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This social and cultural history of Civil War medicine and science sheds important light on the question of why and how anti-Black racism survived the destruction of slavery. During the war, white Northerners promoted ideas about Black inferiority under the guise of medical and scientific authority. In particular, the Sanitary Commission and Army medical personnel conducted wartime research aimed at proving Black medical and biological inferiority. They not only subjected Black soldiers and refugees from slavery to substandard health care but also scrutinized them as objects of study. This mistreatment of Black soldiers and civilians extended after life to include dissection, dismemberment, and disposal of the Black war dead in unmarked or mass graves and medical waste pits. Simultaneously, white medical and scientific investigators enhanced their professional standing by establishing their authority on the science of racial difference and hierarchy. Drawing on archives of the U.S. Sanitary Commission, recollections of Civil War soldiers and medical workers, and testimonies from Black Americans, Leslie A. Schwalm exposes the racist ideas and practices that shaped wartime medicine and science. Painstakingly researched and accessibly written, this book helps readers understand the persistence of anti-Black racism and health disparities during and after the war.

Introduction: Good nutrition increases resistance to infection and disease, improves energy, and this makes a person generally stronger and more productive. Healthy nutrition is important throughout life but particularly so when a woman is pregnant. As pregnancy affects the metabolism of nutrients, maternal diet must provide sufficient energy and nutrients to meet the mother's usual requirements as well as the needs of the growing fetus. When an HIV-positive woman becomes pregnant, additional nutritional considerations are warrant. Though in Addis Ababa there is lack study of HIV positive pregnant mothers on the prevalence of malnutrition, which is, depend on them. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and determinants of under nutrition among HIV positive pregnant women attending prevention of Mother-to-Child transmission of HIV clinics in health centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methodology: Cross-sectional study was conducted from 1Nov 2017-Jun 2018 on prevention of Mother-to-Child transmission of HIV clients in Addis Ababa, a capital city of Ethiopia. Simple random sampling technique was used to get 342 prevention of Mother-to-Child transmission of HIV clients as a study population. Data was collected using pretested, structured, and semi-structured questionnaire, anthropometry measure, dietary assessment method and the data was analyzed using Epi.data version 3.1 and SPSS version 22. The study was provided information on Prevalence of under nutrition and its determinants in health centers was been measured. Result: The overall prevalence of under nutrition among the study participant was found to be 34.2%, of those 33.6% was moderate malnutrition. Those who have experiance for last one month of less than three frequency of serving including snacks were 3.2 times more likely to be undernourished than those more than and equal to three frequency of serving including snacks (AOR=3.2; 95% CI: 1.14-8.88). In addition, 350 cells/μl or below CD4 T-cell level of HIV positive pregnant mother were almost 3 times (AOR=2.50; 95% CI: 1.27-4.94) more likely to be undernourished than those who had above 350 cells/μl CD4 T-cell level. Conclusion and recommendation: There was high prevalence of undernutrition among HIV positive pregnant mother. The finding indicates that higher level of CD4 count is associated with better nutritional status, while improved eating habit were associated with lower proportion of undernutrition during pregnancy. Thus, the factors associated with under nutrition are potentially modifiable through interventions targeting improved frequency of food serving and increasing ART clinical care and promotion of improved eating habit through prenatal dietary advice. To overcome this nutritional problem the government should ratify need to give special attention of economical and nutritional support HIV positive pregnant mothers and health professionals also give them special care and when they get under nutritious mother they have to put them in immediate nutritional therapy programme.

Introduction: Good nutrition increases resistance to infection and disease, improves energy, and this makes a person generally stronger and more productive. Healthy nutrition is important throughout life but particularly so when a woman is pregnant. As pregnancy affects the metabolism of nutrients, maternal diet must provide sufficient energy and nutrients to meet the mother's usual requirements as well as the needs of the growing fetus. When an HIV-positive woman becomes pregnant, additional nutritional considerations are warrant. Though in Addis Ababa there is lack study of HIV positive pregnant mothers on the prevalence of malnutrition, which is, depend on them. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and determinants of under nutrition among HIV positive pregnant women attending prevention of Mother-to-Child transmission of HIV clinics in health centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methodology: Cross-sectional study was conducted from 1Nov 2017-Jun 2018 on prevention of Mother-to-Child transmission of HIV clients in Addis Ababa, a capital city of Ethiopia. Simple random sampling technique was used to get 342 prevention of Mother-to-Child transmission of HIV clients as a study population. Data was collected using pretested, structured, and semi-structured questionnaire, anthropometry measure, dietary assessment method and the data was analyzed using Epi.data version 3.1 and SPSS version 22. The study was provided information on Prevalence of under nutrition and its determinants in health centers was been measured. Result: The overall prevalence of under nutrition among the study participant was found to be 34.2%, of those 33.6% was moderate malnutrition. Those who have experiance for last one month of less than three frequency of serving including snacks were 3.2 times more likely to be undernourished than those more than and equal to three frequency of serving including snacks (AOR=3.2; 95% CI: 1.14-8.88). In addition, 350 cells/μl or below CD4 T-cell level of HIV positive pregnant mother were almost 3 times (AOR=2.50; 95% CI: 1.27-4.94) more likely to be undernourished than those who had above 350 cells/μl CD4 T-cell level. Conclusion and recommendation: There was high prevalence of undernutrition among HIV positive pregnant mother. The finding indicates that higher level of CD4 count is associated with better nutritional status, while improved eating habit were associated with lower proportion of undernutrition during pregnancy. Thus, the factors associated with under nutrition are potentially modifiable through interventions targeting improved frequency of food serving and increasing ART clinical care and promotion of improved eating habit through prenatal dietary advice. To overcome this nutritional problem the government should ratify need to give special attention of economical and nutritional support HIV positive pregnant mothers and health professionals also give them special care and when they get under nutritious mother they have to put them in immediate nutritional therapy programme.

