Suchergebnisse

Background: Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce highresolution geospatial estimates of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from 600 sources across more than 88 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate access to drinking water and sanitation facilities on continuous continent-wide surfaces from 2000 to 2017, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. We estimated mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subcategories of facilities for drinking water (piped water on or off premises, other improved facilities, unimproved, and surface water) and sanitation facilities (septic or sewer sanitation, other improved, unimproved, and open defecation) with use of ordinal regression. We also estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths in children younger than 5 years attributed to unsafe facilities and estimated deaths that were averted by increased access to safe facilities in 2017, and analysed geographical inequality in access within LMICs. Findings: Across LMICs, access to both piped water and improved water overall increased between 2000 and 2017, with progress varying spatially. For piped water, the safest water facility type, access increased from 40·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 39·4–40·7) to 50·3% (50·0–50·5), but was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where access to piped water was mostly concentrated in urban centres. Access to both sewer or septic sanitation and improved sanitation overall also increased across all LMICs during the study period. For sewer or septic sanitation, access was 46·3% (95% UI 46·1–46·5) in 2017, compared with 28·7% (28·5–29·0) in 2000. Although some units improved access to the safest drinking water or sanitation facilities since 2000, a large absolute number of people continued to not have access in several units with high access to such facilities (>80%) in 2017. More than 253 000 people did not have access to sewer or septic sanitation facilities in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe, despite 88·6% (95% UI 87·2–89·7) access overall. Many units were able to transition from the least safe facilities in 2000 to safe facilities by 2017; for units in which populations primarily practised open defecation in 2000, 686 (95% UI 664–711) of the 1830 (1797–1863) units transitioned to the use of improved sanitation. Geographical disparities in access to improved water across units decreased in 76·1% (95% UI 71·6–80·7) of countries from 2000 to 2017, and in 53·9% (50·6–59·6) of countries for access to improved sanitation, but remained evident subnationally in most countries in 2017. Interpretation: Our estimates, combined with geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden, identify where efforts to increase access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are most needed. By highlighting areas with successful approaches or in need of targeted interventions, our estimates can enable precision public health to effectively progress towards universal access to safe water and sanitation. ; This work was primarily supported by a grant from the Gates Foundation (OPP1132415). LGA has received support from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Finance Code 001), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais. OOA acknowledges the Department of Science and Innovation, National Research Foundation, and DSI/NRF Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch, South Africa. SMAl acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. HTA acknowledges Aksum University. MAu and CH are partly supported by a grant from the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. AAz acknowledges funding from the Gates Foundation (OPP1171700). ABad is supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada. TWB was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; the EU; the Wellcome Trust; and from National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of National Institutes of Health (NIH; R01-HD084233), National Institute on Aging of NIH (P01AG041710), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of NIH (R01-AI124389 and R01-AI112339), as well as Fogarty International Center of NIH (D43-TW009775). DABen was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service, the NIHR, or the UK Department of Health and Social Care. GBB is supported by Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI) de la Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT) of Panamá. FCar acknowledges UID/ MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 support with funding from FCT/Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior through national funds. VMC acknowledges her grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. JDN acknowledges support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. DBD acknowledges support from the Gates Foundation. KD is supported by a Wellcome Trust grant (number 201900/Z/16/Z) as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship. AGo acknowledges Sistema Nacional de Investigadores de Panamá (SNI), Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT). CH is partly supported by a grant co-funded by European Fund for Regional Development through the Operational Program for Competitiveness (project ID P_40_382). SMSI is funded by a Fellowship from National Heart Foundation of Australia and Deakin University. MJ and the Serbian part of this GBD contribution was co-funded through grant OI175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. JK is a recipient of the 2020 Benjamin V Cohen Peace Fellowship from Ball State University Center for Peace and Conflict Studies. YJK's work was supported by the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, grants number XMUMRF/2018-C2/ ITCM/0001. KKr is supported by a DST PURSE grant and UGC Center of Advanced Study awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. BL acknowledges support from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford. PTNM acknowledges the Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa. ANA acknowledges Debre Markos University for its support in-terms of office and internet access while reviewing this paper. AMSam received a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission programme. MMS-M acknowledges the support of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (contract number 175087). AShi acknowledges the support of Health Data Research UK. MRS acknowledges the Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah university of Medical sciences for their wise advice. JBS is part of Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain. RT-S was supported in part by grant PI17/00719 from Instituto de Salud Carlos III–FEDER. BU acknowledges Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. TWij acknowledges the Migraine Foundation Australia and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rajarata, Saliyapura, Anuradhapuraya, Sri Lanka. CSW was supported by the South African Medical Research Council. SBZ received a scholarship from the Australian Government research training program in support of his academic career. ; publishedVersion

