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At head of title: War department. Office of the judge-advocate general. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The article exposes to a holistic consideration the socio-cultural foundations of the state - legal development, discusses traditions and innovations in the study of the latter, and is formulated and argued the author's theoretical and methodological reconstruction program of data bases. The authors prove that the sociocultural foundations legitimize specific historical functioning of public government institutions and their further transformation through the creation of special socio-political state of society - political metanarrative. It is shown that socio-cultural bases are always paired with a dominant socio-political and legal intellectual work of the society, its possibilities and limits, are a set of trends and vectors of public government transformation. In the context of the article a model of analysis of socio-cultural implications of state-legal development that has several levels are provided: a) archetypal (moral-cognitive intuition, archetypal codes, images, symbols, basic scripts and forms of political activity); b) "quasiisometries" of archetypal structures; c) empirical - everyday (usual) socio-political interaction and its emotional and psychological component; d) institutional (political institutions, institutional and regulatory activity and other public legal practice); e) doctrinal and ideological-conceptual; f) "quasiisometries" of institutionally-organized public-legal society, consisting of positive (socioculturaly approved) and negative (harmful, dangerous) political and legal phenomena and processes; g) the level of socio-political integrity. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3s4p67

Provides context for contributions in a special journal issue on corruption & democratization by looking at the relationship between the latter & the state. While the state has been a major source, & resource, for corruption in developing & transitional countries, it is also the means by which democratization moves beyond the issue of the vote to delivering those services & processes that democratization promises. Refocusing or realigning the state, as well as preempting the potential for corruption, also inherent in the process of democratization, requires careful sequencing & coordination, while the state must reengage public participation in ways that supplement a reliance solely on the party system to achieve the purpose of democratization. 1 Table, 75 References. Adapted from the source document.

1. Introduction / Christian Aspalter -- 2. Ten worlds of welfare capitalism : an ideal-typical perspective / Christian Aspalter -- 3. Future welfare : an uneven race to the top and/or a polarized world? / Peter Abrahamson -- 4. The Australian welfare state system : with special reference to welfare conditionality - the case of the income management system / Philip Mendes -- 5. The American welfare state system : with special reference to asset- and means-tested social assistance programs / Peter Abrahamson -- 6. The Cuban welfare state system : with special reference to universalism / Carmelo Mesa-Lago -- 7. The Mexican welfare state system : with special reference to conditional cash transfer systems / Gabriel Martínez-- 8. The Chilean welfare state system : with special reference to social security privatization / Silvia Borzutzky and Mark Hyde -- 9. The Brazilian welfare state system : with special reference to the outcomes and performance of the welfare state system / Christian Aspalter -- 10. The Nigerian welfare state system : with special reference to the challenges of developing a social security system / Bruce Josephson -- 11. The UK welfare state system : with special reference to the mental health care system / Paul Taylor and Jason L. Powell -- 12. The Swedish welfare state system : with special reference to inequality and the redistribution paradox / Joakin Palme -- 13. The French welfare state system : with special reference to youthunemployment / Tom Chevalier and Bruno Palier --

1. Introduction / Christian Aspalter -- 2. Ten worlds of welfare capitalism : an ideal-typical perspective / Christian Aspalter -- 3. Future welfare : an uneven race to the top and/or a polarized world? / Peter Abrahamson -- 4. The Australian welfare state system : with special reference to welfare conditionality - the case of the income management system / Philip Mendes -- 5. The American welfare state system : with special reference to asset- and means-tested social assistance programs / Peter Abrahamson -- 6. The Cuban welfare state system : with special reference to universalism / Carmelo Mesa-Lago -- 7. The Mexican welfare state system : with special reference to conditional cash transfer systems / Gabriel Martínez-- 8. The Chilean welfare state system : with special reference to social security privatization / Silvia Borzutzky and Mark Hyde -- 9. The Brazilian welfare state system : with special reference to the outcomes and performance of the welfare state system / Christian Aspalter -- 10. The Nigerian welfare state system : with special reference to the challenges of developing a social security system / Bruce Josephson -- 11. The UK welfare state system : with special reference to the mental health care system / Paul Taylor and Jason L. Powell -- 12. The Swedish welfare state system : with special reference to inequality and the redistribution paradox / Joakin Palme -- 13. The French welfare state system : with special reference to youthunemployment / Tom Chevalier and Bruno Palier --

Federalism: A Reference Guide to the United States Constitution provides a thorough examination of this significant and distinctive part of the U.S. constitutional system, documenting its role in major domestic constitutional controversies in every period

