Suchergebnisse

This booklet was published to mark the 10th anniversary of the adoption of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights in 1981 and the fifth anniversary of its entry into force on 21 October 1986. Over 40 African countries have now promised to respect the rights it contains. (DÜI-Hff)

Conçue à l'origine comme un moyen de gagner des marchés à l'étranger, la corruption internationale est devenue depuis une trentaine d'années un problème essentiel dans les relations commerciales internationales. Elle est d'abord un handicap au développement des pays les plus pauvres, en accroissant leur endettement, lorsque leurs dirigeants commandent aux entreprises occidentales des réalisations surdimensionnées ou inutiles, dans le seul but d'obtenir des pots-de-vin. Mais la corruption internationale atteint aussi les pays développés. Facteur profondément déstabilisant pour la démocratie, elle fait l'objet depuis quelques années d'une attention croissante de la part des organisations internationales ; malgré des avancées significatives et la signature de conventions interétatiques, il convient de rester vigilant face à la frilosité des gouvernements.

Foreword --Table of Abbreviations --Table of EU Case Law --Introduction --The Objectives of Competition Law --The Enforcement of Community Law --The Content of EC Competiton Law --Arbitrability --The Application of Mandatory Norms --Taking EC Competition Law Seriously --EC Competition Law Assistance in International Arbitration --Overview of Substantive Analysis in Practice --Legal Relief --Bibliography.

The cross-border sharing of intelligence is fundamental to the establishment and preservation of security and stability. The American invasion of Iraq in 2003 was based in part on flawed intelligence, and current efforts to defeat al Qaeda would not be possible without an exchange of information among Britain, Pakistan, Indonesia, and the United States. While critical to national security and political campaigns, intelligence sharing can also be a minefield of manipulation and maneuvering, especially when secrecy makes independent verification of sources impossible. In The International Polit

ABSTRACTThis essay was a keynote address at the Third International Conference of the Journal of International Accounting Research in São Paulo, Brazil. It addresses the question of why the volume and quality of international accounting research have grown rapidly in recent years. It begins by asking why we do accounting research and moves on to discuss the reasons for conducting international accounting research. These include to better understand others (and in the process, to better understand ourselves), to provide more replication options, to exploit differences in national institutional structures when investigating the determinants and effects of institutional variables on accounting, to address some limitations of within-jurisdiction research, and to obtain a wider range of changes to exploit (the paradigm example being the advent of IFRS). I then offer some concluding comments. Despite its somewhat presumptuous title, I do not presume to speak for others; the essay reflects a purely personal viewpoint.

Introduced pests and diseases cause such devastation due, to a great degree, to a lack of natural enemies in their introduced range, and a lack of immunity within their new hosts as they have not previously been exposed to them (Tomoshevitch et al., 2013). The threat from new pests and pathogens is only set to rise as the rate of international trade increases, involving greater numbers of countries and trade routes, creating new pathways for their introduction. Similarly, the change in climate, e.g. increased temperatures and changed rainfall patterns, creates new habitats in which these damaging organisms can establish and thrive, making them a threat to more countries and plants. A key issue that scientists face is trying to predict which of these organisms could/will cause problems for plants in the future, and where. The overall aim of this project was to establish the basis for an International Plant Sentinel Network (IPSN) as an early-warning system for future pest and disease threats. The network would use enhanced monitoring of plants that are growing outside their natural regions for damage by all the organisms that exist in the new environment; i.e. 'sentinel plants'. Research has shown the potential power of using sentinel plants for identifying new pest organisms (Fagan et al., 2008, Baker et al., 2009, Britton et al., 2010, Kenis et al., 2011; Tomoshevitch et al., 2013, ISEFOR, 2015). As well as helping to identify 'unknowns' or 'future threats', research can also provide key information about pests and diseases that scientists already know but which are poorly characterised. The more scientists (and botanical institute) know, the better the management plans that can be put in place to prevent the introduction of such pests and/or slow or stop their establishment and spread. For this reason, the aim of the IPSN is to bring together experts from different backgrounds who work in plant health, including those working in governments, academic institutions and NGOs combined with staff working in botanic ...

IPE scholars frequently use qualitative methods to contribute to theory-building, but we could get greater value from them. Single case studies are actually a family of research designs: the disciplined interpretive case study, the hypothesis-generating case study, the least-likely, most-likely, & deviant case studies. The method of difference employs comparison & attempts to eliminate rival interpretation by choosing two or more cases that match in important respects. These methods enjoy several inherent advantages relative to statistical methods, & they suffer from several disadvantages. Neither family of methods is sufficient. The two complement one another & ultimately must be combined. 96 References. Adapted from the source document.

This text advances a novel theory of international justice that combines the orthodox liberal notion that the lives of individuals are what ultimately matter morally with the putatively antiliberal idea of an irreducibly collective right of self-governance

This article assesses recent claims that international courts and tribunals can enhance their legitimacy through public reason. Section one argues that international legal scholars attribute a wide range of meanings to public reason, and goes on to provide clarification of how this range of conceptions, or ideas and ideals, referred to as public reason fits into the dominant and broadly Rawlsian tradition. Section two analyses properties and features of international courts that make public reason normatively relevant. Section three then sketches an ideal of public reason for ICs that suggests guidelines and principles to limit the discretion of judges when reasoning about morally and politically contentious issues. This ideal is designed to address a particular legitimacy concern raised against many new international courts, namely, that they engage in judicial activism, passing judgments on contentious moral and political issues without being sufficiently authorized and accountable. This ideal does not encourage the judges to engage in more judicial review, rather it seeks to restrict the judges' reasoning and judicial discretion when engaging in review and judicial development of the law. The final section compares and contrasts the proposed account of public reason to other adjudicative ideals, both from the general adjudicative accounts of Ronald Dworkin and Cass Sunstein, as well as the more ambitious and cosmopolitan accounts of public reason for ICs offered by the legal scholars Kumm, Sadurski, and Petersmann.