Objetivos: Establecer factores sociodemográficos y prácticas alimentarias asociadas al exceso de peso en niños entre 5 y 17 años incluidos en la encuesta nacional de la situación nutricional en Colombia, ENSIN 2010. Métodos: Estudio cross-sectional con datos disponibles de la Encuesta Nacional de la Situación Nutricional de Colombia 2010. Se encuestaron 10 187 niños. Se les aplicó un Cuestionario de Frecuencia de Consumo y se estableció su estado de nutricional por antropometría. Con base en análisis de factores se establecieron tres patrones de consumo; Proteico/Fibra, Snack y Tradicional/Almidón. Mediante regresión binomial y el cálculo de razones de Prevalencia (RP), se establecieron asociaciones entre los alimentos, los patrones de consumo y el exceso de peso (Sobrepeso + Obesidad). Resultados: La prevalencia de exceso de peso fue del 12,7% y la de obesidad del 2,8%. La frecuencia/día del consumo de gaseosa o refrescos azucarados, el de carnes rojas y de alimentos bajos en calorías, se asociaron positivamente al exceso de peso. La frecuencia/día de consumo de pan, galletas o arepa, vísceras, golosinas, arroz o pasta, granos secos y huevos se asoció inversamente al exceso de peso. Al ajustar por edad, sexo y nivel de riqueza, los patrones Proteico/Fibra y Tradicional/Almidón están asociados al exceso de peso (Test de tendencia lineal para cuartiles de adherencia, p=0,018 y p0,0001 respectivamente). Conclusiones: El exceso de peso es más prevalente que el retraso para la talla. La transición alimentaria que experimenta Colombia, tiene efectos negativos sobre el estado de nutrición. ; Abstract. Objectives: To establish socio-demographic factors and feeding practices associated to overweight in children between 5 and 17 years old, included in the National Survey on the Nutrititonal Situation in Colombia – 2010. Methods: Cross-sectional study with available data on the National Survey. The survey included 10,187 children. A frequency consumption questionnaire was applied and their nutritional situation was established by anthropometry. Based on the factor analysis three consumption patterns were established: Protein/Fiber, Snack and Traditional/Starch. Through binomial regression and calculations of prevalence reasons (PR), it was established the association among food, the consumption patterns and the overweight (overweight + obesity). Results:Overweight prevalence was 12.7 and obesity 2.8%. The frequency of daily consumption of sodas or sweet drinks, red meats and low calorie food was positively associated to overweight. The frequency of daily consumption of bread, cookies, or cornbread, viscera, sweets, rice or pasta, dry grains and eggs was inversely associated to overweight. By adjusting age, sex and income level, Protein/Fiber and Traditional/Starch patterns are associated to overweight (Lineal Tendency Test for fourths of adherence, p=0,018 and p less 0,0001 respectively). Conclusions: Weight is more prevailing than size slowness. Feeding transition experienced by Colombia has negative effects on the nutrition condition. ; Maestría

Gut microbiota is essential for the development of obesity and related comorbidities. However, studies describing the association between specific bacteria and obesity or weight loss reported discordant results. The present observational study, conducted within the frame of the PREDIMED-Plus clinical trial, aims to assess the association between fecal microbiota, body composition and weight loss, in response to a 12-month lifestyle intervention in a subsample of 372 individuals (age 55-75) with overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome. Participants were stratified by tertiles of baseline body mass index (BMI) and changes in body weight after 12-month intervention. General assessments, anthropometry and biochemical measurements, and stool samples were collected. 16S amplicon sequencing was performed on bacterial DNA extracted from stool samples and microbiota analyzed. Differential abundance analysis showed an enrichment of Prevotella 9, Lachnospiraceae UCG-001 and Bacteroides, associated with a higher weight loss after 12-month of follow-up, whereas in the cross-sectional analysis, Prevotella 2 and Bacteroides were enriched in the lowest tertile of baseline BMI. Our findings suggest that fecal microbiota plays an important role in the control of body weight, supporting specific genera as potential target in personalized nutrition for obesity management. A more in-depth taxonomic identification method and the need of metabolic information encourages to further investigation. ; This research was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 713679 and from the Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV). This work was supported by the official Spanish Institutions for funding scientific biomedical research, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), through the Fondo de Investigación para la Salud (FIS), which is co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (three coordinated FIS projects leaded by J.S.-S., including the following projects: PI13/00462, PI16/00501 and PI19/00576); the Especial Action Project entitled: Implementación y evaluación de una intervención intensiva sobre la actividad física Cohorte PREDIMED-Plus grant to J.S.-S.; the Recercaixa (number 2013ACUP00194) grant to J.S.-S.; The Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias of the Instituto de Salut Carlos III PI17/00215; The Generalitat Valenciana PROMETEO 17/2017. None of the funding sources took part in the design, collection, analysis, interpretation of the data, or writing the report, or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. J.S.-S., senior author of this study gratefully acknowledges the financial support by ICREA under the ICREA Academia programme. Food companies Hojiblanca (Lucena, Spain) and Patrimonio Comunal Olivarero (Madrid, Spain) donated extra virgin olive oil; and the Almond Board of California (Modesto, CA), American Pistachio Growers (Fresno, CA), and Paramount Farms (Wonderful Company, LLC, Los Angeles, CA) donated nuts for the PREDIMED-Pilot study.

