Suchergebnisse

The number of cooperatives in Indonesia became the largest in the world. However, the cooperative only contributes 4% of the Gross Domestic Product. It means most of the cooperative is managed unprofessionally. Many of the cooperatives are closed by the government as there are no annual members meeting and transparency of cooperatives business process. This shows that communication and data transparency in cooperatives is very important. But, the cooperatives are difficult to show data transparancy and communicate with members because there is no media or something to support the communication for develop the cooperative.This research has succeeded in developing Multi Cooperative Information System using Laravel framework. Multi Cooperative Information System can store member data collection, financial transactions, calculating profit sharing, and facilitate communication. This system build based on Software as a Service (SaaS) system so cooperative can subscribe with small amount of fee, ignoring the development and maintaining the system. This system already pass the test by black box testing and expert judgement.

In the last decades, there has been a global trend towards the transfer of powers from the nation-state downwards to sub-national authorities and upwards to supra-national units such as the European Union. Regardless of the proliferation of elections at multiple levels of government in many countries, most research on elections is about national elections. My thesis contributes to a recently emerging wave of studies which challenge the common assumption that developments at sub-national and supra-national elections in multi-level democracies are fundamentally driven by national-level factors. Both the supply- and the demand-side are analysed (parties and voters). I specifically address to what extent voters make their electoral choices in local, regional and European elections on the basis of issues that belong to the specific arena being contested, and how parties proactively shape multi-level politics by strategically emphasising or de-emphasising national-level issues in regional elections. Empirical evidence is based mainly on the Spanish case, with one of the articles of this cumulative dissertation additionally looking at the case of United Kingdom.