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The pol'al structure of Latin Amer cities has evolved, under the impact of migration, from a traditional monolithic order to a triadic system composed of established sectors, a vast subproletariat created by Ru migration, & mediating gov'al instit's. Most theories have anticipated imminent pol'al explosiveness among the new Lc's. These predictions, however, run consistently contrary to empirical findings. Pertinent results are summarized. The weakness of pol'al extremism among these sectors is interpreted primarily as a consequence of a "migrant" ethic which places responsibility for deprivations on non-structural factors. Similarities between orientations of migrants & those of early European immigrants, insofar as they prevent structural blame & subsequent radicalization are outlined. Structural origins of the migrant ethic & the consequences for Latin America of its eventual demise are examined. AA.

Urbanization in Myanmar is still in an early phase with slightly less than one-third of the population living in cities. This presents an enormous opportunity for the country. Cities are engines of growth and prosperity, which facilitate industries to grow jobs, services and innovations. Cities are also fundamental to lifting people out of poverty through increased employment opportunities and incomes to citizens. No country has reached middle income status without urbanizing. That being said, the way that cities urbanize is important to growth, poverty and livability. If adequate investments are not made in basic infrastructure and services, urban planning, and in ensuring a governance and financing structure that can deliver for residents, cities instead can end up with major problems of congestion, pollution, sprawl, and inequality which can create or worsen social divisions, and potentially contribute to crime and violence. The report, Myanmar's Urbanization: Creating Opportunities for All aims to understand urbanization in Myanmar drawing on the growing literature on the topic in Myanmar, especially for Yangon. It uses an inclusive urbanization lens and proposes a set of priority policy areas for urgent attention that will help to ensure the benefits of urbanization are widely realized given the projected growth of cities. An inclusion lens is particularly important in Myanmar as the country transitions from a complex history that has been characterized by decades of economic and political isolation, conflict, and underdevelopment. Inclusive urbanization is reliant on three keydimensions; economic, social and spatial. Economic inclusion refers to equitable access to employment and income-generating activities in a city, and resilience to shocks. Spatial inclusion refers to equitable and affordable access to land, housing, infrastructure and basic public services. Social inclusion relates to individual and group rights, equity, security and dignity. Such aspects of social inclusion and exclusion are relevant to groups who are often marginalized inday-to-day urban life.

The objective of this report is to inform the government's policies and strategies on urbanization as a driver of economic development, job creation, and poverty reduction. Note two examines internal migration in Rwanda, which is a recent phenomenon and remains fairly limited, with less than 10 percent of the population changing their district of residence in the three years between 2011 and 2014. Rural‐to‐urban migration has increased slightly as a share of internal migration, and with internal migration increasing overall, the absolute number of people moving from rural to urban areas has grown. The spatial disparities in living standards offer a compelling motivation for people in lagging areas to move closer to economic density. This note takes a closer look at the scale and nature of internal migration in Rwanda. This note is organized as follows: section one gives introduction. Section two presents the scale and pattern of internal migration, focusing particularly on rural‐to‐urban migration and the secondary cities. Section three sketches the characteristics of migrants, focusing on push and pull factors and disaggregating by type of migration. The final section four concludes.

Urbanization is a result as well as a driver of growth, but has often been accompanied by problems with pollution, congestion, slums, and damage to the environment and ecosystems. This comparative report is a collaborative effort of the Asian Development Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank to anticipate and respond to the challenges faced by their members in managing the process of urbanization towards sustainability. The report draws from the experiences and lessons from Asia and Latin America through the framework of urban metabolism.