Background Innovations for undernourished pregnant women that improve newborn survival and anthropometry are needed to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals 1 and 3. This study tested the hypothesis that a combination of a nutritious supplementary food and several proven chemotherapeutic interventions to control common infections would increase newborn weight and length in undernourished pregnant women. Methods and findings This was a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical effectiveness trial of a ready-to-use supplementary food (RUSF) plus anti-infective therapies compared to standard therapy in undernourished pregnant women in rural Sierra Leone. Women with a mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) ≤23.0 cm presenting for antenatal care at one of 43 government health clinics in Western Rural Area and Pujehun districts were eligible for participation. Standard of care included a blended corn/soy flour and intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in pregnancy (IPTp). The intervention replaced the blended flour with RUSF and added azithromycin and testing and treatment for vaginal dysbiosis. Since the study involved different foods and testing procedures for the intervention and control groups, no one except the authors conducting the data analyses were blinded. The primary outcome was birth length. Secondary outcomes included maternal weight gain, birth weight, and neonatal survival. Follow-up continued until 6 months postpartum. Modified intention to treat analyses was undertaken. Participants were enrolled and followed up from February 2017 until February 2020. Of the 1,489 women enrolled, 752 were allocated to the intervention and 737 to the standard of care. The median age of these women was 19.5 years, of which 42% were primigravid. Twenty-nine women receiving the intervention and 42 women receiving the standard of care were lost to follow-up before pregnancy outcomes were obtained. There were 687 singleton live births in the intervention group and 657 in the standard of care group. Newborns receiving the intervention were 0.3 cm longer (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.09 to 0.6; p = 0.007) and weighed 70 g more (95% CI 20 to 120; p = 0.005) than those receiving the standard of care. Those women receiving the intervention had greater weekly weight gain (mean difference 40 g; 95% CI 9.70 to 71.0, p = 0.010) than those receiving the standard of care. There were fewer neonatal deaths in the intervention (n = 13; 1.9%) than in the standard of care (n = 28; 4.3%) group (difference 2.4%; 95% CI 0.3 to 4.4), (HR 0.62 95% CI 0.41 to 0.94, p = 0.026). No differences in adverse events or symptoms between the groups was found, and no serious adverse events occurred. Key limitations of the study are lack of gestational age estimates and unblinded administration of the intervention. Conclusions In this study, we observed that the addition of RUSF, azithromycin, more frequent IPTp, and testing/treatment for vaginal dysbiosis in undernourished pregnant women resulted in modest improvements in anthropometric status of mother and child at birth, and a reduction in neonatal death. Implementation of this combined intervention in rural, equatorial Africa may well be an important, practical measure to reduce infant mortality in this context.

Мета. Досліджено особливості застосування фізично-реабілітаційних заходів для осіб з вогнепальними і травматичними ураженнями суглобів кінцівок на базі Українського державного медико-соціального центру ветеранів війни. Методи. Узагальнено інформацію з 20 областей України щодо потреби у фізичній реабілітації серед демобілізованих учасників АТО з ураженням суглобів верхньої і нижньої кінцівок та встановлено відсоткове співвідношення осіб з інвалідністю. Результати. Проведене дослідження відображає кількісне превалювання вогнепальних уражень нижньої кінцівки, а саме колінного і надп'ятково-гомілкового суглобів; найменша кількість поранених має ураження кульшового суглоба. Серед вогнепальних уражень верхньої кінцівки на першому місці – поранення плечового суглоба, далі ураження променево-зап'ясткового і найменше ліктьового суглоба. Розроблено картку фізичнореабілітаційного обстеження для пацієнтів з порушеннями опорно-рухового апарату, яка відображає показники антропометрії, гоніометрії, силові показники, а також результати функціональних проб і тестів та вираженість больового синдрому. Запроваджена оцінкова картка дозволяє визначити початковий рівень функціонального стану пацієнта та висвітлити результати проведеної програми фізичної реабілітації. Наведено середньостатистичні показники покращення функціонального стану суглобів верхньої та нижньої кінцівок після проведеного курсу фізичної реабілітації. ; Цель. Исследованы особенности применения реабилитационных мероприятий для лиц с огнестрельными и травматическими поражениями суставов конечностей на базе Украинского государственного медико-социального центра ветеранов войны. Методы. Обобщена информация из 20 областей Украины о необходимости в физической реабилитации демобилизованных участников АТО с поражением суставов верхней и нижней конечностей и установлено процентное соотношение лиц с инвалидностью. Результаты. Проведенное исследование отражает количественное преобладание огнестрельных поражений нижних конечностей, а именно коленного и голеностопного суставов, наименьшее количество раненых имеет поражение тазобедренного сустава. Среди огнестрельных поражений верхней конечности на первом месте – ранения плечевого сустава, далее поражения лучезапястного и меньше – локтевого сустава. Разработана карта реабилитационного обследования пациентов с нарушениями опорно-двигательного аппарата, отражающая показатели антропометрии, гониометрии, силовые показатели, а также результаты функциональных проб и тестов и выраженность болевого синдрома. Введенная оценочная карта позволяет определить начальный уровень функционального состояния пациента и осветить результаты проведенной программы физической реабилитации. Представлены среднестатистические показатели улучшения функционального состояния суставов верхней и нижней конечностей после проведенного курса физической реабилитации. ; Objective. The features of physical and rehabilitation measures application for persons with gunshot and traumatic lesions of extremity joints on the basis of the Ukrainian State Medical and Social Center of War Veterans have been studied. Methods. The information from 20 regions of Ukraine regar­ding the need for physical rehabilitation among demobilized ATO participants with upper and lower extremity lesions have been summarized, the percentage of persons with disabilities have been determined. Results. Conducted research reflects the quantitative prevalence of gunshot lesions of the lower extremity, namely the knee and ankle joint, the smallest number of wounded have lesions of the hip joint. Among the gunshot lesions of the upper extremity the greatest percentage constitutes the wounds of the shoulder joint, followed by damage to the radial wrist and elbow joint. A card for physical and rehabilitation examination for patients with locomotorium disorders has been developed, which reflects anthropometry, goniometry, strength indices, as well as results of functional tests, and severity of pain syndrome. Introduced assessment card allows to determine the initial level of patient functional state and highlight the outcomes of physical rehabilitation program. The overall averages of improving the functional state of the upper and lower extremity joints after the course of physical rehabilitation are presented.

