistani armies faced one another. Indonesia's confrontation of Malaysia challenged the security and stability of yet another area of South-East Asia. The United Nations suffered a grave financial crisis which threatened to bring the organisation to a halt. There were, too, events of measureless consequence: the explosion of the Chinese atomic bomb; the bitter controversy between China and the Soviet Union, which shattered the seemingly monolithic structure of Communism; the increasing US involvement in the defence of South Vietnam; and the continued probing of outer space.

The Australia in World Affairs series commenced in 1950 and provides a continuous, researched scholarly account of Australia's foreign policy. The second volume, Australia in World Affairs 1956-1960, begins with the crisis caused by the nationalisation of the Suez Canal Company, the subsequent attack upon Egypt and the Hungarian revolt, and concludes with the civil war in Laos and the nagging friction between the Republic of Indonesia and the Netherlands over New Guinea. During this time, Australia's search for security continued and the three-pronged approach developed in the immediate post-war period was carried further: close association with a Britain becoming more deeply involved in Europe through NATO, and attracted by possible membership of the European Economic Community; collaboration with the United States as the dominant power in the Pacific and the Atlantic; and the development of mutual sympathy and understanding with important areas of the non-Communist Asian world.

The Australia in World Affairs series commenced in 1950 and provides a continuous, researched scholarly account of Australia's foreign policy. The seventh volume, Australia in World Affairs 1981-1990: Diplomacy in the Marketplace, coincides with the return of Labor to government in 1983, led by Bob Hawke. This decade saw the development of Australia's balance of trade and foreign debt problems, resulting preoccupation with the economic and trade aspects of Australian foreign policy. This mirrored the international trend towards protectionism and trading blocs. Concern over future access to European markets, and future competition with European exports in other markets, increased with the prospect of an integrated Europe. The Asia-Pacific region saw the emergence of Japan as an increasingly dominant power economically, and witnessed the extraordinary growth of South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and the ASEAN countries as rapidly developing, modernising and highly successful participants in world and regional trade.

The Atlantic World was an oceanic system circulating goods, people, and ideas that emerged in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century. European imperialism was its motor, while its character derived from the interactions between peoples indigenous to Europe, the Americas, and Africa. Much of the everyday workings of this oceanic system took place in urban settings. By sustaining the connections between these disparate regions, cities and towns became essential to the transformations that occurred in this early modern era. This Element, traces the emergence of the Atlantic city as a site of contact, an agent of colonization, a central node in networks of exchange, and an arena of political contestation. Cities of the Atlantic World operated at the juncture of many of the core processes in a global history of capitalism and of rising social and racial inequality. A source of analogous experiences of division as well as unity, they helped shape the Atlantic world as a coherent geography of analysis.

This Element explores the history of urban planning, city building, and city life in the socialist world. It follows the global trajectories of architects, planners, and ideas about socialist urbanism developed during the twentieth century, while also highlighting features of everyday life in socialist cities. The Element opens with a section on the socialist city as it took shape first in the Soviet Union. Subsequent sections take a comparative and transnational approach to the history of socialist urbanism, tracing socialist city development in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America.