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This study employed a mixed-methods design to investigate the experiences of ESL students during their English language learning interactions through the WhatsApp platform. The primary objective was to examine the presence of social, cognitive, and teaching presences in the WhatsApp interactions using the Community of Inquiry (CoI) model. A survey was administered to 349 undergraduate students in Malaysia to collect the quantitative data, which was then triangulated through interviews with 20 students. The interviews were categorized based on Braun and Clarke's reflective thematic analysis. The survey related to social presence indicates a strong interaction among students and a notable decrease in students' inclination for informal and humorous social interactions with their teachers. The findings related to teaching presence view instructors as actively engaging students in their learning process. However, they also pointed out that out less sharing of critical knowledge is taking place. On the other hand, the cognitive presence category was associated with the development of meaningful interaction The educational implications seek to provide guidance to educators and institutions on maximizing the utilization of WhatsApp, for the learning of English as a Second Language (ESL). This involves considering the social, cognitive, and teaching presences highlighted in the study.

In this article I examine Bourdieu's conception of symbolic domination as based on misrecognition and compare it with Gramsci's notion of hegemony based on consent. Drawing on ethnographic research in workplaces in the USA and Hungary I show how both theories are flawed. Gramsci does not appreciate the importance of mystification as a foundation for stable hegemony in advanced capitalism while Bourdieu's notion of misrecognition, based on the notion of habitus, is too deep to comprehend the fragility of state socialist regimes. Comparative analysis, I argue, calls for a concept of domination that is more contingent than Bourdieu's symbolic domination, yet deeper than Gramsci's hegemony.

One consequence of the advent of cyber communication is that increasing numbers of people go online to ask for, obtain, and presumably act upon advice dispensed by unknown peers. Just as advice seekers may not have access to information about the identities, ideologies, and other personal characteristics of advice givers, advice givers are equally ignorant about their interlocutors except for the bits of demographic information that the latter may offer freely. In the present study, that information concerns sex. As the sex of the advice seeker may be the only, or the predominant, contextual variable at hand, it is expected that that identifier will guide advice givers in formulating their advice. The aim of this project is to investigate whether and how the sex of advice givers and receivers affects the type of advice, through the empirical analysis of a corpus of web-based Spanish language forums on personal relationship difficulties. The data revealed that, in the absence of individuating information beyond that implicit in the advice request, internalized gender expectations along the lines of agency and communality are the sources from which advice givers draw to guide their counsel. This is despite the trend in discursive practices used in formulating advice, suggesting greater language convergence across sexes.

Superdiversity implies increasing diversity within diversity, including the rise of flexible migration strategies: complex migration trajectories implying serial cross-border mobility between two or more countries. The article explores transmigration in the two main superdiverse Belgian cities of Brussels and Antwerp, based upon in-depth interviews with Brazilian, Ghanaian and Moroccan transmigrants. The article analyses the social problems related to transmigration, how these problems transcend borders and challenge urban social work and social policies at different levels. It explores why transmigration requires forms of multilevel governance to deal with people living beyond borders in the EU.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the linguistic forms, which commonly constitute meanings in the digital environment. The data were sampled from 200 Bachelor of Science (BS) students (who had Urdu as their primary language of communication and English as one of the academic languages or the most prestigious second language) of five universities situated in Lahore, Pakistan. The procedure for analysis was conceived within much related theoretical work on text analysis. The study reveals that cyber-language is organized through patterns of use, which can be broadly classified into minimal linguistic forms constituting a meaning-making resource. In addition, the expression of syntactic mood, and discourse roles the participants technically assume tend to contribute to the theory of meaning in the digital environment. It is hoped that the study would make some contribution to the growing literature on multilingual computer-mediated communication (CMC).

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an abrupt reduction in the use of in-person health care. Children and women of reproductive age groups might be disproportionately affected by the disruption of routine health services, particularly in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). The aim of this study was to see the potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and child health (MCH) care service utilization and strategies for effective service implementation. A phenomenological qualitative inquiry was used. For the collection of the data, an in-depth interview was employed among women and informants from all levels of the health system including the health development army in July and September 2020. The data were analyzed thematically using framework analysis. The study identified a range of COVID-19 impacts on maternal and child health service utilization in Ethiopia. Namely, reduction in accessibility and quality of routine health services, low maternal and child health service utilization, challenges in the commitment of health workers, shortage in the supply of routine resources for maternal and child health services; and enduring strategies designed for effective maternal and child health service implementation. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and child health service utilization was identified in a clear thematic area. The findings of this study provide evidence on bases at the local level; will help the policymakers and local administrators to develop strategies for early preparedness in the context of pandemics.

