Suchergebnisse

In this dissertation, the experience of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania during the crisis in 2008-2010 is analysed. Its aim is to find out why the Baltic countries chose and were able to implement the strategy of "internal adjustment", i.e. kept fixed exchange rates and achieved fiscal sustainability via fiscal consolidation. Furthermore, it asks why Estonia was able to handle the crisis most successfully. Based on the theories of currency crises and fiscal consolidation, a theoretical model is constructed. The empirical investigation relies on both qualitative and quantitative (statistical) methods. It is found in the dissertation that conventional theories cannot adequately explain the Baltic situation during the crisis. Therefore, non-conventional factors are investigated. The Baltic willingness to defend the fixed exchange rates can be attributed to certain economic factors (high flexibility and indebtedness in foreign currencies), continuity in economic policy, causal beliefs, and non-economic functions of fixed exchange rates. The implementation of a very large fiscal consolidation package was possible due to weak trade unions, a high degree of centralization, causal beliefs about appropriate economic policies, weak interest groups and lack of societal mobilization capacity. Estonia's better performance was due to better informal institutions, namely a higher trust in government, which allowed Estonia to collect more taxes during the crisis than Latvia and Lithuania.

Maģistra darba mērķis ir, izpētot ilgtspējīgas attīstības un investīciju šādā attīstībā tendences Latvijā un pasaulē, izstrādāt priekšlikumus situācijas pilnveidei Latvijā, kā arī izveidot minētajiem kritērijiem atbilstošu investīciju portfeli no Baltijas fondu biržā kotētajām akcijām. Investīcijas ilgtspējīgā attīstībā ir investīcijas uzņēmumos, kas darbojas nekaitējot videi, ievērojot sociālo taisnīgumu un labu uzņēmējdarbības praksi. Autores veiktā pētījuma rezultātā izveidots ieguldījumu portfelis, kas atbilst ilgtspējīgas attīstības kritērijiem un ienesīguma ziņā ir konkurētspējīgs ar citiem ieguldījumu veidiem. Lai mudinātu sabiedrību un uzņēmumus rīkoties, jāizmanto valsts politikas instrumenti, kā arī sabiedrības izglītošana un izvēles stimulēšana caur informatīvām kampaņām, iesaistoties arī nevalstiskajām organizācijām. ; The purpose of this thesis is by studying trends of sustainable development and investments in this field in Latvia and other countries, to elaborate suggestions for further sustainable development in Latvia and also to make a sustainable investment portfolio of stocks listed on Baltic stock exchange. Basically investments in sustainable development mean investing in companies that acts according to social, environmental and good business standards. During research done by author, investment portfolio that agrees with sustainable development criteria and is competitive by its profitability to other similar investment options was made. To stimulate society and companies to act according to principles of sustainability, government politics need to be used as well as educating and motivating of society through informative campaigns of NVOs.

Pēc iestāšanās Eiropas Savienībā, Baltijas valstīs bija vērojams straujš kreditēšanas pieaugums. Maģistra darba mērķis bija analizēt patērētāju uzvedību kredītu bumu laikā Latvijā, Lietuvā un Igaunijā. Maģistra darba viens no uzdevumiem bija literatūras avotu analīze par kredītu bumu būtību un tos ietekmējošiem faktoriem. Maģistra darbā tika analizēta straujā kreditēšanas attīstība Baltijas valstīs un to ietekmējošos faktorus. Aptaujājot Baltijas valstu iedzīvotājus, autore izpētīja faktorus, kas ietekmēja patērētāju uzvedību kredītu tirgū pēc 2004.gada. Secinājums ir tāds, ka Baltijas valstu patērētāju uzvedība kredītu bumu laikā lielākoties ir bijusi līdzīga, tomēr pastāvēja arī atsevišķas atšķirības. Atslēgas vārdi: kreditēšana, kredītu bums, patērētāju uzvedība. ; The Baltic States has experienced rapid credit growth after joining European Union. The aim of the thesis is to analyze consumer behaviour in credit boom period in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. The objective of the thesis was analyzing literature about nature of credit booms and factors that influence rapid credit growth. This thesis also analyzes rapid lending development in the Baltic States and factors that influenced it. The analysis about Baltic consumer behaviour after year 2004 is based on a survey performed in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. The authoress finding is that Baltic States consumer behaviour in the credit boom period was mostly similar, but there were also some differences. Key words: lending, credit boom, consumer behaviour.