The Regional Initiative for the Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV goal is to reduce the prevalence of HIV in the newborn population respectively to 2% by the year 2015. This Initiative is promoted by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Governments from low and middle income countries have adopted and adapted the international directives of the Initiative to their national context in order to respond to international commitments, including the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 5 and 6, related to maternal health and preventable diseases and infections, respectively. Even though bio-medical innovations, mainly Anti Retroviral Drugs, and well-known best practices in public health implementation have made it feasible to prevent most of the Mother to Child transmission, approximately 2.5 million children worldwide are currently living with HIV and every day 1000 children are born with HIV (Marcos et al., 2012; UNAIDS, 2010). In the Dominican Republic (DR), regardless a 98% coverage of antenatal services and institutional birth with skilled staff (MSP and UNICEF, 2011), there are lingering shortcomings that result in high maternal mortality and child mortality rates (150 per 100,000 and 36 per thousand, respectively) (UNICEF et al., 2013). If skilled attendance on birth is "the single most important factor in reducing maternal mortality" (WHO, 1999), how could anyone reconcile Dominican Republic's quasi-universal skilled attendance with a maternal mortality rate that almost doubles the Latin American average? The answer to this paradox, according to UNDP, is the low quality and inequality of health care services (2010). These systemic and institutional weaknesses also affect the Program for the Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission -PMTCT- where the current transmission rate has been estimated in 6% and the rate of full screening for HIV in pregnant women is only 19% (UNICEF, 2012). Consequently, the implementation of the PMTCT in Dominican Republic faces various challenges that range from the disempowerment and vulnerability of the target population (HIV positive pregnant women) to the weak incorporation of the initiative into mainstream prenatal care in order to avoid parallel programs (MSP and UNICEF, 2011). Prevention of transmission from a HIV positive mother to her child requires the completion of a series of consecutive and necessary steps in a continuum of care, also known as the PMTCT cascade (Towle 2009, Marcos et al., 2012). One of the main problems identified in Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs) is the poor retention and low adherence along this cascade. This phenomenon also called loss to follow-up (LFU) "has been recognized as a major hurdle by PMTCT programs in resource poor settings" (Panditrao et al., 2011). It affects 40% of women enrolled in India, up to 81% in Malawi, 84% in Cote d'Ivoire and more than 70% in South Africa and Zimbawe (Panditrao et al., 2011; Manzi et al., 2005; Painter et al., 2004). Given such high rates of non-adherence to the PMTCT Cascade, the effectiveness of these programs is eroded "not only because the objective of reducing pediatric HIV transmissions is compromised but also because of the missed opportunity to link HIV-infected women and their partners to further care and support activities". (Panditrao et al., 2011). This programmatic failure is compounded by the lack of information and academic literature about the institutional or social mechanisms that trigger a higher or lower adherence level and the risk-factors that influence drop-out in PMTCT (Towle, 2009; Panditrao et al., 2011). According to Horne "nonadherence is often a hidden problem: undisclosed by patients and unrecognised by prescribers" (2005). Notwithstanding massive advance in the evolution of health care services and in the presentation and design of medicine, adherence is still an unsolved problem and therefore the research question has been formulated to investigate: Why are adherence and non-adherence triggered in the intended users of the Program for the reduction of mother to child transmission in the Dominican Republic? In low and middle-income countries, where lack of appropriate data and information systems restrain longitudinal monitoring of patients and hinders systematic investigation, the study of adherence is often confined to epidemiological approaches, leaving the interaction between patient and the health system superficially addressed. Most of the existing literature focuses on the demand for HIV health services (patient behavior), ignoring supply (institutional arrangements and organizational culture). With regards to PMTCT, very few exploratory studies have discussed the social, economic and structural barriers and facilitators to full adherence in low and middle income countries (Towle, 2009; Painter et al., 2004; Castro and Farmer, 2005; Campbell, 2003; Parker, 2001; Trickett, 2005, 2004). In order to analyze and unpack this phenomenon a Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis will be used to address the task of improving the understanding of PMTCT program, its mechanisms and the context in which adherence develops. Service level delivery will be analyzed using in depth interviews with 120 HIV positive women that attended the program. Their experiences with the program have been recorded, translated where necessary, and transcribed. All the data has been systematized, coded and analyzed with fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis looking at how different combinations of conditions concur to adherence and risk for them and for the baby. Policy designers' opinions and practices have been studied during one year of participating in the National Technical Group for the Elimination of Mother to Child Transmission in the Dominican Republic that integrate members of the Ministry of Health and International Organization such as UNICEF and PAHO. This participation has endorsed the elaboration of a series of research questions and interest of the Ministry of Health opening up the access to the two main maternities in the country and partly their documents. Health care providers and practitioners' practices have been studied during two years of observations in maternities and this experience has been essential for creation of the interview questionnaire and in the interpretation of the fsQCA solutions. This thesis is developed in five chapters. Chapter 1 presents the insertion of the study in the trend of analysis of Public Policies in LMICs and the state of the art in this academic field. The Chapter starts by describing current trends and challenges in the literature of health public policies in low and middle-income countries and develops by looking at the importance of adopting a locus at the front line service level to study the experience of non-traditional actors: the women involved in the program. Subsequently, the Chapter presents the factors found in literature that are related to the possible barriers faced by the women in the program from a psychological, social, economical and structural perspective. The chapter ends by presenting the most important and known definitions used to define different types of patient commitment to health programs. The second Chapter presents the outcome, each single condition adopted for the model and their operationalization, the hypothesis and the data set. The third Chapter is divided in two parts. The first one presents the analysis with fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis starting with the results of the Analysis of Necessary Conditions for Positive and Negative Outcome and following with the Analysis of Sufficiency. The second part describes the result of the episodes of violence's categorization that emerged during in depth interviews with the women interviewed. The Chapter ends by exploring the most relevant topics encountered during the analysis of the transcriptions related to the program and the mechanisms involved in adherence and non-adherence. The last Chapter presents the discussion of the results and applied policy implication namely that the most significant determinants for adherence in the Dominican case are language and HIV Knowledge. Despite the numerous literature regarding education and female employment as strong determinants of adherence, the evidence collected does not support their status as necesary conditions. This final chapter ends by addressing the limitation of the current research and future possible development in the field of adherence to the PMTCT in LMICs.

