Suchergebnisse

The empowerment potential of transnational labour migration by women has been debated in the field of women's migration studies. This paper examines the case of women from Sri Lanka, a key home country of low-skilled female labour migrating to the Middle East and Southeast Asia. Using the methodological approach of the case study, the survey found that labour migration does ensure that access to productive resources leads to a measure of economic empowerment in the household. Yet, many women migrants faced intra-household socially disempowering experiences that in turn downplayed their economic contributions. Empowerment as a consequence of migration rested upon a complex interplay of economic factors and contextspecific non-economic factors; the latter were found to be more powerful determinants of women's empowerment.

The article is about the migration of people to and from large cities. The aim of the study is to determine the influence of physical distance on the geographical extent of internal migrations depending on the migrants' age. Five major cities in Poland were analysed in this context. Gravity models, which describe migrations as a function of geographical distance, were applied in the study. The statistics on the number of internal migrations relating to 2018 used in the analysis came from Statistics Poland (and more specifically, from current population registers).
The analysis allowed the determination of the exponents of the gravity function and their variability depending on the age of migrants. The results demonstrate that in the case of the most mobile people (aged 25–29), the extent of migration fields (inflow and outflow) is characterised by the greatest geographical spread. Migration inflow models indicate that among the oldest people (aged 85 and above) longer-distance relocations are more likely than short-distance moves. The least mobile groups comprise people aged 35–39 and those recently retired (aged 65–69).

Over the last decade, the unprecedented influx of refugees and migrants into the European Union has posed a significant challenge to Europe, with solidarity being contested at two fronts: first, the question of solidarity with refugees in terms of meeting adequate measures of protection and satisfying their elementary needs; and second, the question of solidarity within the European Union in terms of sharing the costs and burden of hosting these refugees among the member states. One driving factor of these contestations is that the solidarity challenge in facing the 'refugee crisis' is taken up differently in transit countries in the South of Europe and destination countries in the North. Wishing to shed light on how national contexts impact transnational solidarity organising, we draw on a fresh set of cross-national evidence from a random sample of 277 transnational solidarity organisations (TSOs) in Greece, Germany, and Denmark. The aim is to illustrate the effects of political opportunities and threats during the 2007–2016 crises period on migration-related solidarity activities organised by TSOs. We will do so through tri-national comparisons tracing migration-related TSO patterns across time. The data used is produced in the context of the TRANSSOL project by a new methodological approach (action organisation analysis) based on hubs-retrieved organisational websites and their subsequent content analysis.

This paper aims to examine the implementation of the EU's circular migration approach and its impact on entry and re-entry conditions for migrant workers from the Eastern partnership countries and Russia. The paper adopts a migrant perspective and analyses to what extent the implementation of EU and national instruments falling under the EU circular migration umbrella foster circularity and comply with international and regional human rights standards and soft law principles. The paper is an implementation study based on comparative legal empirical research. It provides policy and legal analysis of the developed EU and national circular migration instruments by taking Bulgaria and Poland as case studies. The empirical data is gathered through semi-structured interviews with policy-makers at EU and national level, and focus groups with low - and highly skilled labour migrants.

Based on the analysis of data from long-term radioecological observations in the Barents Sea, the main migration flows of 137Cs and 90Sr in its ecosystem have been reconstructed. In the current (2010–2019) balance of technogenic radioactivity, the transboundary transfer of radioisotopes from the Norwegian Sea accounts for more than 90% of the total intake. Most of the incoming radionuclides are removed from the Barents Sea through its northern and northeastern borders in the process of water exchange. A significant decrease in the concentrations of radionu- clides in the components of the environment and biota in the "post-nuclear era" is shown. The content of 137Cs and 90Sr in the food web of the marine ecosystem was estimated in comparison with the reserve of their activity in water and bottom sediments. The biotas accumulate no more than 0.01% of the total isotope content in the ecosystem.