The article discusses the correspondence relationship between Jonas Šliūpas and Andrius Domaševičius in 1896. Šliūpas was asked to represent the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party (LSDP) at the international socialist congress, scheduled for 1896 summer in London. The establishment of the LSDP in May 1 (1896) is associated with this event. The article also shows that Šliūpas as an independent socialist played a pioneer role by establishment of the Lithuanian first newspaper, specialized for working- class (Nauja gadynė, 1894–1896). On the other hand Šliūpas raised for Lithuanian statehood demand, the entire decade before the offi­cial creation of the LSDP. Šliūpas wanted to separate Lithuanian lands from Russia and Germany, and prefered a federation with Latvia. In 1887 it expressed the idea of federation of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia as a possible version in the future. In addition, Šliūpas not rejected a possible federal version with Poland, if the Poles refuse their imperialism. The political players, who at the earliest raised Lithuania's statehood demand after the 1863/64 Uprising, was J. Šliūpas, A. Moravskis, A. Domaševičius. These Lithuanians of the socialist / social democratic orientation was related in youth to the largest city in northern Lithuania – Šiauliai. The article fi­nally highlights the pioneering role Šliūpas by raising the question of Lithuania in the non-Lithuanian press in the West at the end of the 19th century.

The article discusses the correspondence relationship between Jonas Šliūpas and Andrius Domaševičius in 1896. Šliūpas was asked to represent the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party (LSDP) at the international socialist congress, scheduled for 1896 summer in London. The establishment of the LSDP in May 1 (1896) is associated with this event. The article also shows that Šliūpas as an independent socialist played a pioneer role by establishment of the Lithuanian first newspaper, specialized for working- class (Nauja gadynė, 1894–1896). On the other hand Šliūpas raised for Lithuanian statehood demand, the entire decade before the offi­cial creation of the LSDP. Šliūpas wanted to separate Lithuanian lands from Russia and Germany, and prefered a federation with Latvia. In 1887 it expressed the idea of federation of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia as a possible version in the future. In addition, Šliūpas not rejected a possible federal version with Poland, if the Poles refuse their imperialism. The political players, who at the earliest raised Lithuania's statehood demand after the 1863/64 Uprising, was J. Šliūpas, A. Moravskis, A. Domaševičius. These Lithuanians of the socialist / social democratic orientation was related in youth to the largest city in northern Lithuania – Šiauliai. The article fi­nally highlights the pioneering role Šliūpas by raising the question of Lithuania in the non-Lithuanian press in the West at the end of the 19th century.

The article discusses the correspondence relationship between Jonas Šliūpas and Andrius Domaševičius in 1896. Šliūpas was asked to represent the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party (LSDP) at the international socialist congress, scheduled for 1896 summer in London. The establishment of the LSDP in May 1 (1896) is associated with this event. The article also shows that Šliūpas as an independent socialist played a pioneer role by establishment of the Lithuanian first newspaper, specialized for working- class (Nauja gadynė, 1894–1896). On the other hand Šliūpas raised for Lithuanian statehood demand, the entire decade before the offi­cial creation of the LSDP. Šliūpas wanted to separate Lithuanian lands from Russia and Germany, and prefered a federation with Latvia. In 1887 it expressed the idea of federation of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia as a possible version in the future. In addition, Šliūpas not rejected a possible federal version with Poland, if the Poles refuse their imperialism. The political players, who at the earliest raised Lithuania's statehood demand after the 1863/64 Uprising, was J. Šliūpas, A. Moravskis, A. Domaševičius. These Lithuanians of the socialist / social democratic orientation was related in youth to the largest city in northern Lithuania – Šiauliai. The article fi­nally highlights the pioneering role Šliūpas by raising the question of Lithuania in the non-Lithuanian press in the West at the end of the 19th century.

The article discusses the correspondence relationship between Jonas Šliūpas and Andrius Domaševičius in 1896. Šliūpas was asked to represent the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party (LSDP) at the international socialist congress, scheduled for 1896 summer in London. The establishment of the LSDP in May 1 (1896) is associated with this event. The article also shows that Šliūpas as an independent socialist played a pioneer role by establishment of the Lithuanian first newspaper, specialized for working- class (Nauja gadynė, 1894–1896). On the other hand Šliūpas raised for Lithuanian statehood demand, the entire decade before the offi­cial creation of the LSDP. Šliūpas wanted to separate Lithuanian lands from Russia and Germany, and prefered a federation with Latvia. In 1887 it expressed the idea of federation of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia as a possible version in the future. In addition, Šliūpas not rejected a possible federal version with Poland, if the Poles refuse their imperialism. The political players, who at the earliest raised Lithuania's statehood demand after the 1863/64 Uprising, was J. Šliūpas, A. Moravskis, A. Domaševičius. These Lithuanians of the socialist / social democratic orientation was related in youth to the largest city in northern Lithuania – Šiauliai. The article fi­nally highlights the pioneering role Šliūpas by raising the question of Lithuania in the non-Lithuanian press in the West at the end of the 19th century.