ABSTRAK Penelitian yang dilakukan ini bertujuan untuk menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh tenaga kerja dan investasi terhadap PDRB Industri Pengolahan di Pulau Jawa Tahun 2011-2017. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder dengan periode observasi 2011-2017 yang diperoleh dari Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) maupun publikasi lainnya yang terkait. Teknik metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah regresi berganda data panel dengan model regresi Fixed Effetc Cross-Section Weight. Data diolah menggunakan Eviews 9.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tenaga kerja berpengaruh positif tetapi tidak signifikan terhadap PDRB industri pengolaan dengan koefisien 0,048110 dan nilai probabilitas sebesar 0,7183. Investasi PMA berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PDRB Industri Pengolahan dengan koefisien sebesar 0,104161 dan nilai probabilitas uji t statistik sebesar 0,0000 atau lebih kecil dari taraf signifikan 5% atau sebesar 0,05. Investasi PMDN berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PDRB Industri Pengolahan dengan koefisien sebesar 0,052172 dan nilai probabilitas sebesar 0,0018. Tenaga kerja dan investasi secara bersama-sama berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap kemiskinan dengan nilai F statistik 4508.827 dan Prob (F-statistic) 0,000000. Kata Kunci : PDRB Industri Pengolahan, Tenaga Kerja sektor industri, Investasi PMA sektor industri dan Investasi PMDN sektor industri. PENGARUH TENAGA KERJA DAN INVESTASI TERHADAP PDRB INDUSTRI PENGOLAHAN DI PULAU JAWA1. Latar BelakangPDRB Industri Pengolahan merupakan sektor yang berkontribusi besar terhadap perekonomian. Sektor industri dianggap sebagai mesin pertumbuhan ekonomi. Menurut Kusumantoro (2009), kebijakan pembangunan strategis sektoral adalah kebijakan pembangunan di sektor industri. Sektor tersebut dipandang sebagai sektor yang memiliki tingkat produktivitas tinggi, sehingga keunggulannya akan diperoleh nilai tambah yang tinggi. Oleh karena itu, tujuan menciptakan kesejahteraan ekonomi masyarakat dapat lebih cepat direalisasikan dengan mengembangkan sektor ini. Pulau Jawa memiliki nilai kontribusi yang besar dalam perekonomian nasional yang sebagian besar kontribusinya pada PDRB Industri Pengolahan. Disamping itu, karena perannya yang sangat penting dalam perekonomian, PDRB Industri pengolahan dipengaruhi oleh tenaga kerja sektor industri dan investasi PMA dan PMDN di sektor industri. Semakin bertambah besar lapangan kerja yang tersedia maka akan menyebabkan semakin meningkatnya pertumbuhan ekonomi di suatu daerah. Sedangkan dengan adanya investasi maka kapasitas dalam produksi akan meningkat yang kemudian akan mempengaruhi output yang dihasilkan. Meningkatnya output akan menyebabkan peningkatan pada PDRB. Akan tetapi, tenaga kerja dan investasi selalu mengalami fluktasi yang naik turun. Maka dari itu, penelitian ini untuk melihat apakah tenaga kerja sektor industri dan investasi PMA/PMDN sektor industri berpengaruh terhadap terbentuknya PDRB industri pengolahan.2. PermasalahanAdapun Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini sebagai berikut :Apakah terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan tenaga kerja sektor industri terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan di Pulau Jawa tahun 2011-2017?Apakah terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan investasi PMA di sektor industri terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan di Pulau Jawa tahun 2011-2017?Apakah terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan investasi PMDN terhadap PDRB Industri Pengolahan di Pulau Jawa tahun 2011-2017? 