Suchergebnisse

Autors savā darbā pēta un analizē Lauku attīstības programmas 2007. – 2013. gadam pasākumu īstenošanas ietekmi uz izmaiņām lauku situācijā, vērtējot pasākumu efektivitāti, lietderību un ilgtspēju. Maģistra darbā tiek analizēts lauku attīstības politikas jēdziens un tā būtība, vērtēts sociāli ekonomiskais stāvoklis Latvijas laukos un finansiālais atbalsts laukiem caur dažādiem politikas plānošanas dokumentiem, uz lauku attīstību attiecināmo normatīvo aktu kvalitāte un to ietekme, apskatīts iespējamais Eiropas Savienības līdzfinansējums un tā ietekme uz Latvijas lauku attīstību, kā arī izteiktas prognozes par programmas pasākumu ietekmi uz turpmāko lauku attīstību. Darba izstrādē autors galvenokārt izmanto pašu Lauku attīstības programmu 2007. – 2013. gadam un citus ar programmu saistītos dokumentus, kā arī Eiropas Savienības normatīvos aktus un dažādu autoru zinātniskos pētījumus un publikācijas. Darba rezultātā autors pierāda ievadā izvirzīto hipotēzi un ir sasniedzis uzstādīto mērķi – izvērtēt Lauku attīstības programmas 2007. – 2013. gadam īstenošanas pasākumus un to ietekmi uz situācijas uzlabošanos laukos, izpildot ievadā noteiktos uzdevumus. Autors izdara vairākus secinājumus un sniedz priekšlikumus lauku situācijas uzlabošanai, no kuriem svarīgākais ir, ka, īstenojot programmā ietvertos pasākumus un izveidojot stabilu normatīvo bāzi, padarot šos pasākumus par ilgtspējīgiem, tiks veicināta lauku attīstība un daļēji novērstas reģionālās atšķirības. ; The author has done research and has analyzed the implementation of the activities of the rural development program for year 2007-2013 and the impact of activities on the adjustment of rural situation, evaluating the effectiveness, usefulness and sustainability of activities. The masters paper gives analysis of the content of the policy of rural development; it evaluates the socioeconomic situation and financial support in the rural areas of Latvia, obtained from different policy planning documents and analysis of laws and regulations, which are relevant to rural development; it also discusses the possible funding of the European Union and its effect on the rural developmnet of Latvia. The author has also given prognosis about the future impact of the activities of said program on the rural development. While working on the masters paper, the author based his work on the following sources: the rural development program for year 2007-2013 and other documents which are relevant to the program, laws and regulations of the European Union, as well as different papers, books and publications of Latvian scholars. In the results, the author has proven the hypothesis he suggested and reached his objective: evaluating the activities of the rural development program for year 2007-2013 and the impact of the activities on the adjustment of the rural situation. The author has drawn a number of conclusions and has come up with suggestions on how to improve the situation in the rural areas of Latvia. The main conclusion is that Latvia, implementing the activities of the program, should create a stable base of normative acts, which would ensure sustainability of the activities and promote the development of the rural areas.