Effect of water level and climatic factors on the radial growth of black alder
Black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) is a widespread tree species in Europe and the western part of the temperate climate zone. The area of forest in Latvia dominated by this tree species has substantially decreased due to wide-spread forest drainage. To predict future changes due to environmental change, it is extremely important to understand the function of ecosystems with black alder and their dynamics. Tree rings can be used as a proxy of past environmental factors. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of meteorological and hydrological factors on radial growth of black alder at two study sites (Dursupe and Raķupe) in Latvia. The response of black alder trees to the influence of climatic and hydrological factors was found to depend on site conditions, i.e. a climatic effect was observed in conditions when the water level was low. Spatial variation in the strength of the relationship of black alder growth to temperature, precipitation, and river level suggests that alder growth is more susceptible to drought stress on higher river banks, where the water table is deeper. Black alder trees growing on low river banks can potentially be used to reconstruct past water-levels.

In the article two cases in Latvian and Lithuanian press are analyzed. First publication appeared in year 2000 Latvian magazine Kapitals, second in year 2004 in Lithuanian daily Respublika. Both articles claim that Jews rule the world. In Kapitals case publication is straightly entitled – "Jews rule the world", Respublika case leaves some space for interpretation "Who rules the world?" from the texts it is clear that two groups are involved in the process, not only Jews, as in Latvian case, but also homosexuals. Because of negative stereotypes image of Jewish community in Latvia and in Lithuania has a lot of negative aspects and usage of negative stereotypes could provoke anti-Semitic attitudes. Homosexuals in Lithuania are one of the most stigmatized groups also usually referred only in negative connotations. Both publications are based on conspiracy theories that relatively small and in society unpopular groups in fact are very powerful and can strongly affect life of society. To publication in Latvia reacted not only civil society, foreign diplomats but Latvia's Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign affairs condemning such a position, editor of the magazine resigned from his position. In Lithuania only civil society and foreign diplomats reacted, local politicians did not pay attention to the issues. Author of the articles (and owner of the newspaper as well) received some financial punishment without any adequate sanctions further.

Increasing demand for energy, limited resources of fossil fuel, as well as pollution of the environment and changes of the global climate, have raised more interest in renewable resources. Support to the use of renewable resources has become a very important part of the European Union's policy. The use of reeds like renewable energy resources allows saving fossil fuels. This paper presents the findings on the reed resources in lakes of Latgale (region in Latvia). The investigation of reed resources shows that the resources in the region are situated in a very uneven way. The greatest amount of reed resources is concentrated in the biggest lake in Latvia - Lubana Lake as well as near it. Using direct measurement methods and metering in the distance, it was stated that the total reed resources of Lubana Lake are 8,203? 2,999 tons, occupy 882 hectares and are situated in 429 reed blocks. Summary resources of Latgale region are 19,862? 7,409 tons. The amount of heat that can be obtained using reed resources of Latgale region is equivalent to 10,543 tons of natural gas or 8,802 tons of petroleum, or 13,092- 21,348 tons of coal (it depends on the heating of coal), or 7,675 tons of fuel, or 8,712 – 12,199 tons of oil (depends on the heating of oil).

In the article two cases in Latvian and Lithuanian press are analyzed. First publication appeared in year 2000 Latvian magazine Kapitals, second in year 2004 in Lithuanian daily Respublika. Both articles claim that Jews rule the world. In Kapitals case publication is straightly entitled – "Jews rule the world", Respublika case leaves some space for interpretation "Who rules the world?" from the texts it is clear that two groups are involved in the process, not only Jews, as in Latvian case, but also homosexuals. Because of negative stereotypes image of Jewish community in Latvia and in Lithuania has a lot of negative aspects and usage of negative stereotypes could provoke anti-Semitic attitudes. Homosexuals in Lithuania are one of the most stigmatized groups also usually referred only in negative connotations. Both publications are based on conspiracy theories that relatively small and in society unpopular groups in fact are very powerful and can strongly affect life of society. To publication in Latvia reacted not only civil society, foreign diplomats but Latvia's Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign affairs condemning such a position, editor of the magazine resigned from his position. In Lithuania only civil society and foreign diplomats reacted, local politicians did not pay attention to the issues. Author of the articles (and owner of the newspaper as well) received some financial punishment without any adequate sanctions further.

In the article two cases in Latvian and Lithuanian press are analyzed. First publication appeared in year 2000 Latvian magazine Kapitals, second in year 2004 in Lithuanian daily Respublika. Both articles claim that Jews rule the world. In Kapitals case publication is straightly entitled – "Jews rule the world", Respublika case leaves some space for interpretation "Who rules the world?" from the texts it is clear that two groups are involved in the process, not only Jews, as in Latvian case, but also homosexuals. Because of negative stereotypes image of Jewish community in Latvia and in Lithuania has a lot of negative aspects and usage of negative stereotypes could provoke anti-Semitic attitudes. Homosexuals in Lithuania are one of the most stigmatized groups also usually referred only in negative connotations. Both publications are based on conspiracy theories that relatively small and in society unpopular groups in fact are very powerful and can strongly affect life of society. To publication in Latvia reacted not only civil society, foreign diplomats but Latvia's Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign affairs condemning such a position, editor of the magazine resigned from his position. In Lithuania only civil society and foreign diplomats reacted, local politicians did not pay attention to the issues. Author of the articles (and owner of the newspaper as well) received some financial punishment without any adequate sanctions further.