This article places under critical and reflexive examination the theoretical underpinnings of the concept of lifestyle migration. Developed to explain the migration of the relatively affluent in search of a better way of life, this concept draws attention to the role of lifestyle within migration, alongside understandings of migration as one stage within the ongoing lifestyle choices and trajectories of individual migrants. Through a focus on two paradigms that are currently at work within theorizations of this social phenomenon – individualization and mobilities – we evaluate their contribution to this flourishing field of research. In this way, we demonstrate the limitations and constraints of these for understanding lifestyle migration; engaging with long-standing debates around structure and agency to make a case for the recognition of history in understanding the pursuit of 'a better way of life'; questioning the extent to which meaning is made through movement, and the politics and ethics of replacing migration with mobilities. Through this systematic consideration, we pave the way for re-invigorated theorizing on this topic, and the development of a critical sociology of lifestyle migration.

There has been a surge of recent interest in the migration industries that facilitate the movement of migrants, particularly that of low-waged laborers engaged in temporary contracts abroad. This article extends this research to include migration brokers working in destination contexts, thus drawing analytical attention to the arrival infrastructures that incorporate migrants into host societies. Based on ethnographic research involving the employment agents who recruit women migrating from Indonesia to work as migrant domestic workers in Singapore, we use the concept of "translation" as a broad theoretical metaphor to understand how brokers actively fashion knowledge between various actors, scales, interfaces, and entities. First, we argue that through the interpretation of language, brokers continually modulate meaning in the encounters between potential employers and employees at the agency shopfront, reproducing particular dynamics of power between employers and workers while coperforming the hirability of the migrant worker. Second, we show how brokers operate within the discretionary space between multiple sets of regulations in order to selectively inscribe the text of policy into migrant workers' lives. By interrogating the process of translation and clarifying the latitude migration brokers have in shaping the working and living conditions of international labor migrants, the article contributes to the growing conceptual literature on how labor-market intermediaries contour migration markets.

Solidarity is a core value of European integration which is highly invoked at the political level as the 'binder' to fix the several crises the EU has faced. It has been as well put forward as a core pillar of the Pact on Migration and Asylum. Despite the narrative of the Commission stressing the novelty of the Pact, yet the Pact has been criticized, by scholars and practitioners alike, as being short-sighted on solidarity. The aim of this article is to contribute to the current debate on the Pact by demonstrating that by being modest on the implementation of the principle of solidarity, the Commission is also not fulfilling the principle of subsidiarity. The article proceeds by first unpacking the principle of subsidiarity, particularly its side of requiring a European added value of legislative proposals, which has been recently highlighted. It develops then an analysis on the meaning of the principle of solidarity, which should have a corrective dimension in the sense of fairly redistributing the effort between Member States. It emerges that, in today's asylum policy, subsidiarity and solidarity are interlocked, so that requiring a "European added value" of the new rules calls for increasing the degree of solidarity. In the second part, the article analyses the Commission's proposals on the screening, the new border procedures, the asylum management, and the return sponsorship mechanism, to show where the low degree of solidarity that they enshrine corresponds to a failure of the positive dimension of the subsidiarity test.

CARIM-East: Creating an Observatory of Migration East of Europe ; This paper summarises the findings of country studies on the main economic and demographic effects of labour migration in the EU Eastern partners and Russia. The major positive effect of labour migration in the sending countries is that it provides temporary relief on domestic labour markets and helps reduce unemployment, particularly in economically-deprived areas. An inflow of labour migrants from other countries helps address existing skill shortages and finance pay-as-you-go pension schemes that are coming under considerable pressure because of population ageing. But the boost to pensions is small because of the widespread informal employment of migrants. Demographers of the sending countries worry that large-scale outflows of native workers which significantly exceed inflows of workers from other countries depletes population and changes its age structure. This, of course, is particularly dangerous for ageing societies. Findings on the economic effects of migration through the return of skilled workers are mixed and remain largely conjectural. Overall, labour migration contributes to the economic development of countries at both ends of the migration spectrum to a lesser extent than it should. This may be attributed to the fact that there are still no enabling conditions for effective brain circulation, productive investments and supply chain relations among migrants in the observed countries. ; CARIM-East is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union.