In the past few years, a small but intense debate has transpired on the margins of mainstream scholarship in the discipline of Philosophy, particularly within the subfield of American pragmatism. While most philosophical pragmatists dedicate their attention to questions concerning how ideas improve experience (or the theory–practice continuum), those participating in this exchange have shown greater concern for an issue that is, at its core, a theoretical matter: Does the theory of experience espoused by the classic American philosopher John Dewey succumb to what contemporary analytic philosophers—for instance, Wilfred Sellars, Donald Davidson, and John McDowell—call the Myth of the Given? One commentator, Scott Aikin, claims that Dewey relied on noninferential and nonconceptual content or givens as perceptual inputs for cognitive experience. The upshot of Aikin's objection is that these experiential givens constitute a proxy epistemological foundation for the beliefs that flow from inquiry—a position clearly in conflict with Dewey's commitment to antifoundationalism. The objection assumes a slightly different form in the hands of another scholar of American pragmatism, Colin Koopman. Gregory Pappas and David Hildebrand respond to Koopman's version of the objection. The goals of this article are to clarify the objection, highlight the stakes in the debate, identify misunderstandings of Dewey's experiential metaphysics on both sides, and determine why the experiential givenism objection merits serious philosophical scrutiny in the future.

Changes in student-affective entry characteristics were examined in an educational−vocational intervention at Finnish comprehensive school. The conceptual framework constructed from attitudes as learned dispositions (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975) and self-determination (Deci & Ryan, 1985) was tested in a longitudinal study. A person-based survey questionnaire was designed, piloted, and validated. Spearman−Brown reliability was calculated. In the first observation, 669 (Time One Cohort), and in the second, 649 (Time Two Cohort) subjects (girls and boys) of mean ages of 14.5 and 16.0 years took the Web-based survey. The tested hypotheses were (a) variables of self-determination, self-regulation, and intrinsic and extrinsic motivation would emerge as attitudinal domains in work−life orientation; (b) the experiences during the implementation of a work−life orientation program would decrease the effects of seventh-grade student background factors at the end of the program in the ninth grade, and (c) work−life orientation would be effective and have efficacy in changing student attitudes in relation to further education and occupations. Three factors emerged in the Maximum Likelihood Factor Analysis. The factors Independence, Self-Direction, and Flexibility were used as the dependents in repeated measures in a general linear model. The factor means were subjected to a paired samples t test. There was development toward stronger Independence and Flexibility in the case of both genders. The boys had gained the girls' seventh-grade lead at the end of the program. Self-Direction did not show any changes. Empirical findings tentatively supported the program's efficacy in changing entry characteristics.

Faced the vast amount of information, choosing the appropriate materials is a prerequisite for effective self-directed learning. The recommendation algorithm is a kind of intelligent technology that can accurately locate the required information which the users care about most. However, many recommendation techniques experience can not be trained adequately in scenarios with small sample data and extremely sparse ratings. Moreover, DLRAs (Deep learning based Recommendation Algorithms) require high hardware support. The probabilistic graph (PG) can effectively represent the implicit complex relations among nodes, but it still has the problem of sparse data sensitivity. Therefore, we propose a Matrix-Factorization-based Probabilistic Graph Model for Recommendation Algorithm (MF-PGMRA): By matrix-factorizing the sparse rating matrix, the users and items are mapped to the user/item spaces, respectively; We employ the inner product to data-enhance and overcome the problems of sparse data and cold start; Then, we build Probabilistic Graph to construct the "user-item" latent spaces and estimate the probability distribution based on expectation maximization (EM), so as to predict the ratings; Finally, we built a library management system with the recommendation module to highlight the benefits of MF-PGMRA for students' subject learning. According to a questionnaire, we confirmed that the students are satisfied with the system from four aspects of speed, accuracy, usability and convenience, which can confirm that the library management system based on MF-PGMRA can efficiently and accurately recommend suitable materials for students from the huge amount of learning materials to improve students' self-directed learning efficiency.