Eiropas Savienības izvēlētā daudzvalodības politika, ar katru nākamo paplašināšanos kļūst arvien grūtāk īstenojama. Līdz ar straujo oficiālo valodu skaita pieaugumu 2004.gadā, attiecīgi palielinājās arī nepieciešamība pēc papildus tulku un tulkotāju iesaistīšanas, lai nodrošinātu ES institūciju pilnvērtīgu darbību visās valodās. Šī nepieciešamība ir radījusi problēmas daudzām dalībvalstīm, tostarp Latvijai, jo tajās nav sagatavots pietiekams skaits ES stingrajām prasībām atbilstošu speciālistu. Darbā tiek apskatīta multilingvisma teorija, uz ko balstīta ES valodu politika, valodu politika multilingvālās valstīs un starptautiskajās organizācijās, kā arī tulkošanas procesa organizācija un jauno dalībvalstu situācija saistībā ar tulkošanas nodrošinājumu ES institūcijās. Darbā tiek pētīti galvenie faktori, kas nosaka Latvijas situāciju attiecībā uz tulku un tulkotāju nodrošinājumu ES institūcijās. Apkopojot augstāko mācību iestāžu datus, tiek apzināts iespējamais tulku/tulkotāju skaits Latvijā. Balstoties uz kvalitatīvajām intervijām, tiek izanalizēta tulku/tulkotāju motivācija, kādēļ tie piesakās vai nepiesakās darbam ES institūcijās. Darbā ir arī izvērtētas Latvijas augstāko mācību iestāžu piedāvātās tulkošanas programmas, izanalizējot Latvijā iegūtās tulka/tulkotāja kvalifikācijas atbilstību ES prasībām. Balstoties uz šo analīzi, tiek identificētas galvenās Latvijas problēmas (ES jautājumu nepārzināšana, divu ES oficiālo valodu nezināšana, nepietiekama motivācija, lai sagatavotos EPSO pārbaudēm u.c.), kā arī sniegti priekšlikumi situācijas uzlabošanai nākotnē. ; The European Union's multilingualism policy is becoming more and more difficult to pursue following every EU enlargement. The radical increase in the number of official EU languages in 2004 created a necessity to involve additional translators and interpreters in order to ensure a full-fledged operation of the EU institutions in all the languages. This necessity has caused problems for many member state, including Latvia, which have not prepared an adequate amount of specialists which correspond to the severe EU requirements. The author of the paper reviews theory on multilingualism, language policy in multilingual countries and in international organisations, as well as the organisation of translation and interpreting process and the situation of the new member states regarding the provision of translation and interpreting in the EU institutions. The paper studies the main factors which determine Latvia's situation regarding the provision of translators and interpreters for the EU institutions. The author calculates the possible amount of translators/interpreters in Latvia by summarising the data of higher educational establishments. Qualitative interviews have been used as the basis when analysing the motivation of translators and interpreters to apply or not to apply for job in the EU institutions. The paper also evaluates the translation programmes offered by the higher educational establishments of Latvia analysing the conformity of translator's and interpreter's qualifications obtained in Latvia to the EU requirements. Basing on this analyses the author identifies the main problems regarding Latvia's current situation (lack of knowledge of issues connected with the operation of EU, lack of an adequate knowledge of the second EU official language, insufficient motivation to prepare for the EPSO examinations, and others), as well as suggests some possible solutions for the improvement of the situation in the future.

the article is intended to compare methods of legal regulation of the remote employment institute under the labor legislation of the selected Romano-German countries legal system. The basis of the study includes analysis of the stand-alone foundations of the legal remote employment regulation with various levels of arrangements (international, national, inter sectoral, sectoral, enterprise level). ; статья посвящена компаративистике методов правового регулирования института дистанционной занятости по трудовому законодательству выбранных стран романо-германской правовой системы. Основу исследования составляет анализ основ правового регулирования дистанционной работы в соответствии с разными уровнями договоренности (международном, национальном, межотраслевом, отраслевом, на уровне предприятия). ; статтю присвячено компаративістиці методів правового регулювання інституту дистанційної зайнятості за трудовим законодавством обраних країн романо-германської правової системи. Основу дослідження складає аналіз автономних засад правового регулювання дистанційної роботи за різними рівнями домовленостей (міжнародному, національному, міжгалузевому, галузевому, на рівні підприємства).

Understanding the origins of new businesses - the firm creation process - has been dramatically affected by the development of longitudinal studies of business start-ups. A number of projects have been implemented to track the development of new firms, starting with the emergence of a business idea and organization of a start-up team through the birth of an operational business. The U.S. projects, the first and second Panel Studies of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (PSED I, II), have counterparts in a number of other countries, Australia, Canada, China, Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. These eight projects, implemented over the past decade, are at different stages of development and have been utilized for a wide range of assessments of entrepreneurial and business creation phenomena. This volume presents the state of the art of these international research projects, providing the first in-depth comparison of the firm creation data across a wide range of contexts, including developing countries (China), central European countries (Latvia) as well as advanced Anglo countries (Australia, Canada, and the United States) and advanced Western European countries (Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden). The work will be of great interest to the research community, particularly those developing such projects in their own countries, as well as policy makers and scholars interested in the effect of national context on the business creation process.