Maģistra darba temats ir "Eiropas Savienības lauksaimniecības politikas ietekme uz Latvijas cukura nozares iespējamo attīstību.". Maģistra darba mērķis ir izpētīt, ka ar cukura tirgus likvidēšanu Latvijā tika īstenoti īslaicīgi ekonomiski mērķi, kā arī likts pamats modernai cukura nozares attīstībai. Maģistra darbs sastāv no teorētiskās daļas un praktiskās daļas. Maģistra darba sākumā ir teorija, uz kuras balstoties tika veikts pētījums un darba beigās tiek izdarīti secinājumi, un izvirzīti priekšlikumi. Ar Eiropas Savienības cukura kopējā tirgus reformas īstenošanu pilnībā tika likvidēta Latvijas cukura nozare, kas atstāja negatīvu ietekmi uz tautsaimniecību un ekonomiku kopumā. Maģistra darbā ir 88 lappuses, tajā skaitā 6 attēli, 13 tabulas un 10 pielikumi. ; The theme of master thesis is "European Union agricultural policy influence on Latvian sugar industries potential development". The goal of graduation work is to give as much as possible detailed analysis about Latvia`s sugar industry liquidation inexpediency short term economical goals and industry future perspectives. Graduation work consists from theoretical and practical parts. Graduation work starts with theory, on which relay the author made research and conclusions and propositions. European Union sugar common market reform liquidate Latvia`s sugar industry, what leaves negative influence on national economy. Graduation work consists of 88 pages, 6 images, 13 tables and 10 appendix.

Estimation of risk factors of the work environment and analysis of employees' self estimation in the wood processing industry
The aims of our study were to determine risk factors of the work environment in the wood processing industry in Latvia during 1998-2006, to conduct a survey and self- evaluation of health of the employees and to elaborate a set of preventive measures for improvement of the work environment. The work conditions in wood processing companies in Latvia over the study period were poor; of a total of 940 evaluated workplaces/processes in more than one half of cases (n = 483), the risk factors of the working environment exceeded the occupational exposure limits. Measurements made in wood processing and furniture manufacturing most frequently limiting values or recommended values of the occupational exposure were exceeded for noise, indoor air, lighting, welding spray, whole-body vibration, wood dust and other risk factors. Self-evaluation of health by employees indicates that the main health problems were pain in the back and joints, poor hearing, eye irritation, skin irritation and inflammation, chronic coughing, rhinitis, recurring windpipe inflammations, and frequent headaches. Self-evaluation of employees indicated poor diagnostics of occupational diseases and work related diseases as for 82% of the respondents with health complaints they were not confirmed with medical diagnosis.

Patērētāju līgumi elektroniskajā komercijā Elektroniskajā komercijā, pirmkārt ir nepieciešams panākt tiesisko noteiktību elektroniskās komercijas vides principiālajā regulējumā. Lai to izdarītu, vispirms ir jādefinē elektroniskās komercijas vides pamatelementi, kā arī jānosaka elektroniskās informācijas nosūtīšanas un saņemšanas tiesiskais regulējums. Tikai pēc tam ir iespējams noteikt elektroniskās komercijas darījumu un komunikācijas objektu regulējumu. Jautājumi par elektroniskās komercijas patērētāju līgumu noslēgšanu, izpildei, atteikuma tiesībām un tamlīdzīgi, ir risināmi tikai pēc tam kad ir nodrošināts elektroniskās komercijas vides regulējums. Šis darbs ir veltīts augšminēto jautājumu izpētei. Darba rezultātā ir izstrādātas 22 tēzes, kas dod konkrētus risinājumus patreizējā tiesiskā regulējuma uzlabošanai. ; Consumer agreements in electronic commerce The minimum of electronic commerce environment regulation should cover legal definition of electronic record and information system. After that, electronic record sending and receiving time and place regulation must be provided. There should be defined regulation of goods in electronic commerce and electronic delivery as well. Regulation of electronic information exchange should be stated. Then legislators should take on account electronic environment features, considering consumer agreement closure, performance, parties' liability, burden of proof, rights of withdrawal. This diploma work covers the subjects mentioned above. Legal solutions of the matter are compared between Latvia, EU, USA and UNCITRAL. There are 22 theses drawn to suggest the improvement of existing regulation in Latvia.