In recent decades, a number of initiatives have been undertaken to reduce poverty and improve the economic situation of Least Developed Countries (LCDs), but there are still problems that prevent them from progressing toward their goals. This article studies the scientific contributions related to the issue of the LCDs to detect how these countries can achieve sustained economic growth with full use of their capacities, allowing access to new forms of production that could generate products and activities with greater added value. The research has been carried out using bibliometric tools (Vosviewer and Biblioshiny) and the data have been extracted from Web of Science and Scopus. This method includes the topics that have been dealt with the most, the trend followed by these publications, the concentration of authors and the responses that scientific journals offer on LDCs. In conclusion, there has been increased concern about these issues, especially around the topic of trade, sustainability, and the African continent, albeit with gaps in aspects such as the importance of raw materials, official development aid, transportation, and the distribution of its products, as well as other key variables to achieve its future development. As a recommendation, we suggest that the group of researchers on the subject must be stimulated so that the message provokes a reaction regarding the importance of the issues affecting these countries, their painful consequences, and the need to find adequate solutions considering their social and humanitarian significance. It is about raising awareness among the scientific community on topics that have been largely overshadowed by more media-driven current issues.

The aim of this study is to integrate the privacy calculus theory with the Big Five Personality Traits Theory and to investigate the direct and moderating effects of the Big Five personality traits (openness, neuroticism, agreeableness, extraversion, and conscientiousness) on the relationship between the privacy calculus structural factors (Perceived Risk and Perceived Benefits) and disclosure of personal information on social network sites. A survey was conducted to collect data from 379 social network sites users. The sample is composed of 225 females and 154 males. The survey was designed in Qualtrics and distributed on WhatsApp using the snowball sampling technique. The measurements of the research model and the hypotheses related to the direct and moderating effects were tested using SmartPLS software. We found that perceived risk was a strong inhibitor, while perceived benefit was a strong facilitator for the disclosure of personal information. In contrast to our expectation, we found no indication that the Big Five personality traits moderate the disclosure of personal information. However, agreeableness had a positive direct effect on information disclosure. These results have implications for privacy policy makers in organizations in modifying policies and strategies for users based on their unique personality traits.

The present paper explores all the cultural references (CRs) and sensitive elements (SEs) found in the English and Arabic subtitles of the two films available on Netflix, entitled: " عسل أسود" ( Bittersweet) and " Holidate," examining the subtitling strategies adopted for translating them and analyzing the translation issues associated with their translations. The paper uses a mixed method, conducting both quantitative and qualitative analyses. The paper claims that different CRs and SEs found in the two films under study have been translated, using diverse subtitling strategies. Their translations in both the two films have caused translation loss, particularly in the cultural references attached thereto. Such loss is mainly due to the inappropriate use of the subtitling strategies adopted for the translation of CRs and SEs. Certain translations of CRs and SEs are justifiable due to different factors, such as multimodality, time and space restrictions, cultural religious sensitivity, translator ethics, and so on.

Apology has been an important topic in personal relationship studies over the past three decades. This study is based on Sugimoto's empirically derived characterization of apology strategies and explores how Saudis of both genders and of different ages use apology strategies to demonstrate their politeness. The study's three main objectives were to identify the most commonly employed apology strategies and to determine the significance of gender and of age on how people used apology strategies. Data collection relied on the Multiple Discourse Completion Task Questionnaire, which contains questions about different real-life scenarios and multiple answers that measure the use of apology strategies. It was distributed to 102 female and 93 male participants of different ages (between 18 and 50). The study established that the most used apology strategies are self-blame and then compensation, while the least used are blaming the victim and asking the victim not to be angry. The rest of the apology strategies occur at different frequencies. The study also found that women use apology strategies significantly more than men do. Women tend to use thanking, lack of intent, asking for forgiveness, and asking the victim not to be angry, whereas men use compensation, avoiding the victim, blaming the victim, promising not to repeat, and offending the victim more than women do. In addition, the study found significant differences in which apology strategies people of different ages used.

The body of literature on English Language Teaching (ELT) research is increasing, but there is a paucity of bibliometric studies in this field. Thus, this bibliometric study visualizes a cumulative statistical report on the growth of studies with their impact and presents the research trends for further directions. This bibliometric study was conducted quantitatively by analyzing publication trends by year, country, institution, and citation; leading journals and authors; keywords for emerging themes in ELT on the 803 published research articles in the Scopus database from 2013 to August 2022. For analyzing data, this study employed two software, that is, VOSviewer and Harzing's Publish and Perish software. The findings showed that the most productive year was 2021, with 149 publications. The highest number of publications was published in Turkey ( n = 92). The highest number of publications was produced by Sultan Qaboos University, Oman ( n = 17). The highest number of citations (123) was received by the study of Bruton in 2013. The number of research studies is increasing, and the leading country, institutions, and authors are mostly from the EFL or ESL contexts. The results found that there were 144 different journals and conferences as well as 159 authors during this specified time frame. Finally, the finding showed that there were 2,460 authors' keywords and 14,268 keywords in the title and abstract. On the basis of the analysis, this study also presents future directions for practitioners, researchers, and policymakers.