Abstract
Latvia's far right has had a great deal of political influence since the late 1980s, when nativist movements played a key role in mobilizing political opposition to Soviet power. Far-right parties have been in 16 of the 22 government coalitions in Latvia between 1993 and 2023. Since 2010, the National Alliance (NA), a merger between an established far-right party and a more youthful political party, has come to dominate Latvia's far right and has been a part of every government coalition from 2011-2023. This article begins with a discussion of Europeanization, the Europeanization of political parties, and the qualitative methodology used in the article to examine the impact of Latvia's membership in the European Union on NA's international links and program. The article then outlines the development and influence of Latvia's far-right. The following sections examine links between Latvia's far right and Europe's far right and the impact of Europe on NA's ideology and program. It finds little evidence of Europeanization of Latvia's far right. Latvia's far right is more hawkish toward Russia than the West European right and also enjoys greater domestic influence and respectability. "New nativist" anti-immigration and cultural Marxism themes have lower salience in Latvia where Russian-speakers are perceived as a bigger and more immediate threat than Muslims or "Woke" activists.

Both movable and immovable cultural monuments provide opportunities to meet interests of many stakeholders – their owners and managers, local community, researchers, tourists, businesses, mass media, heritage institutions, etc., as well as so- ciety as a whole. Along with aesthetic, symbolic, educational, research, etc., interests, no less important are the economic ones induced by these monuments' development potential. It is nevertheless widely acknowledged that investment in cultural heritage sites (including conservation, restoration, maintenance, marketing, etc.) may outweigh their direct economic benefits due to inevitable payments and obligations. Thus, the question arises: what are those factors that restrict and those that facilitate socio-eco- nomic development of the immovable cultural monument? Immovable monuments are divided into several typological groups, and the most numerous in Latvia are architectural monuments. Assuming that the effective- ness of development may depend on the type of the monument within one group, this article focuses primarily on manors as relatively numerous architectural monu- ments characteristic for Latvian regions (parishes) and valuable cultural-historical objects, representing large tourism potential. The article, analyzing the situation in Latvia and making international compari- sons, uses integrated socio-economic and legal approach to the researched issue. It provides both theoretical and practical insight into the actualities of manors' devel- opment potential and possible solutions thereto.

The first attempt to bring together the historians of science from the Baltic States took place in Riga in 1958. Prof. Pauls Stradiņš (1896–1958) initiated and organised a joint meeting for historians of science from Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania under the supervision of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. A program for future joint activities was developed, and the tradition of joint conferences—the Baltic Conference on History of Science (BCHS)—in each country followed. In 1991, the Baltic Association of the History and Philosophy of Science (BAHPS), uniting historians and philosophers of science of independent Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, took over organising the BCHS. The article aims to present an overview of the published results of the conference, which is partly based on the annotated bibliography (1958–1985) of the conference. The authors analyse the subject, dissemination and tradition of the BCHS, and discuss the role of academic institutions in organising the events. Since the overview was inspired by a decision to gather a complete set of books of conference abstracts, it also resulted in recommendations for conference organisers. Between 1958 and 2019, twenty-nine conferences were organised and 2,880 papers were presented. The next conference will take place in Finland in 2022. The main ideas of the article were presented at the 26th International Congress on History and Philosophy of Science in Prague in 2021.

During the past decade, China has rapidly emerged as a major player in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Will it divide Europe? Might these formerly communist countries align themselves again with a communist superpower to their east? Or does their past experience of Russia and communism generate suspicions of China? This article explores what public opinion data from a fall 2020 survey of six CEE countries (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Poland, Serbia, and Slovakia) can teach us about the drivers of CEE attitudes toward China. It suggests that China has become a "second Eastern power" beyond Russia against which many people in the CEE have come to define themselves. Although there are large differences between CEE publics in their views of China, individual-level self-identifications with the East or West, and attitudes toward the communist past and communism today consistently shape views of both Russia and China. Russia looms large for all in the CEE, but especially for Latvia and Poland, whose views of China appear to be almost completely mediated through attitudes toward their giant Russian neighbor. We conclude with thoughts on the implications of these findings about the structure of CEE public opinion toward China for the future of the "16+1" mechanism and CEE-China relations more broadly.

In the Republic of Latvia, a soldier performs public service in the field of national defence and his/her legal status is a right guaranteed by the state, statutory duties, restrictions, and disciplinary liability, which are currently regulated by military law, administrative law and administrative procedure law. In addition to the regulation of special and general legal norms, a soldier also has important and binding moral values, because in Latvia "honour" is a characteristic of a soldier, which is inextricably linked to the soldier's profession both historically and of military service. Within the framework of the paper, the author has studied the concepts, essence, genesis and development of such values of a soldier as "honour" and "dignity", from the historical and modern point of view, both in civil life and military science. The author has also clarified their role in the legal status of a soldier and concluded that the existing legal status of a soldier should be elaborated and can be defined as a right guaranteed nowadays. Although not explicitly defined, it should be included in the legal status of a soldier as a military ethical requirement for his dignity and trust, integrity and duty in the performance by the state, statutory duties and restrictions, disciplinary liability and honor as a military ethical requirement.

