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Acharya examines the issue of human security in the Asia Pacific region. He argues that it is necessary to reconcile the different meanings of & approaches to human security in order to make the concept an instrument for a just & secure world. The article first examines the various understandings of human security, especially the tensions between the idea of freedom from want & freedom from fear. Acharya then analyzes the similarities & differences between such concepts of human security as comprehensive security & cooperative security. Finally, the article examines the relationship between human security & humanitarianism. Acharya concludes that the concept of human security should stress freedom as the core element of security; promoting human security as freedom from want must be supplemented with more effort to develop human security as freedom from fear. 2 Graphs. J. Backman

Cites U.S. efforts to block the sale of certain technology to the Soviet Union.

This book explains why reactive conflict spillovers (political violence in response to conflicts abroad) occur in some migrant-background communities in the West. Based on survey data, statistical datasets, more than sixty interviews with Muslim community leaders and activists, ethnographic research in London and Detroit, and open-source data, this book develops a theoretical explanation for how both differences in government policies and features of migrant-background communities interact to influence the nature of foreign-policy focused activism in migrant communities. Utilizing rigorous, mixed-methods case study analysis, the author comparatively analyses the reactions of the Pakistani community in London and the Arab Muslim community in Detroit to the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq during the decade following 9/11. Both communities are politically mobilized and active. However, while London has experienced reactive conflict spillover, Detroit has remained largely peaceful. The key findings show that, with regards to activism in response to foreign policy events, Western Muslim communities primarily politically mobilize on the basis of their ethnic divisions. Nevertheless, one notable exception is the Arab-Israeli conflict, which is viewed through the Islamic lenses; and the common Islamic identity is important in driving mobilization domestically in response to Islamophobia, and counterterrorism policies and practices perceived to be discriminatory.

Speculations on Mikhail Gorbachev's leadership potential and style; based on address. Foreign policy implications, economic relations, arms control, and strategic issues.

PurposeThis introduction aims to summarize five studies in this special issue on conflict management in the Middle East. These studies highlight how conflict management research relates to important issues in this critical region of the world.Design/methodology/approachThe five studies were combined into this single issue so that readers can compare, contrast, and integrate scholarship from many countries, including Egypt, Iran, Israel, Lebanon, and Turkey, and cultures in this region.FindingsThe studies show that several conceptualizations of national culture can help in understanding and predicting negotiation and conflict management behaviors in this region.Research implicationsThe studies show the need for future research on conflict management in the Middle East and show that theories and methods used in other countries and cultures can be adapted to this region.Originality/valueFour of the five studies used original data not reported elsewhere and gathered in countries that have not been reported in prior studies.

After a phase of stagnation in East-West trade lasting several years, both sides have more recently been at pains to intensify economic relations between East and West, the reasons being both economic and political. What part can the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) play in this regard?

Metin Heper discusses the formation of Turkey's identity, which came to encompass both an "Eastern" and a "Western" (or European) dimension. Against this background, Heper discusses three main issues within the politics of Turkey that have remained problematic from the perspective of the EU: Islam in politics, nationalism and the consideration of Turkey's ethnic minorities, and the political role of the military. Based on the "identity history" of Turkey, Heper puts forward some suggestions about how the alleged divide between East and West, and Islam and Europe, may be bridged. The paper concludes by exploring the possibility that an intellectual departure from the concept of a "shared civilization" towards the idea of "sharing a civilization" may contribute to the construction of a Euro-Mediterranean region.

The paper explores the causes of the Middle East conflicts. The author considers that apart from historical and religious roots the main causes are the importance of the energy deposits, great and regional powers competition and collisions over energy resources, the complexity of water management in the region for its scarcity, traditional, religious and ethnic differences social differentiations and conflicts, growing poverty among majority of people, demographic problems. The persistence and not solving of these problems clearly indicate that local terrorisms, wars and armed confrontations remain the ominous feature of the region, concludes the author.

Eastern Europe remains poorer and less democratically experienced than Western Europe, but there are as many differences within the regions as between them.