Suchergebnisse

Increasing motorization has enhanced the risk of road traffic crashes worldwide. Enforcing legislation on key risk factors such as seatbelt use by vehicle occupants is critical in reduction of road crash fatalities and injuries. This study estimated an ordered probit model to explore the relationship between effectiveness of enforcement of seatbelt law and different exploratory variables using data from World Health Organization. This study categorizes the enforcement of seatbelt law into four different levels including very low, low, medium and high. Through this study an attempt has been made to establish the relationship between effectiveness of enforcement of seat belt laws and socio-economic conditions, road crash fatalities, road safety legislation and public policies. Model results revealed that effectiveness of enforcement of seat belt law is significantly associated with road crash fatalities per thousand registered vehicles, legislation on cell phone use while driving, availability of training in emergency medicine for doctors, existence of national or sub-national policy for promoting walking and cycling, the existence of funded lead agency and maximum speed limit on rural road of a country. This research aims to provide a preliminary insight to planners and enforcement agencies to identify significance of seatbelt enforcement and suggest measures compatible to the typical socio-cultural and institutional set up for making the roads safer.

Dieser Jahresbericht stellt die Arbeiten des bei GESIS angesiedelten Forschungsdatenzentrums Wahlen
(FDZ Wahlen) aus dem Jahr 2012 dar. Angebunden an bereits bestehende Dienstleistungsangebote und
Forschungsaktivitäten von GESIS ist das Forschungsdatenzentrum seit 2009 Bestandteil der Forschungsdateninfrastruktur
des Rats für Sozial- und WirtschaftsDaten (RatSWD). Das Forschungsdatenzentrum
knüpft an die Schwerpunktsetzung von GESIS im Bereich der Umfrage- und Wahlforschung
an. Hierzu zählen Bundes- und Landtagswahlstudien, Politbarometer, DeutschlandTrend und Forsa-Bus.
Als größtes Projekt kam 2009 die German Longitudinal Election Study (GLES) hinzu. Zu den Aufgaben
des Forschungsdatenzentrums Wahlen gehören die Aufbereitung und ausführliche Dokumentation von
Primärdaten im Sinne ihrer langfristigen Nutzbarkeit in Forschung und Lehre, wissenschaftliche Mehrwertdienste,
Wissensvermittlung und Forschung. Im Jahr 2012 wurden mehrere GLES-Datensätze und
die Jahreskumulationen des ZDF-Politbarometers 2011 (West/Ost), der ARD-DeutschlandTrend 2011,
der Forsa-Bus 2011 sowie mehrere Studien der Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung aufbereitet und veröffentlicht.

This paper examines the effect of government ideology on monetary policy in a quarterly data set of 15 OECD countries in the period 1980.1-2005.4. Our Taylor-rule specification focuses on the interactions of a new time-variant indicator for central bank independence and government ideology. The results suggest that leftist governments did not decrease short term nominal interest rates at all. In contrast, short term nominal interest rates were higher under leftist governments. A potential reason for this finding might be that leftist governments have sought to make a market-oriented policy shift by delegating monetary policy to conservative central bankers.

IntroductionHigh dimensional propensity scores (HDPS) aim to account for unmeasured confounding. However, it is unclear to what extent HDPS are able to attain this.
Objectives and ApproachThis study aimed to test how well HDPS can account for confounding due to social determinants of health when using only health data. A retrospective cohort study was used to examine the effect of exposure to prescription opioids in utero on childhood outcomes (ADHD, school readiness, NICU admission, and hospitalization within the first year of life). Administrative health and social data were linked at the individual level and HDPS for each outcome were calculated using the mothers' health data. Exposed and unexposed mother-child dyads were then matched. Standardized differences of mothers' social factors (history of teen birth, lowest income quintile, ever received income assistance (i.e., welfare), ever lived in social housing, history with child protection services, residential mobility, and contact with the justice system) were compared before and after matching to determine to what degree the HDPS could account for differences in social determinants of health. Additional HDPS analyses were performed with social factors included in the HDPS with the health data.
ResultsBefore matching, standardized differences between exposed and unexposed groups for the social factors ranged between 0.40-0.75. Income assistance and lowest income quintile consistently had the greatest and smallest standardized difference for all outcomes, respectively. After matching, using health data only, standardized differences decreased considerably, ranging from 0.05-0.27. When including social factors into the HDPS, the addition of income assistance produced the smallest standardized differences with a range of 0.01-0.13 for all outcomes.
ConclusionsUsing the HDPS with health data only can reduce confounding due to social factors. If data are available, including income assistance in the HDPS may further reduce confounding for all social determinants of health.