The deployment of renewable energy sources (RES) is an essential strategic objective of sustainable energy development in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Their growing contribution to the total primary energy supply can significantly facilitate the transition to a low-carbon economy. The paper provides findings from an in-depth comparative analysis of RES deployment trends during 2010–2019 in the Baltic countries in the context of energy policy documents of the European Union (EU). The dynamics of targeted RES indicators according to the Renewables Directive 2009/28/EC and National Programmes and the role of renewable energies in mitigating climate change are analysed. A key role of the heating and cooling sector in deploying RES is highlighted and a necessity to implement radical changes in the transport sector of the Baltic countries is revealed. The paper examines changes in energy-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the impact of driving factors in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and other countries of the Baltic Sea Region (BSR). The Kaya identity and the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method are used for the decomposition analysis. Based on the analysis conducted, the impact of population change, economic growth, decline of energy intensity, RES deployment and reduction of emission intensity on change of GHG emissions in countries of the BSR and, on average, in the EU-27 during 2010–2019 is revealed.

The article is devoted to the study and analysis of such areas of civil law as non-contractual structures, within the inheritance law of individual European Union countries, the emergence, development and implementation of such structures in regulations governing the inheritance procedures of countries such as Poland, Czech Republic, Republic of Lithuania and the Republic of Latvia. The purpose of the study in the monograph is a comprehensive analysis of the nature and specifics of legal and doctrinal bases of regulation and practice of non-contractual constructions in the inheritance law of individual EU countries (Poland, Czech Republic, Lithuania, and Latvia). As a result of the study the concept of non-contractual constructions of inheritance law is formed in the work. The types of non-contractual constructions, first of all their dialectical classification, architecture and place in the system of inheritance law are singled out and analyzed. An analysis of their identification and separation in different states, depending on the legal family, traces the integrity of the fundamental structure of knowledge about the obligatory rights of the testator within the will, heirs and beneficiaries in their biocentric expression and in the context of social ties. Emphasis is placed on rethinking and solving some problems in inheritance law, from the point of view of new world realities.

Funding: This reseach was funded by the European Regional Development Fund within the Activity 1.1.1.2 "Post-doctoral Research Aid" of the Specific Aid Objective 1.1.1 "To increase the research and innovative capacity of scientific institutions of Latvia and the ability to attract external financing, investing in human resources and infrastructure" of the Operational Programme "Growth and Employment" (No. 1.1.1.2/VIAA/1/16/157). ; The hematite photo-Fenton catalysis has attracted increasing attention because it offers strong oxidation of organic pollutants under visible light at neutral pH. In the present work, aqueous synthesis of hematite photo-Fenton catalysts with high activity is demonstrated. We compare photo-Fenton activity for hematite obtained by hydrolyzation at 60◦C or by a thermally induced transformation from iron-bearing nanoparticles, such as amorphous iron oxyhydroxide or goethite. A link between their structure and visible light photo-Fenton reactivity is established. The highest activity was observed for hematite obtained from goethite nanowires due to oblong platelet-like structure, high surface area and the presence of nanopores. ; European Regional Development Fund 1.1.1.2/VIAA/1/16/157; Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART²

Income inequality has received widespread attention in the scientific literature. Income inequality has a significant impact on the health and education levels of the population, as well as increases social tension and crime rates, however there is less research on the impact of income inequality on people`s overall life satisfaction. In Lithuania and Latvia, income inequality expressed by the Gini index of disposable income is among the highest in the EU, whereas in Estonia, income inequality is slightly higher than the average in the EU. Similar results are also found for the Lithuania and Latvia regarding overall life satisfaction, which is among the lowest in the EU, while overall life satisfaction in Estonia is somewhat lower than the average in the EU. The aim of the research is to assess whether income inequality has a negative impact on people`s overall life satisfaction and to evaluate how fiscal policy has affected income inequality and overall life satisfaction in the Baltic States. The results of the research show that income inequality and life satisfaction are negatively correlated, and that fiscal policy has reduced income inequality in the Baltic States, expressed by the Gini index based on market income, on average by 30%.KEYWORDS: fiscal policy, income inequality, life satisfaction.JEL CODES: E62; O15DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v31i2.2101