Мета. Досліджено особливості застосування фізично-реабілітаційних заходів для осіб з вогнепальними і травматичними ураженнями суглобів кінцівок на базі Українського державного медико-соціального центру ветеранів війни. Методи. Узагальнено інформацію з 20 областей України щодо потреби у фізичній реабілітації серед демобілізованих учасників АТО з ураженням суглобів верхньої і нижньої кінцівок та встановлено відсоткове співвідношення осіб з інвалідністю. Результати. Проведене дослідження відображає кількісне превалювання вогнепальних уражень нижньої кінцівки, а саме колінного і надп'ятково-гомілкового суглобів; найменша кількість поранених має ураження кульшового суглоба. Серед вогнепальних уражень верхньої кінцівки на першому місці – поранення плечового суглоба, далі ураження променево-зап'ясткового і найменше ліктьового суглоба. Розроблено картку фізичнореабілітаційного обстеження для пацієнтів з порушеннями опорно-рухового апарату, яка відображає показники антропометрії, гоніометрії, силові показники, а також результати функціональних проб і тестів та вираженість больового синдрому. Запроваджена оцінкова картка дозволяє визначити початковий рівень функціонального стану пацієнта та висвітлити результати проведеної програми фізичної реабілітації. Наведено середньостатистичні показники покращення функціонального стану суглобів верхньої та нижньої кінцівок після проведеного курсу фізичної реабілітації. ; Цель. Исследованы особенности применения реабилитационных мероприятий для лиц с огнестрельными и травматическими поражениями суставов конечностей на базе Украинского государственного медико-социального центра ветеранов войны. Методы. Обобщена информация из 20 областей Украины о необходимости в физической реабилитации демобилизованных участников АТО с поражением суставов верхней и нижней конечностей и установлено процентное соотношение лиц с инвалидностью. Результаты. Проведенное исследование отражает количественное преобладание огнестрельных поражений нижних конечностей, а именно коленного и голеностопного суставов, наименьшее количество раненых имеет поражение тазобедренного сустава. Среди огнестрельных поражений верхней конечности на первом месте – ранения плечевого сустава, далее поражения лучезапястного и меньше – локтевого сустава. Разработана карта реабилитационного обследования пациентов с нарушениями опорно-двигательного аппарата, отражающая показатели антропометрии, гониометрии, силовые показатели, а также результаты функциональных проб и тестов и выраженность болевого синдрома. Введенная оценочная карта позволяет определить начальный уровень функционального состояния пациента и осветить результаты проведенной программы физической реабилитации. Представлены среднестатистические показатели улучшения функционального состояния суставов верхней и нижней конечностей после проведенного курса физической реабилитации. ; Objective. The features of physical and rehabilitation measures application for persons with gunshot and traumatic lesions of extremity joints on the basis of the Ukrainian State Medical and Social Center of War Veterans have been studied. Methods. The information from 20 regions of Ukraine regar­ding the need for physical rehabilitation among demobilized ATO participants with upper and lower extremity lesions have been summarized, the percentage of persons with disabilities have been determined. Results. Conducted research reflects the quantitative prevalence of gunshot lesions of the lower extremity, namely the knee and ankle joint, the smallest number of wounded have lesions of the hip joint. Among the gunshot lesions of the upper extremity the greatest percentage constitutes the wounds of the shoulder joint, followed by damage to the radial wrist and elbow joint. A card for physical and rehabilitation examination for patients with locomotorium disorders has been developed, which reflects anthropometry, goniometry, strength indices, as well as results of functional tests, and severity of pain syndrome. Introduced assessment card allows to determine the initial level of patient functional state and highlight the outcomes of physical rehabilitation program. The overall averages of improving the functional state of the upper and lower extremity joints after the course of physical rehabilitation are presented.

