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While copyright law remains a significant area of law providing easily obtained and low cost protection to the copyright owners of e‐commerce‐related computer programs, it is not without its weaknesses. Patent law has in recent times emerged to provide the necessary reinforcements. The emergence of the law of patent, especially in the area of programs that essentially protect business models, is not without its critics. The purpose of this paper is to consider the protection afforded to the owner of an inventive e‐commerce computer program by the laws of copyright and patent. This paper will canvass the strengths and weaknesses of both systems.

The Computerized Braille Tutor is an interactive software tutorial, accompanied by a manual, that sighted persons can use to learn the literary braille code or to refresh their braille skills, either independently or under the supervision of an instructor in a braille course. The software presents 15 lessons that address different aspects of the literary braille code and include braille-translation and proofreading exercises and graded self-evaluation proficiency tests.

The goal of this guide is to help language educators develop surveys that produce useful information for evaluation in language programs. To that end, survey methods are situated within a method of evaluation that emphasizes use and usefulness (Norris & Watanabe, 2011; Patton, 2008). This approach is explicitly geared to ensure that evaluations impact programs in the ways stakeholders desire. By undertaking survey methods in this way, people who do evaluation in their programs will be more likely to use survey findings for understanding and improvement. ; The goal of this guide is to help language educators develop surveys that produce useful information for evaluation in language programs. To that end, survey methods are situated within a method of evaluation that emphasizes use and usefulness (Norris & Watanabe, 2011; Patton, 2008). This approach is explicitly geared to ensure that evaluations impact programs in the ways stakeholders desire. By undertaking survey methods in this way, people who do evaluation in their programs will be more likely to use survey findings for understanding and improvement. ; The contents of this research report were developed under a grant from the U. S. Department of Education (CFDA 84.229, P229A100001). However, the contents do not necessarily represent the policy of the Department of Education, and one should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government.

USING INTER-FUEL AND INTRA-FUEL R&D BUDGETARY DECISIONS AS AN EXAMPLE, THE AUTHOR ILLUSTRATES THE LIMITATIONS OF THE OPTIMIZING APPROACH TO POLICY ANALYSIS. GIVEN THESE LIMITATIONS, THE USE OF RATIONAL ANALYSIS FOR THE PURPOSE OF ENHANCING GROUP COMMUNICATIONS (RATHER THAN FOR OPTIMIZING PUBLIC POLICIES) IS DISCUSSED.

This article presents a perspective on elementary school foreign language programs in the United States. The author presents an overview of the history of elementary programs, a summary of present practices, and a discussion of the educational and political context of early language programs. Recommendations for future action by both language educators and early language advocates are offered, as is a summary of promising activity by professional language organizations. The author concludes that elementary programs will not expand significantly without the establishment of a national language policy and an extensive public-awareness campaign.

Computer scan sheet technology was used to evaluate process and outcome variables in a case management shelter program for the homeless. Clients spent up to four months in this program, working on a number of goal areas, including housing, employment, drugs and alcohol, mental and physical health, and literacy. Using Tele-Form, a computer program that allows scan sheets to be designed on screen, case manager recording forms were developed that allowed interventions to be documented on a daily basis, while psychosocial goal areas were documented on scan sheets at intake and termination. Data from these scan sheets were fed into SPSS, a statistical program for the social sciences. Using the case management tracking guidelines developed by Frankel and LaPorte, 1998, the results of this study showed that scan sheet technology was an effective, efficient, and extremely cost-effective way to track case management. The analysis of the data and subsequent discussion suggested ways about how to make case management evaluation more uniform across the country.

