Suchergebnisse

Human rights — Right to life — Fair trial — Detention pending trial — Sentence of death — Whether repeated reading of sentence to defendant unlawful — Whether execution of defendant when international tribunal has ordered that execution be stayed unlawful537Human rights — International machinery for protection of human rights — American Convention on Human Rights, 1969 — Inter-American Court of Human Rights — Jurisdiction — Effect of provisional orders — When Court becomes functus officio — Inter-American Commission on Human Rights — Whether decisions bindingInternational tribunals — Provisional measures — Whether binding — Whether enforceable in municipal law — Inter-American Court of Human RightsRelationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — American Convention on Human Rights, 1969 — Convention not incorporated into the law of Trinidad and Tobago — Extent to which courts of Trinidad and Tobago entitled or required to give effect to Convention — Effect in municipal law of decision of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights — The law of Trinidad and Tobago

La politique migratoire de la Côte-d'Ivoire
Kouadio BROU et Yves CHARBIT
Cet article traite de la politique des migrations internes et internationales, spécialement de ses déterminants, instruments et facteurs. Les auteurs démontrent qu'elle a été un moyen de procurer des travailleurs à l'agriculture ivoirienne. Ils identifient des facteurs démographiques, économiques et historiques. Puis ils analysent la migration interne en mettant l'accent sur les instruments utilisés, la politique régionale de l'emploi et la léglisation foncière et domaniale. Quant à la migration internationale, elle repose sur les conventions liant la Côte-d'Ivoire et la Haute-Volta ou la Côte-d'Ivoire et la France. Enfin, les tendances les plus récentes sont examinées : les politiques migratoires interne et internationale ont évolué sous la contrainte de la crise politique et économique des années 1980. Les auteurs concluent que la politique est inefficace dans la mesure où elle a été incapable de réguler les flux migratoires.

575Jurisdiction — Territorial — Tort committed outside jurisdiction — Effects within jurisdiction — Construction of nuclear power plant in Czechoslovakia — Threat of nuclear pollution in Austria — Action brought by Austrian landowner against Czechoslovakia for mandatory injunction to prevent construction — Whether municipal courts entitled to exercise jurisdiction — Test of whether proceedings in foreign State impossible or unreasonableState immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Action against foreign State for injunction to prevent construction of nuclear power plant — Activities jure gestionis and jure imperii — Whether construction or operation of nuclear power plant is a sovereign activity — Whether classification of activity to be made according to municipal or international lawEnvironment — Action against State regarding environmental damage — Transboundary nuclear pollution — Nuclear power plant whose operation threatens to damage private property — Whether landowner in neighbouring country entitled to obtain injunction to prevent constructionRelationship of international law and municipal law — Incorporation of customary international law into municipal law — Austrian Constitution, Article 9(1) — The law of Austria

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Southern Rhodesia — Unilateral declaration of independence — Validity of acts of "High Court of Rhodesia" — Doctrine of State necessity — The law of EnglandStates as international persons — State succession — Continuity of the law — Judgments of courts — Colony — Southern Rhodesia — Unilateral declaration of independence — Acts of judges appointed by usurping government — Letter of request by "High Court of Rhodesia" to High Court in England — Whether a request by a "British court" — Authority of court — Doctrine of State necessity — The law of EnglandStates as international persons — Recognition — Of States — Colony — Southern Rhodesia — Unilateral declaration of independence, 1965 — Acts of judges appointed by usurping government — Letter of request by "High Court of Rhodesia" to High Court in England — Whether a request from a "British court" — Authority of court — Whether derived from 1961 or 1969 Constitution — Doctrine of State necessity — Bankruptcy Act 1914 — The law of England

297The individual in international law — In general — Position of individuals in international law — Human rights and freedoms — Freedom of entry — Right of entry into Federal Republic of Germany — Whether extending to Germans domiciled in German Democratic Republic — Federal Basic Law 1949, Articles 11 and 116 — Effect of Treaty on Basis of Relations between Federal Republic and German Democratic Republic, 1972 — Freedom of emigration — Guarantees — Fourth Protocol to European Convention on Human Rights, 1963, Article 2(2) — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 12(2) — Whether legislation of German Democratic Republic prohibiting free exit part of municipal law of Federal Republic — Transit Agreement between Federal Republic of Germany and German Democratic Republic, 1971 — Whether creates rights and duties for individuals — Whether contract for payment in return for assistance to escape from German Democratic Republic enforceable in courts of Federal Republic — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — In matters of domestic jurisdiction — Criminal proceedings — Visits abroad by Italian judges in order to cross-examine defendants held in the United States and France — Whether a violation of rules on territorial jurisdiction — Requirement to respect sovereignty of other States and follow established procedure of submitting letters rogatory to competent foreign authorities — Exceptions admissible only if sanctioned by both international agreement and municipal law — The law of Italy222Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Over territory in general and persons and property situated therein — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Criminal proceedings — Visits abroad by Italian judges in order to cross-examine defendants held in the United States and France — Whether a violation of rules on territorial jurisdiction — Requirement of respect for sovereignty of other States — Exceptions admissible only if sanctioned by both international agreement and municipal law — Requirement to follow established procedure and submit letters rogatory to competent foreign authorities — The law of Italy