ABSTRACT: to compare the results of nutritional assessment of children and adolescents under 18 years of age using the WHO growth standards and the cut-off points proposed by the resolution 2121 of 2010 of the Social Security Ministry of Colombia. Materials and methods: we evaluated the nutritional status by using the indicators height/age and body max index (BMI) in children and adolescents under 18 years of age and weigh/height in children under five belonging to 2719 rural and urban households in Medellin. They were sampled in the study Food and nutritional profile of Medellin 2010 conducted by the municipal government. Results: we found lower prevalence rates of adequate weight/height and BMI in children less than five years of age using the Colombian standards as compared to the WHO standards. BMI for children over 5 years of age behaved similarly. The difference is explained for using different cut-off points and inclusion of new nutritional risk categories. Conclusions: for population-based studies may not be required to introduce the categories of nutritional risk and to change the cut-off points for overweight and obesity set up by the WHO standards given that they are more rigorous than others parameters for evaluating these two nutritional conditions. Related to individual follow-ups it is important to complement anthropometric measure evaluation with social aspects, family history, and rearing habits in children with BMI between 1 and 2 standard deviations. Key words: anthropometry, nutrition assessment, nutritional status, growth, body weight, body mass index, World Health Organization, children, adolescent, Colombia. ; RESUMEN: Comparar los resultados de la evaluación nutricional de los menores de 18 años de Medellín usando los estándares de la OMS, su sistema de clasificación y el propuesto por el Ministerio de la Protección Social de Colombia. Materiales y métodos: se evaluó el estado nutricional por los indicadores talla/edad e índice de masa corporal en menores de 18 y peso/talla en menores de cinco pertenecientes a 2.719 hogares urbanos y rurales de la ciudad de Medellín, que participaron en el estudio Perfil alimentario y nutricional de Medellín 2010, realizado por la Alcaldía de Medellín. Resultados: se encontraron menores prevalencias de peso/talla e IMC adecuados y mayores de sobrepeso y obesidad en menores de cinco años usando la clasificación colombiana, en relación con la de la OMS. Situación similar a la descrita para IMC se encontró en los mayores de 5 años. Las diferencias se explican por utilizar distintos puntos de corte e inclusión de nuevas categorías de riego nutricional. Conclusiones: aunque se requieren más estudios para alcanzar conclusiones definitivas, para estudios poblacionales posiblemente no se requiera introducir las categorías de riesgo nutricional, ni cambiar los puntos de corte para establecer sobrepeso y obesidad, pues los nuevos estándares de la OMS son más exigentes que otros patrones para evaluar estas dos condiciones. En el seguimiento individual se recomienda complementar la información antropométrica con aspectos sociales, antecedentes familiares y hábitos de crianza en niños con IMC entre >1 y ≤2 desviaciones estándar. Palabras clave: evaluación nutricional, antropometría, estado nutricional, crecimiento, índice de masa corporal, peso corporal, Organización Mundial de la Salud, niños, adolescentes, Colombia.

The following pages will retrace the personal and professional path of the Lyonnais doctor Alexandre Lacassagne (1843-1924), an intellectual from the end of the 19th century who founded anthropological criminology and the school of criminology that would go down in history known as the "école lyonnaise". Having done his studies at a military school he belonged to that generation of men and Republicans who had been forged by the fires of the Franco-Prussian war, the fall of the Empire and the beginnings of colonial and Republican adventures. The reconstitution of his professional networks and the study of his intellectual positions show that he was an emblematic scholar of his time. His library reveals his true feelings : the analysis of the works shows an ongoing anguish, that of alterity. Of course of criminals, but also of women, of the insane, homosexuals and the "primitive" whose troubling figures contrast with the image of the carefree and unconditional faith in Progress that was quintessential of the "Belle Epoque". Anthropology and anthropometry are at the service of a taxonomic frenzy that betrays the concern generated by all disinclination that had become intolerable. A process at the same time of essentialism and hierarchism are the foundations of a discourse justifying the ongoing exclusion of certain categories of populations rejected below the "Universel". Lacassagne serves as a peephole to examine the "biopolitical" stakes of this exclusion. It is the obverse, the side of the coin showing the effigy- and that will be struck with the Other at the end of the century- and the portrait of a man and his time by the inventory of his aversions, which we wished to reconstruct. ; On retrace ici le parcours du docteur Alexandre Lacassagne (1843-1924), médecin lyonnais, trajectoire personnelle et scientifique d'un savant de la fin du XIXe siècle, fondateur de l'anthropologie criminelle et d'une école de criminologie passée à la postérité sous le nom d' « école lyonnaise ». Formé à l'école de santé militaire, il est de cette génération d'hommes et de républicains forgés au feu de la guerre franco-prussienne, de la chute de l'Empire et des débuts de l'aventure coloniale et républicaine. La reconstitution de ses réseaux professionnels, l'étude de ses prises de positions intellectuelles, permet de montrer qu'il est un savant emblématique de son temps. Sa bibliothèque révèle ses états d'âme. L'analyse des ouvrages fait émerger une angoisse récurrente, celle de l'altérité : des criminels bien sûr, mais aussi des femmes, des fous, des invertis, des « primitifs », dont les inquiétantes figures contrastent avec l'image de légèreté et de foi inconditionnelle dans le Progrès qui est habituellement celle de la Belle Époque. L'anthropologie et l'anthropométrie se mettent au service d'une frénésie taxinomique qui trahit l'inquiétude générée par toute indétermination, désormais intolérable. Un double processus d'essentialisation et de hiérarchisation se trouve aux fondements des discours justifiant l'exclusion persistante de certaines catégories de populations, rejetées en deçà de l'Universel. Lacassagne nous sert d'œilleton pour examiner les enjeux biopolitiques de cette exclusion. C'est l'avers, cette face de la médaille qui porte une effigie – et qui serait frappée à celle de l'Autre en cette fin de siècle – et le portrait d'un homme et de son temps par l'inventaire de ses aversions, qu'on a voulu reconstituer.