3. Tujuan PenelitianUntuk mengetahui dan menganalisa pengaruh tenaga kerja sektor industri terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan di Pulau Jawa.Untuk mengetahui dan menganalisa pengaruh investasi PMA di sektor industri terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan di Pulau Jawa.Untuk mengetahui dan menganalisa pengaruh investasi PMDN di sektor industri terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan di Pulau Jawa.4. Metode PenelitianPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan bukti empiris atau menguji penjelasan sebab dan akibat yang berbentuk berbentuk regresi berganda. Dan penelitian ini menunjukkan arah hubungan antara variabel bebas dengan variabel terikat disamping mengukur kekuatan hubungannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dengan periode observasi 2011-2017. Data yang digunakan bersumber dari Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) di Pulau Jawa maupun publikasi lainnya yang terkait. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi berganda data panel dengan model regresi Fixed Effect Cross-Section Weights. Data diolah dengan menggunakan Eviews 9. 5. Hasil dan PembahasanHasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tenaga kerja sektor industri berpengaruh positif tapi tidak signifikan terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan dengan koefisien 0,048110 dan nilai probabilitas sebesar 0,7183. Tenaga kerja sektor industri berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan dengan koefisien sebesar 0,104161 dan nilai probabilitas uji t statistik sebesar 0,0000 atau lebih kecil dari taraf signifikan 5% atau sebesar 0,05. Investasi PMDN berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan dengan koefisien sebesar 0,052172 dan nilai probabilitas sebesar 0,0018. 6. Kesimpulan dan rekomendasiKesimpulanTenaga kerja sektor industri menunjukkan pengaruh positif tapi signifikan terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan. Investasi PMA berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan. Investasi PMDN berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Selain itu uji determinasi (R2) menunjukkan bahwa 99,90% variabel bebas (tenaga kerja sektor industri, investasi PMA dan PMDN di sektor industri) mempengaruhi variabel terikat (PDRB industri pengolahan), sisanya dipengaruhi oleh variabel diluar variabel bebas.RekomendasiMengingat peran PDRB industri pengolahan yang memiliki kontribusi yang besar terhadap perekonomian yang dipengaruhi oleh tenaga kerja sektor industri dan investasi PMA dan PMDN di sektor industri. Pemerintah dan pengusaha diharapkan dapat mendorong terus adanya perbaikan kondisi pekerja dan lingkungannya, sehingga tingkat upah dan produktivitas diharapkan tumbuh selaras dan dapat memperbaiki kondisi kesejahteraan pekerja di Pulau Jawa. 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Main objective of this impact study is to highlight (i) major benefits experienced by VBSP clients and group leader in the long run; (ii) impact case studies; and (iii) indicative cost benefit analysis. This exercise aims to conduct a qualitative study of the outcomes and impacts of the SMS notification services (using case studies as a primary approach) to provide the Foundation, VBSP, as well as the donor Australian DFAT with an in-depth understanding of the benefits that the SMS notification services in Phase I have brought or/and will potentially bring to both VBSP and its clients and group leaders in the long-run, particularly seen from the perspective of financial inclusion and digital age. A special focus is placed on whether and how the SMS notification services have contributed to economic empowerment of female clients of VBSP. It is also expected that the study would capture some impact stories among VBSP's clients and group leaders, document them for lessons learnt and distribute them through the communication channels of the Foundation and VBSP. In addition to this, the study will also perform a cost and benefit analysis, using the data available from VBSP Head Quarter (HQ) and some selected branches as well as empirical materials collected from the short field visits (see below), to further support the estimated benefits from the project management.

