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Статья посвящена развитию китайско-ланкийских отношений, в особенности их энергетической и дипломатической составляющим. Прослеживается и анализируется современное состояние китайско-ланкийских отношений и проектов, связанных с энергетической политикой КНР в регионе. Проводится анализ энергетической политики и дипломатии Китая на Шри-Ланке. Рассматривается значение китайско-ланкийского сотрудничества для каждой из стран. Описывается общая экономико-политическая ситуация на Шри-Ланке, которая исследуется как часть энергетической стратегии Китая «Нитка жемчуга». Рассматривается значение вклада КНР в инфраструктурное и экономическое развитие Шри-Ланки. ; This article considers the evolution of the relations between China and Sri Lanka, especially their energy and diplomatic components. The article describes the general economic and political situation in Sri Lanka, which is studied as a part of the String of Pearls strategy. The essence of the strategy is the construction of an infrastructure and the strengthening of relations between the states for the expansion of Chinese economic and political presence. For China it is important to diversify and secure oil imports, get an access to the basic resources and provide security of oil shipments from the Middle East. The considerations of energy security made Beijing pay attention to the strategic lines of communication (SLOCs). The unique geopolitical location of Sri Lanka is making this state an important strategic partner for China. Although the changes in the political life of Sri Lanka, the cooperation between Beijing and Colombo is maintaining and developing. A part of the String of Pearls strategy is a construction and development of the infrastructure in Hambantota. Hambantota development initiative originally came from the Government of Sri Lanka. The project was made possible thanks to a successful visit to China in 2007. In the same year, the construction of the port began. China provided the Sri Lankan government a loan for the project to develop the port and oil refinery. By 2010, the construction was completed successfully and the port became operational. For successful and competitive development, Hambantota received the duty-free status of a free port. With the development of Hambantota infrastructure, the economic and social development is moving from the south to the eastern regions of the country, which had previously been delayed due to the ongoing Tamils revolt. In the future, it is expected that the port in Hambantota will become the largest port in South Asia. The construction of the port at the southern point of Sri Lanka is the most efficient and thoughtful decision that turns Hambantota into a key transit and transfer point in Asia. It is considered that this point will not be vital for the energy security, trade and economic development of China. At the same time, the presence near the southern border of China and India in the middle of the Indian Ocean is significant as it provides control over the strategic sea routes. Of course, it is a time-consuming and a long process, because it is necessary to have substantial financial resources, be able to overcome the internal problems in the countries of the region and carry out careful planning aimed at reducing risks.

This thesis investigated individual disengagement from violent extremism in liberal democracies. Despite enormous investment of the last two decades into responses to terrorism, the exit and reintegration processes of extremists back into the community are not well understood. Whilst most extremists struggle with the transition back into society, most are eventually able to move on with their lives, becoming citizens again. Most do so unassisted. Therefore, studying the phenomenon of natural disengagement is a critical avenue to understanding why people choose to leave, how they leave, how they reconnect and what areas of their lives undergo change in doing so. Given the paucity of empirical data on this topic, the primary purpose of this research project was to generate such data. The second goal was to analyse the empirical data from the perspective of participants themselves, addressing the question: 'What is the experience of disengagement from the perspective of extremists themselves?' The final aim of this study was to integrate any new findings with current literature to advance the state of knowledge about disengagement from violent extremism. Using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) in-depth interviews were conducted with 22 former extremists of different ideologies, including former militant Tamil separatists, former neo-jihadists, former right-wing extremists, a former left-wing militant, and former nonviolent but direct-action radical environmentalists. The participants discussed how and why they stopped their involvement, how their sense of self and identity changed, as well as how they coped afterwards and renegotiated their relationship with mainstream society. Each participant described multiple reasons for leaving. Several cited the ineffectiveness and/or the horror of violence, whilst some burnt-out. Overall disillusionment was the most common trigger for eventual disengagement. Once disillusioned 'pull factors' such as having a family or a career became attractive. Most reported a delay between early doubts and actual exit, and most experienced a difficult transition out. Some had longer-term difficulties. Fifteen themes emerged directly from the transcripts of the 22 participant interviews. These themes clustered into five domains which collectively represent the phenomenological essence of disengagement from extremism, including subsequent re-engagement with society. The domains are Social Relations, Coping, Identity, Ideology, and Action Orientation, each with three component themes. A key finding was that sustained disengagement is actually about the proactive, holistic and harmonious engagement the person has with wider society afterwards. This has been termed 'pro-integration'. Finally, this research project went further than anticipated and, building on existing empirical research, proposed a tentative five domain, three level model of disengagement called the Pro-Integration Model (PIM). It is suggested that incorporating pro-integration into the research, policy and intervention agenda is a strengths-based way of assisting people to genuinely connect with civic society after their involvement into extremism. It is concluded that for former extremists to identify with, and have a sense of belonging in mainstream society is not only good for them as individuals, but advantageous for a resilient society, and as a side-effect, cultivates strong protection against re-involvement in violent extremism.