The following pages will retrace the personal and professional path of the Lyonnais doctor Alexandre Lacassagne (1843-1924), an intellectual from the end of the 19th century who founded anthropological criminology and the school of criminology that would go down in history known as the "école lyonnaise". Having done his studies at a military school he belonged to that generation of men and Republicans who had been forged by the fires of the Franco-Prussian war, the fall of the Empire and the beginnings of colonial and Republican adventures. The reconstitution of his professional networks and the study of his intellectual positions show that he was an emblematic scholar of his time. His library reveals his true feelings : the analysis of the works shows an ongoing anguish, that of alterity. Of course of criminals, but also of women, of the insane, homosexuals and the "primitive" whose troubling figures contrast with the image of the carefree and unconditional faith in Progress that was quintessential of the "Belle Epoque". Anthropology and anthropometry are at the service of a taxonomic frenzy that betrays the concern generated by all disinclination that had become intolerable. A process at the same time of essentialism and hierarchism are the foundations of a discourse justifying the ongoing exclusion of certain categories of populations rejected below the "Universel". Lacassagne serves as a peephole to examine the "biopolitical" stakes of this exclusion. It is the obverse, the side of the coin showing the effigy- and that will be struck with the Other at the end of the century- and the portrait of a man and his time by the inventory of his aversions, which we wished to reconstruct. ; On retrace ici le parcours du docteur Alexandre Lacassagne (1843-1924), médecin lyonnais, trajectoire personnelle et scientifique d'un savant de la fin du XIXe siècle, fondateur de l'anthropologie criminelle et d'une école de criminologie passée à la postérité sous le nom d' « école lyonnaise ». Formé à l'école de santé militaire, il est de cette génération d'hommes et de républicains forgés au feu de la guerre franco-prussienne, de la chute de l'Empire et des débuts de l'aventure coloniale et républicaine. La reconstitution de ses réseaux professionnels, l'étude de ses prises de positions intellectuelles, permet de montrer qu'il est un savant emblématique de son temps. Sa bibliothèque révèle ses états d'âme. L'analyse des ouvrages fait émerger une angoisse récurrente, celle de l'altérité : des criminels bien sûr, mais aussi des femmes, des fous, des invertis, des « primitifs », dont les inquiétantes figures contrastent avec l'image de légèreté et de foi inconditionnelle dans le Progrès qui est habituellement celle de la Belle Époque. L'anthropologie et l'anthropométrie se mettent au service d'une frénésie taxinomique qui trahit l'inquiétude générée par toute indétermination, désormais intolérable. Un double processus d'essentialisation et de hiérarchisation se trouve aux fondements des discours justifiant l'exclusion persistante de certaines catégories de populations, rejetées en deçà de l'Universel. Lacassagne nous sert d'œilleton pour examiner les enjeux biopolitiques de cette exclusion. C'est l'avers, cette face de la médaille qui porte une effigie – et qui serait frappée à celle de l'Autre en cette fin de siècle – et le portrait d'un homme et de son temps par l'inventaire de ses aversions, qu'on a voulu reconstituer.

The following pages will retrace the personal and professional path of the Lyonnais doctor Alexandre Lacassagne (1843-1924), an intellectual from the end of the 19th century who founded anthropological criminology and the school of criminology that would go down in history known as the "école lyonnaise". Having done his studies at a military school he belonged to that generation of men and Republicans who had been forged by the fires of the Franco-Prussian war, the fall of the Empire and the beginnings of colonial and Republican adventures. The reconstitution of his professional networks and the study of his intellectual positions show that he was an emblematic scholar of his time. His library reveals his true feelings : the analysis of the works shows an ongoing anguish, that of alterity. Of course of criminals, but also of women, of the insane, homosexuals and the "primitive" whose troubling figures contrast with the image of the carefree and unconditional faith in Progress that was quintessential of the "Belle Epoque". Anthropology and anthropometry are at the service of a taxonomic frenzy that betrays the concern generated by all disinclination that had become intolerable. A process at the same time of essentialism and hierarchism are the foundations of a discourse justifying the ongoing exclusion of certain categories of populations rejected below the "Universel". Lacassagne serves as a peephole to examine the "biopolitical" stakes of this exclusion. It is the obverse, the side of the coin showing the effigy- and that will be struck with the Other at the end of the century- and the portrait of a man and his time by the inventory of his aversions, which we wished to reconstruct. ; On retrace ici le parcours du docteur Alexandre Lacassagne (1843-1924), médecin lyonnais, trajectoire personnelle et scientifique d'un savant de la fin du XIXe siècle, fondateur de l'anthropologie criminelle et d'une école de criminologie passée à la postérité sous le nom d' « école lyonnaise ». Formé à l'école de santé militaire, il est de cette génération d'hommes et de républicains forgés au feu de la guerre franco-prussienne, de la chute de l'Empire et des débuts de l'aventure coloniale et républicaine. La reconstitution de ses réseaux professionnels, l'étude de ses prises de positions intellectuelles, permet de montrer qu'il est un savant emblématique de son temps. Sa bibliothèque révèle ses états d'âme. L'analyse des ouvrages fait émerger une angoisse récurrente, celle de l'altérité : des criminels bien sûr, mais aussi des femmes, des fous, des invertis, des « primitifs », dont les inquiétantes figures contrastent avec l'image de légèreté et de foi inconditionnelle dans le Progrès qui est habituellement celle de la Belle Époque. L'anthropologie et l'anthropométrie se mettent au service d'une frénésie taxinomique qui trahit l'inquiétude générée par toute indétermination, désormais intolérable. Un double processus d'essentialisation et de hiérarchisation se trouve aux fondements des discours justifiant l'exclusion persistante de certaines catégories de populations, rejetées en deçà de l'Universel. Lacassagne nous sert d'œilleton pour examiner les enjeux biopolitiques de cette exclusion. C'est l'avers, cette face de la médaille qui porte une effigie – et qui serait frappée à celle de l'Autre en cette fin de siècle – et le portrait d'un homme et de son temps par l'inventaire de ses aversions, qu'on a voulu reconstituer.