The study brings out several important policy implications and has great relevance to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially SDG 8 on 'Descent Work and Economic Growth' and SDG 1 on 'No Poverty'. The findings stress the need to ensure the sustainability of the government pension scheme in the face of a rapidly ageing population and rising cost of the current non-contributory scheme. The findings also support the discourse on raising the mandatory age of retirement. Furthermore, there is a need to improve the quality and coverage of the existing social assistance schemes in order to enhance the income security of the elderly.

The 2020 budget of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) is aligned with Strategy 2030 and supports the strategic and institutional priorities of the Work Program and Budget Framework, 2020–2022. The 2020 work program commitments comprise $18.2 billion and 130 projects for sovereign operations (from $17.6 billion and 120 projects estimated for 2019), $3.4 billion and 37 projects for nonsovereign operations (from $3.2 billion and 32 projects estimated for 2019), and $422.0 million and 237 projects for technical assistance (from $395.0 million and 270 projects estimated for 2019). Strategy 2030 is being implemented through the mainstreaming of the seven operational priorities—supported by seven operational plans, which were endorsed by the Board of Directors in October 2019. The operational plans will guide ADB operations and offer new opportunities to implement Strategy 2030 using integrated and differentiated approaches in project design, knowledge work, and financing. ADB will also focus on the quality of operations.

The 2015 Annual Report of the Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction (JFPR) presents the background and rationale, implementation progress, and achievements of the JFPR. It is the 15th such report and covers the period 1 January–31 December 2015. Established in May 2000, JFPR provides direct grant assistance to the poorest and most vulnerable groups in developing members of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) while fostering long-term social and economic development. The grants target poverty reduction initiatives with the direct participation of nongovernment organizations, community groups, and civil society. In 2009, the Government of Japan and ADB expanded the scope of JFPR to include provision of support to developing members through capacity development, policy and advisory, research and development, and project preparatory technical assistance.

The term 'Middle Income Trap' has a lot of resonance for countries in the region, many of whom have either languished in middle-income status for extended periods of time, or are worried about growth slow-downs. However, while the concept has been successful at attracting the attention of policy-makers, it has also given rise to a plethora of different definitions, methods of measurement, and countries that it is taken to refer to. Beyond the validity of the concept itself, it is worth asking if this is an area where APEC can make a useful contribution, given its unique organizational characteristics.

The multidonor Gender and Development Cooperation Fund (GDCF) was established in May 2003 as a facility to promote gender equality and women's empowerment in the Asia Pacific region. This facility will help facilitate effective implementation of the Asian Development Bank's Policy on Gender and Development and accelerate gender equality and women's empowerment in the Asia Pacific region. As a leverage fund, GDCF is intended to make ADB's operations work better for gender equality and women's empowerment in Asia and the Pacific. Activities supported by GDCF are all aimed at influencing much bigger loan and Asian Development Fund (ADF) projects, national laws and sector policies, and capacity of ADB's clients in implementing such projects and policies.

The lotus Letter is a monthly news letter from the Lotus Circle. The Lotus Circle is a vibrant community of committed individuals and organizations working together to empower women and girls across Asia by supporting The Asia Foundation's Women's Empowerment Program.

The lotus Letter is a monthly news letter from the Lotus Circle. The Lotus Circle is a vibrant community of committed individuals and organizations working together to empower women and girls across Asia by supporting The Asia Foundation's Women's Empowerment Program.

The lotus Letter is a monthly news letter from the Lotus Circle. The Lotus Circle is a vibrant community of committed individuals and organizations working together to empower women and girls across Asia by supporting The Asia Foundation's Women's Empowerment Program.

The multi-donor Gender and Development Cooperation Fund (GDCF) was established in May 2003 to facilitate effective implementation of the Asian Development Bank's Policy on Gender and Development and accelerate gender equality and women's empowerment in the Asia Pacific region. As a leverage fund, GDCF is intended to make ADB's operations work better for gender equality and women's empowerment in Asia and the Pacific. Activities supported by GDCF are all aimed at influencing much bigger loan and Asian Development Fund (ADF) projects, national laws and sector policies, and capacity of ADB's clients in implementing such projects and policies.

In this issue: Philippine Fault Lines, Women's Entrepreneurship, Community Mediation in Asia, Bangladesh, ASEAN Centrality, Asia Foundation Development Fellows, Advancing Gender Equality in Asia, India, and Thai-U.S. Relations

Despite some progress, women's share in senior management is still poor. Closing the gender gap in leadership leads to better business and financial outcomes. ADB's Trade Finance Program—which guaranteed or funded 3,500 transactions in 2017 valued at $4.5 billion—conducted a gender audit among several of its partner banks. The objective of this study was to develop specific, practical and implementable recommendations to attract, retain, and promote more women in banking. This study was a joint effort between ADB's Private Sector Department and the Gender Equity Thematic Group, funded by the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.