Globalleşme ve teknolojinin, özellikle bilgi işlem ve bilgisayar teknolojilerinin hızlı gelişimi dünya çapında bilgisayar programlarına olan hakların korunmasını hayati önemli kılmıştır. Avrupa Birliği dünya politikasının ve global ekonominin yeni aktörü olarak çok haraketli bilgisayar programları endüstrisini korumak ve bu endüstrinin gelecekteki gelişimi için altyapı oluşturmak amacıyla, 91/250/EEC saylı Bilgisayar Programları Yönergesini de kabul ederek, bir takım önemli adımlar atmıştır. Sovyetler Birliği'nin çöküşüyle dünya sahnesine adım atan Bağımsızlıklarını Yeni Kazanmış Ülkeler kendilerini yasal boşluk içerisinde buldular ve bu nedenle çeşitli zorluklar yaşadılar. Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti bu ülkelerden biridir. Fikri haklar, özellikle bilgisayar programlarının korunması alanındaki eski kanunların yetersizliği zamanın şartlarına uygun, yeni yasaların bir an once kabul edilmesini gerektiriyordu. Bu sorunları çözmekte Avrupa Birliği ile işbirliği genç Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti için hayati öneme sahiptir. Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti ve Avrupa Toplulukları arasında imzalanan Ortaklık ve İşbirliği Antlaşması ve Sovietler Birliği'nin çokmesinden hemen sonra Avrupa Birliği tarafından başlatılan Bağımsız Devletler Topluluğu'na Teknik Yardım -TACIS programı çerçevesinde Avrupa Topluluğu Azerbaycan'da gerekli hukuksal reformların yapılmasına faal katkıda bulunmuştur. Son yıllarda Azerbaycan Fikri Hakların korunmasında önemli rola sahip başlıca uluslararası antlaşmalara katılmış ve yeni Fikri Haklar Kanununu yasalaştırmıştır. Bir çok yönleriyle bu kanun Ortaklık ve İşbirliği Antlaşması şartlarını yerine getiriyor. Globalization and rapid development of technology, especially developments in computer and information processing technologies made it vital for protection of property rights in computer programs allover the world. The European Union as a new actor in world politics and global economy made very important steps toward protecting the highly dynamic software industry, including adaptation of Directive on Software 91/250/EEC, thus creating a favorable ground for further development of the industry. The Newly Independent States which entered into world scene after the collapse of the Soviet Union found themselves in a legal vacuum and have experienced many troubles with the old laws and new environment. Azerbaijan Republic is one of these states. The inadequate laws on protection of copyright, especially on protection of computer programs asked urgently to adopt new, up-to-date legislative acts answering to the realties of the time. In solving these problems, the cooperation with the EU is vital for young Azerbaijan Republic. By the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement between the European Communities and Azerbaijan Republic, and by the technical assistance program for Commonwealth of Independent States- TACIS launched almost after the collapse of the Soviet Union the EU actively contributed to complete the task of legal reforms in Azerbaijan. Recently, Azerbaijan joined to main International Conventions on protection of IPRs and new law on Copyright and Neighboring Rights was adopted. In many aspects this law complies with the PCA provisions.

A new generation of computer simulation programs for exploring problems in demography, kinship ties, descent groups, and other kinds of connectivity in small human populations is now available for use. AMBUSH is a simulation package which may be useful for simulating effects of fertility and mortality schedules, rules of marriage and kinship, density‐dependent infanticide, and other features of closed breeding groups, and their stochastic variability. The program, described here, is available from the authors. [microsimulation, demography, kinship, connectivity]

"October 1989"--Vol. 2. ; Description based on: Vol. 2. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Vol. 1. FEDSIM's Teleprocessing Services Program acquisition methodology / prepared by Federal Computer Performance Evaluation and Simulation Center -- v. 2. Requirements analysis and conversion study / prepared by Federal Acquisition Support Center. ; Mode of access: Internet.

THIS PAPER IS AN ATTEMPT TO ADDRESS A SIGNIFICANT AND S" PERENNIAL ISSUE IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY--WHETHER WE ARE GETTING OUR MONEY'S WORTH FROM THE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS CONDUCTED BY U.S. FEDERAL CIVILIAN AGENCIES. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER ANALYSIS THAT IS NEEDED FOR EFFECTIVE POLICY-MAKING AND LEGISLATIVE ACTION ARE OFFERED.

I. Theory -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Inverse Problem of Design -- 3. Complex Extension and the Schwarz Reflection Principle -- 4. Characteristic Coordinates -- 5. Initial Data -- 6. The Singular Solution -- 7. Finite Difference Scheme -- 8. The Sonic Locus -- 9. Branch Points and Limiting Lines -- 10. Automatic Selection of Parameters -- 11. Boundary Layer Correction -- 12. Analysis at Off-Design Conditions -- II. Users Manual -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Teletype Operation -- 3. Paths of Integration -- 4. Automation -- 5. Guidelines for Choosing the Input Parameters -- 6. The Boundary Layer Program -- 7. The Analysis Program -- III. Examples -- 1. Four Lifting Airfoils -- 2. Comparison with Analysis and Experiment -- 3. Conclusions -- References -- Figures -- Appendix I. Glossaries and Tables -- Appendix II. Sample Teletype Run -- Appendix III. Sample Output. Listing of (x,y)-Coordinates -- Appendix IV. Listing of Programs A-G.