The following pages will retrace the personal and professional path of the Lyonnais doctor Alexandre Lacassagne (1843-1924), an intellectual from the end of the 19th century who founded anthropological criminology and the school of criminology that would go down in history known as the "école lyonnaise". Having done his studies at a military school he belonged to that generation of men and Republicans who had been forged by the fires of the Franco-Prussian war, the fall of the Empire and the beginnings of colonial and Republican adventures. The reconstitution of his professional networks and the study of his intellectual positions show that he was an emblematic scholar of his time. His library reveals his true feelings : the analysis of the works shows an ongoing anguish, that of alterity. Of course of criminals, but also of women, of the insane, homosexuals and the "primitive" whose troubling figures contrast with the image of the carefree and unconditional faith in Progress that was quintessential of the "Belle Epoque". Anthropology and anthropometry are at the service of a taxonomic frenzy that betrays the concern generated by all disinclination that had become intolerable. A process at the same time of essentialism and hierarchism are the foundations of a discourse justifying the ongoing exclusion of certain categories of populations rejected below the "Universel". Lacassagne serves as a peephole to examine the "biopolitical" stakes of this exclusion. It is the obverse, the side of the coin showing the effigy- and that will be struck with the Other at the end of the century- and the portrait of a man and his time by the inventory of his aversions, which we wished to reconstruct. ; On retrace ici le parcours du docteur Alexandre Lacassagne (1843-1924), médecin lyonnais, trajectoire personnelle et scientifique d'un savant de la fin du XIXe siècle, fondateur de l'anthropologie criminelle et d'une école de criminologie passée à la postérité sous le nom d' « école lyonnaise ». Formé à l'école de santé militaire, il est de cette génération d'hommes et de républicains forgés au feu de la guerre franco-prussienne, de la chute de l'Empire et des débuts de l'aventure coloniale et républicaine. La reconstitution de ses réseaux professionnels, l'étude de ses prises de positions intellectuelles, permet de montrer qu'il est un savant emblématique de son temps. Sa bibliothèque révèle ses états d'âme. L'analyse des ouvrages fait émerger une angoisse récurrente, celle de l'altérité : des criminels bien sûr, mais aussi des femmes, des fous, des invertis, des « primitifs », dont les inquiétantes figures contrastent avec l'image de légèreté et de foi inconditionnelle dans le Progrès qui est habituellement celle de la Belle Époque. L'anthropologie et l'anthropométrie se mettent au service d'une frénésie taxinomique qui trahit l'inquiétude générée par toute indétermination, désormais intolérable. Un double processus d'essentialisation et de hiérarchisation se trouve aux fondements des discours justifiant l'exclusion persistante de certaines catégories de populations, rejetées en deçà de l'Universel. Lacassagne nous sert d'œilleton pour examiner les enjeux biopolitiques de cette exclusion. C'est l'avers, cette face de la médaille qui porte une effigie – et qui serait frappée à celle de l'Autre en cette fin de siècle – et le portrait d'un homme et de son temps par l'inventaire de ses aversions, qu'on a voulu reconstituer.

Breast Feeding in Reality -- Section I Ethnic-Cultural Effects on Human Lactation -- Cross-Cultural Differences in Lactational Performance -- Ethnic Cultural Effect Upon Human Lactation: Introduction to Workshop with Some Comments to Experience Obtained in Scandinavian Countries During the Last Two Centuries -- Maternal Factors Affecting Lactation -- Anthropometry in the Appraisal of Lactation Performance Among Well-Nourished Women -- Ethnic Determinants of Lactation in a Population of Mothers in the United States -- Effects of Vegetarian Diets Upon the Composition of Human Milk -- Cultural and Environmental Influences on the Nutritional Status of Lactating Women and Their Infants in Nepal -- Section II Effect of Duration of Pregnancy and Lactation Upon Composition of Human Milk -- Lactational Performance and Milk Composition in Relation to Duration of Pregnancy and Lactation -- Pattern of Change in Milk Composition During Lactogenesis in Term and Preterm Mothers -- Lipid Composition of Prepartum, Preterm and Term Milk -- Changes in Milk Composition After Six Months of Lactation: The Effects of Duration of Lactation and Gradual Weaning -- Complementation and Weaning Phases of Lactation -- The Effect of Maternal Parity on Lactational Performance in A Rural African Community -- Comparative Prostaglandin Content in Human Milk -- The Relationship of Maternal Factors to Composition and Structure of Caseins -- Thyroid Hormones in Milk -- Effects of Low Maternal Dietary Intake of Calcium, Selenium and Vitamin B-6 Upon Breast Milk Composition in Nepal -- Section III Lactation Performance -- Assessment of Lactation Performance in Women -- Approaches to the Study of Colostrum-The Onset of Lactation -- Regulation of the Rate of Lactose Production -- Feeding of Premature Infant: Methods to Assess Lactation Performance -- Relationship of Maternal Age to Breast Milk Volume and Composition -- Milk Letdown and the Concentration of Fat in Breast Milk -- Maternal Factors in Lactation Failure -- Mammary Gland Anomalies and Lactation Failure -- Section IV Effects of Maternal Nutrition on Human Lactation -- Effects of Maternal Nutrition on Human Lactation -- Effect of Diet on the Lipid Composition of Human Milk -- Human Milk Carnitine -- Effect of Vitamin Supplementation on Vitamin Levels in Human Milk: Vitamin B-6, Vitamin C and Folacin -- Maternal Factors