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For taking of, or interference with, property — Expropriation of foreign — owned banks by Republic of Cuba — Measure of compensation — Lack of clear international law standard — Effect of resolutions of United Nations General Assembly — Effect of compromise settlements — Appropriate compensation — Whether including 'going concern value' — The law of the United StatesStates as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Expropriation of foreign owned property — Whether justiciable — counterclaims in respect of expropriation — Conditions of justiciability — Effect of Executive statement that act of State doctrine need not be applied — Damages issue — Whether justiciable — Lack of clear international law standard — Measure of compensation for expropriation — Appropriate compensation — Whether including 'going concern value' — Effect of resolution of United Nations General Assembly — Effect of compromise — Nationalization of foreign banks by Cuba — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Conclusiveness of statements of the Executive — Act of State doctrine — Bernstein exception — Whether Executive statement that act of State doctrine should not apply to certain cases conclusive — The law of the United StatesJurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon territorial jurisdiction — Foreign States — Doctrine of sovereign immunity — Relationship to act of State doctrine — Counterclaim against foreign State — The law of the United States48States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Expropriation of property of United States nationals in Cuba — Whether United States courts entitled to assess validity of expropriation under international law — Cuban assets in United States — Counterclaim against — Bernstein exception to act of State doctrine — Whether State Department recommendation that act of State doctrine should not apply conclusive — The law of the United States

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — Interpretation in municipal courts — Interpretation of statute giving effect to treaty — The law of EnglandJurisdiction — High Seas — Jurisdiction on High Seas — Pollution of the High Seas — International Convention for Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil 1954 — United Kingdom Oil in Navigable Waters Act 1955 — Prosecution thereunder following particulars furnished by another Contracting Party — Persons liable to prosecution — Whether 1955 Act could provide beyond requirements of a treaty — The law of England456Treaties — Interpretation — Principles and rules of interpretation — Whether enabling municipal legislation can provide beyond requirements of a treaty — International Convention for Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil 1954 — United Kingdom Oil in Navigable Waters Act 1955 — Proceedings thereunder for alleged breach of Convention — Persons liable to prosecution — Whether the word 'or' to be construed conjunctively or disjunctively — Procedure — Enforcement of treaty — The law of England

States as international persons — Composite States — Federal States — Foreign relations of — Position of component states — Power of such states to impose taxation discriminating between foreign nations — The law of the United States of America.Treaties — Special kinds of — Double taxation treaties — Application to ad valorem taxes on movables — Taxation of aircraft registered in one contracting State with home port in that State operating in international commerce — Tax imposed by state statute in federal State — Supremacy of federal treaty over state law — Double Taxation Conventions between United States and Sweden, Denmark and Norway — The law of the United States of America.Jurisdiction — Territorial — Over property — Taxation — State personal property tax — Application on apportionment basis to foreign registered aircraft — Aircraft foreign — owned and operating in international commerce — Whether tax valid — Whether tax in violation of Treaties to avoid double taxation between United States and Sweden, Denmark and Norway — The law of the United States of America.

The discussion of the energy security of Europe is focused mainly on Russia. However, Russia -- Central Asia energy relations became very important in Eurasia after the dissolution of the USSR. While its reserves of strategic raw materials (especially gas) are not comparable with those in Russia, Central Asia could be an additional source for supplying these raw materials to Europe. Europe should be involved in "The Great Game" for Central Asian gas. The significance of Central Asia regarding the increasing demand for gas in Europe cannot be overestimated. On the other hand, due to the growing interest of China & other Asian powers in Central Asia, maintaining a local gas pipeline network which would move gas in the direction of Europe (rather than in the direction of other Asian countries) should be a priority for both European countries & Russia. The rivalry between Russian & non-Russian pipeline projects for delivering gas is secondary in this context. Adapted from the source document.