This paper explores the European regional distribution of the production of new technological knowledge generated by universities, as measured by patent counts. The empirical basis for this study is a unique panel data set of 4,580 European university patents from 1998 to 2004. Our main findings were a strong regional and sectoral concentration of patents, and no average relation between university technological specialization and industrial specialization. Furthermore, our results suggest that variations in regional R&D funding do affect patenting activities in regions, with elasticities showing constant returns to scale, but no evidence was found regarding the industrial potential of the region encouraging the production of new university technological knowledge.

A systematic European Union (EU)-wide data framework for the collection of fisheries data in support of the EU Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) was first implemented in 2002. Since that time, EU data collection regulation has undergone 2 revisions in response to evolving policy needs. The European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) is responsible for conducting research and providing advice on fisheries management under the CFP, and since 2005 has worked closely with the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF). JRC and STECF have an open data policy, and aggregated data submitted by EU member states in response to data calls issued under the provisions of the data collection regulation are published via the website of the STECF. This paper provides an overview of the fisheries data activities carried out by the JRC in support of and in collaboration with the STECF and discusses some of the benefits and drawbacks of such activities.

Daily data of Global, Diffuse and Beam Horizontal Insolation and Global Vertical (North, South, East and West orientations) insolation recorded in Burgos, Spain, are presented in this paper. Ten-minute irradiance data sets are collected over forty-five months in the experimental campaign to produce estimates of daily insolation levels. This data was derived in association with the article titled: "The PV Potential of Vertical Façades: a classic approach using experimental data from Burgos, Spain" (Díez-Mediavilla et al., in press) [1]. This dataset can be used to develop and test new solar radiation and daylight models and estimate the thermal load and lighting needs in buildings for the improvement of energy efficiency. ; Regional Government of Castilla y Leon (Junta de Castilla-León) (Ref. BU034U16) through the European Regional Development Fund, and from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, under the I+D+i State Program Challenges for Society (Ref. ENE-2014–54601-R)

Post-communist labor markets provide an interesting laboratory since unemployment rates grew from zero to double digits and gender differences began to vary greatly across these countries. We provide the first systematic analysis of the determinants of the gender unemployment gap in the Czech Republic using a method that decomposes unemployment rates into transition probabilities (flows) between labor market states, which we calculate using Labor Force Survey data. We extend the analysis to other post-communist economies by evaluating the flows available from existing studies with the decomposition framework. We further examine the flows in the Czech Republic by estimating gender-specific multinomial logit models to learn which factors (demographic, regional, cyclical) other than gender and marital status affect unemployment. We find that women's lower probability of exiting unemployment for a job explains the lion's share of the gender gap in the unemployment rates in the Czech Republic and the other post-communist countries for which studies exist. This is also the principal factor explaining married women's higher unemployment rates compared to married men in the Czech Republic. On the other hand, single men and women's rates are higher than married men and women's because they are twice as likely to lose/leave a job for unemployment. We find that age and education are systematically important in explaining flows of both men and women in all these economies, as it is in the more developed industrial economies. The less educated are more likely to be laid off or quit and less likely to find a job. Whereas younger individuals are more likely to be laid off or quit, they are also more likely to find a job.