Affecting the Vitamin D Content of Human Milk -- Changes in Milk Concentrations with Duration of Lactation in Relation to Zinc Requirements of Breast Fed Infants -- Effect of Maternal Iron Status on Iron in Human Milk -- Effect of Maternal Selenium Nutrition on Human Milk Content and Form -- Distribution of Selenium in Human Milk -- Section V Drugs and Toxins in Human Milk -- A Comprehensive Assessment of Drugs and Chemical Toxins Excreted in Breast Milk -- Fundamental Kinetics of Drug Excretion in Breast Milk -- Epidemiology of Environmental Chemical Contaminants in Breast Milk -- The Influence of Maternal factors on Drug Levels in Human Milk -- Effect of Oral Contraceptives on Lactation -- Drug Excretion into Human Milk: Answered and Unanswered and Unanswered Questions -- Cellular Pathways in the Movement of Lipophilic Xenobiotics from GI Tract to Breast Milk -- Section VI Host Defense Factors in Human Milk -- Antibodies in Milk Directed Against Specific Enteropathogens -- Pregnancy Associated Hormonal Milleu and Bronchomammary Cell Traffic -- Investigations of the Secretory Immune System in Human Milk Using Monoclonal Antibodies -- Function of Leukocytes in Human Milk -- Effects of Cholera and Poliovirus Immunizations Upon Specific Antibodies in Human Milk -- Potential Effects of Immunization on The Host Defense Systems in Human Milk -- Inhibition of Attachment of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae by Human Milk -- Effects of Ethnicity on Immunologic Components in Human Milk -- Section VII Poster Presentation -- High Performance Liquid Chromatography of Oligosaccharides from Human Milk and Colostrum -- Fat Content and Cis- and Trans-Isomeric Fatty Acids in Mature Human Fore- and Hindmilk -- Bile Salt Stimulated Lipase: The Enzyme is Present in Non Primate Milk -- Total Nitrogen and Non-Protein Nitrogen Balance in Preterm Infants Fed Preterm Human Milk -- Recovery of Vitamin K from Human Milk -- Skim Milk Membranes in Human Milk -- Breastfeeding: Cultural Practices and Variations -- Contributors and Participants.

Resumen El presente artículo describe el proceso de diseño y construcción de una silla de ruedas capaz de permitir la posición de bipedestación a pacientes con discapacidad grado IV en miembros inferiores, de hasta 100 kg de peso. Para el dimensionamiento de la silla se consideró un análisis antropométrico a 19 pacientes adultos (13 mujeres y 6 hombres) del Centro de Rehabilitación Integral Especializado CRIE Nro. 1, ubicado en la parroquia Conocoto – Quito, Ecuador, se utilizan los percentiles P95 de las mediciones antropométricas de los pacientes del centro. Usando el software Autodesk Force Effect, se simuló el movimiento del paciente al pasar de sedestación a bipedestación, y así controlar posiciones relativas de miembros inferiores y tronco, en un rango de movimiento desde 15° a 75°, y tener una base de datos para la selección del sistema impulsor en la silla. Mediante un análisis estático de cargas en el cuerpo del paciente, se designó las cargas críticas de diseño para los miembros críticos de la silla, los mismos que fueron comprobados mediante un análisis de esfuerzos con el software Autodesk Inventor V15. También se expone las pruebas y evaluación supervisada por 10 profesionales terapistas físicos, mediante pruebas in situ con pacientes del CRIE N°1 y con una encuesta a los profesionales terapistas físicos.Palabras Clave: Antropometría, bipedestación, discapacidad, sillaAbstractThis paper describes the design and construction process of a wheelchair capable of allowing standing position to patients with grade IV disability in lower limbs, up to 100 kg weight, located in the Conocoto parish - Quito, Ecuador, the P 95 percentiles of the anthropometric measurements of the patients of the center. Using Autodesk Force Effect software, the patient's movement was simulated by moving from sitting to standing, and thus controlling relative positions of lower limbs and trunk, in a range of motion from 15 ° to 75 °, and having a database for the selection of the drive system in the chair. Through a static analysis of loads on the patient's body, critical design loads were assigned to critical chair members, which were tested through stress analysis with Autodesk Inventor V15 software. We also present the tests and evaluation supervised by 10 physical therapists professionals, through in situ tests with patients of CRIE N ° 1 and with a survey to the physical therapist professionalsKeywords: anthropometry, standing, disability, chairResumoO presente artigo descreve o processo de projeto e construção de uma cadeira de rodas capaz de permitir a posição de pé em pacientes com deficiência de grau IV em membros inferiores de até 100 kg de peso. Para dimensionar a cadeira de uma análise antropométrica considerou 19 pacientes adultos (13 mulheres e 6 homens) Centro de Reabilitação Integral Especializada do CRIE No. 1, localizado na freguesia Conocoto -. Quito, Equador, os percentis P95 de usados Medições antropométricas de pacientes no centro. Usando o software Autodesk Force Effect, o movimento do paciente foi simulado, movendo-se de um lado para outro, e assim controlando as posições relativas dos membros inferiores e do tronco, em uma amplitude de movimento de 15 ° a 75 °, e tendo um banco de dados para a seleção do sistema de acionamento na cadeira. Através de uma análise estática de cargas no corpo do paciente, as cargas críticas do projeto foram atribuídas aos membros críticos da cadeira, que foram testados através de análise de estresse com o software Autodesk Inventor V15. Os testes e avaliação supervisionados por 10 fisioterapeutas também são apresentados, através de testes no local com CRIE N ° 1 e uma pesquisa de profissionais de fisioterapia.Palavras-chave: antropometria, permanente, deficiência, cadeira