OBJECTIVE: Social distancing has been one of the primary interventions used to slow the spread of COVID-19 during the ongoing pandemic. Although state-wide stay-at-home orders in the United States received a large degree of media and political attention, relatively little peer-reviewed research has examined the impacts of such orders social distancing behaviors. METHOD: This study used daily GPS-derived movement from 2,858 counties in the United States from March 1 to May 7, 2020 to test the degree to which changes in state-level stay-at-home orders were associated with movement outside the home. RESULTS: From early March to early April, people in counties with state-level stay-at-home orders decreased their movement significantly more than counties without state-level stay-at-home orders; 3.1% more people stayed within 1 mile of home and 1.6% fewer vehicle miles were driven per day. From early April to early May, people in counties within states that ended their stay-at-home orders increased their movement significantly more than counties in states whose stay-at-home orders remained in place; 1.2% fewer people remained within 1 mile of home and 6.2% more vehicle miles were driven per day. The magnitude of changes associated with state-level stay-at-home orders were many times smaller than the total changes in movement across all counties over the same periods. CONCLUSIONS: Stay-at-home orders were associated with greater social distancing, but accounted for only part of this behavioral change. Research on behavior change would be useful to determine additional interventions that could support social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The United States attacked Afghanistan in October 2001, beginning the longest war in American history. Ten years later, on 22 June, 2011, Barack Obama announced that the United States would pull American troops out of Afghanistan. While there is a failed government with instability in Afghanistan, the Taliban will remain powerful, carrying out criminal actions against the Afghan people and coalition forces. After withdrawal of the American troops, Afghanistan will pose both challenges and opportunities in the region, but this will depend on America's crisis management in the region. This article analyzes the new situation in Afghanistan after the withdrawal of U.S. troops and the impact the New Obama Strategy will have on Afghanistan's national security. This research adopts a descriptive-analytic approach. It uses books and scholarly articles published in different scientific journals, as well as interviews from government sources and official news agencies.

Objective This article examines the factors affecting women's representation at each level of the state judiciary. Methods Using extended beta-binomial and Poisson models, this article determines the effects of judicial selection, state ideology, and the pool of women eligible to serve on state trial and appellate courts. Results I find that the pool of women eligible to serve, state ideology, and some methods of judicial selection affect the number of women serving on state courts. Conclusions By modeling the process on the two courts differently, I find that the factors affecting trial courts are not necessarily the same as those affecting women's representation on appellate courts. Because of the differences in the two levels of the judiciary, future analysis should consider how these two levels influence individual decisions to seek a seat on state courts. Adapted from the source document.

AbstractStudies of the ramifications of client race and ethnicity for bureaucrats' judgments treat minority status as homogenous. Yet, individual identity does not boil down to race or ethnicity. Members of racial and ethnic minority groups likely vary in their experiences and capacity to overcome the negative sentiments and stereotypes that burden their inherited group. To transcend unidimensional explanations, we combine Van Oorschot's deservingness framework and a gendered lens to study how the intersection of group identity and gender, as well as individuals' work history, co‐shape bureaucrats' categorization of clients. Empirically, we analyze Israeli professionals' categorization of applicants for state benefits, comparing their assessments of men and women of three social groups: the Jewish majority, ultra‐orthodox Jews, and Muslims. Interpreting the empirical findings, we offer that underlying the effect of applicants' group demographics are perceived cultural affinity to the majority and social contributions that vary with gender.Evidence for Practice

Minority status, based on race, ethnicity, or nationality, and the perceived contributions of different groups, shape bureaucrats' judgments of individuals' deservingness for state support.
Minorities' workforce opportunities and interactions with members of the majority likely vary with gender roles.
If traditional gender roles among some minority communities provide men with greater opportunities for workforce participation and for interaction with members of the majority, bureaucrats may perceive women as less deserving than men. Depending on the task at hand, this could hamper women's likelihood of attaining benefits for which they are entitled.

Human rights dimensions of the Covid-19 response escalate the obligations of governments. Since the time Covid was first identified in December 2020 in Wuhan, China, Human Rights Watch has reported several human rights abuses including the authoritarian responses in some countries.  Many governments are expanding public health measures by abandoning universal human rights. People are arrested for violating lockdown measures and curfews. Police and/or security forces are using violence, including lethal force, to enforce public health measures such as curfews and the wearing of masks. Lockdowns have imposed restrictions on individual movement by restraining them from leaving their place of residence. Some countries have imposed partial lockdowns. While restrictions on freedom of movement are necessary in the interest of protecting public health, states still are accountable to ensure that such restrictions are proportionate, evidence-based, and time-limited.  There were grievances and inequalities across countries, some of which were based on racist, gender-specific or other discrimination. There is also increased oppression of those who think differently. The pandemic exposes the failures in the context of political action and cooperation. The article makes recommendations on how governments can confront the pandemic while respecting basic human rights.