OBJECTIVE: To develop tobacco control strategies by analyzing online tobacco marketing information in China. METHODS: Using web-crawler software, this study acquired 106,485 pieces of online tobacco marketing information published on 11 different Internet platforms including Weibo, WeChat, Baidu, etc., from January–June 2018. The data were used to investigate the characteristics and social networks of online tobacco marketing via content and social network analysis. RESULTS: The total volume of online tobacco marketing during the study period was high, showing a positive trend. Of all the marketing subjects, those involving "flavor capsule", "Marlboro", and "Esse" were the most popular. The Weibo platform had the highest volume of online tobacco marketing information as well as the largest proportion of explicit marketing information. This was followed by other social media platforms such as Baidu Search, Baidu Tieba, and Xiaohongshu, where implicit marketing information predominated. The overall network structure of tobacco websites exhibited a significant centralization feature, where traditional and novel tobacco websites formed two clusters with almost no intersections. The China Tobacco Science and Education Website (http://www.tobaccoinfo.com.cn/) and E-Cigarette Home (http://ecigm.com/) were the two nodes of the highest degree centrality within the respective "circle", while the China Tobacco Monopoly Bureau Website (http://www.tobacco.gov.cn/) was the node with the highest closeness centrality. By contrast, Baidu Tieba's overall network structure was more decentralized, and the degree of correlation between different nodes was relatively low. CONCLUSION: Online tobacco marketing demonstrated high volumes and wide coverage, and an intertwined network, thereby creating major obstacles for tobacco control. To address this issue, the government should strengthen network supervision of tobacco marketing and revise its current regulations. Meanwhile, Internet platforms should improve self-regulation by ...

The study of consumer behavior in the refurbishment industry is crucial to the business operation of firms, but there is a lack of research in this regard. With reference to the EKB model specific to consumer behavior, this paper discusses the relationship among consumption characteristics, firm selection behavior and satisfaction degree of refurbishment customers. 242 valid questionnaire copies were collected from refurbishment customers, and analyzed using Decision Tree Analysis and Association Rules in Data Mining. The research results show that, over half of the customers tend to entrust the refurbishment to well‐reputed firms. Moreover, the integrity of refurbishment equipment, response of refurbishment personnel, professionalism and confidence are key elements in service quality (SQ). The best marketing policy for the customers is one which provides more attractive services. These research findings may provide a useful reference for innovative refurbishment firms in their decision‐making. Santrauka Vartotoju elgsena, tiriant atnaujinima, yra labai svarbi verslo imoniu veiklai, tačiau stinga šiuo klausimu atliktu tyrimu. Remiantis EKB (Engel‐Kollat‐Blackwell) konkrečiu vartotoju elgsenos modeliu, straipsnyje aptariami ryšiai tarp vartojimo charakteristiku, imones pasirinkimo elgsenos ir atnaujinimo vartotoju ivertinimo laipsnio. Surinktos 242 galiojančios atsinaujinančiu vartotoju apklausos, kurios buvo nagrinejamos taikant sprendimu priemimo medi ir ryšiu taisykles gaunant duomenis. Tyrimu rezultatai rodo, kad daugiau kaip puse vartotojuyra linke patiketi atnaujinima žinomoms imonems. Dar daugiau, pagrindiniai elementai, užtikrinantys paslaugu kokybe (PK) ir atnaujinimo vientisuma, yra atnaujinančio personalo reakcija, jo profesionalumas ir pasitikejimas juo. Geriausia vartotoju rinkodaros politika ta, kuri suteikia daugiau patraukliu paslaugu. Šiu tyrimu rezultatai gali suteikti naudingos informacijos novatoriškoms atnaujinimo imonems ir ju sprendimams. Published Published Online: 14 Oct 2010 Reikšminiai žodžiai:atnaujinimas,duomenu gavimas,vartotoju elgsena,EKB modelis,paslaugu kokybe,verslo strategijos