India is the most populous democracy and largest developing country with a democratic system. It is interesting to note that India, surrounded by non-democratic regimes in the region, belongs to a small group of developing countries, such as Malaysia, Sri Lanka (highly questionable in the wake of the recent Tamil crisis), and some Caribbean countries where parliamentary democracy has so far been successful. Most of the Third World part of the globe is dominated by military regimes or civil-military coalitions. This is what happened in a number of young nations of Asia and Africa which having adopted, upon achieving independence, the Westminster model of democracy, had to experience varying levels of military intervention and erosion of democracy.1 It is hard to deny that India's most remarkable political achievement has been to maintain for over three decades the world's largest democracy. The record is more remarkable in view of the appalling problems of low economic development, sharp differences in income, mass poverty, illiteracy, ethnic antagonism, and absence of any linguist ic unity.2 Such a situation is not in conformity with a democratic system which the government should rest on the active consensus of those who were governed. As an essential condition for the stability of democracy, mostly economic factors,3 high degree of education4 sense of identification5, and a relatively small nation or a gradual historical change6 are mentioned. But all these interpretations do not at all fit the Indian situation; they are without explanatory force. However, when one turns to neighbouring Pakistan and Bangladesh for comparative illumination, the Indian puzzle grows. Though these countries match closely to India in a number of ways relating to history, colonial experience and post-independence problems, yet they have experienced frequent military interventions. In sharp contrast to India these two partitioned states of Pakistan and Bangladesh have—except for brief spells in each 1947-58 and 1971-77 and 1972-75 and 1976-79—essentially been under military rule. The persistent praetorion traditions of Pakistan7 and Bangladesh indicate that the armed forces have attained not only a fairly entrenched position in the political structure of the respective countries, but it has beeomc extremely difficult to combine this position with the recognition of civilian political forces within any generally acceptable constitutional framework. Therefore, the consolidation of parliamentary democracy in India, despite numerous difficulties in the way of its survival, represent a unique case in South Asia as well as in the Third World. This article seeks to explain this phenomenon of remarkable combination of political stability and orderly political development within a South Asian regional comparative perspective which has often been called Indian "Political Miracle."8 While in mid-1965 pervasive violence and instability in the domestic politics of developing countries was endemic, (for example, Pakistan, Burma, Indonesia, Ghana, Nigeria, and Uganda became victims of military coups) the Indian political system could successfully stem political decay and instability in India. This article attempts to explain the relationship between the political democratic traditions, level of political institutionalization role of dominant party, and political leadership and democracy.

BAUMOL, HILDA and BAUMOL, WILLIAM J. Inflation and the Performing Arts New York/London: New York University Press 1984.CASSON, MARK Economics of Unemployment. An Historical Perspective, Oxford: Martin Robertson 1983FISHER, FRANKLIN M. Disequilibrium Foundations of Equilibrium Economics (Econometric Society Publication, No. 6.), Cambridge/London/ New York: Cambridge University Press 1983FOLKERTS‐LANDAU, D.F.I. Intertemporal Planning, Exchange, and Macroeconomics Cambridge/London/New York: Cambridge University Press 1982JACK E. ADAMS Little Rock FREY, BRUNO S.: International Political Economics, Oxford: Basil Black‐well 1984CHARLES P. KINDLEBERGERLincoln Center, Massachusetts GEORGE, REV. DR. P. P.: Economics of Higher Education in Tamil Nadu, Madras: Centre for Research on New International Economic Order 1984J ANDHYALA B. G. TILAK New Delhi, India DE GIJSEL, PETER et al. (Hrsg.): Ökonomie und Gesellschaft. Jahrbuch 2: Wohlfahrt und Gerechtigkeit, Frankfurt M./New York: Campus 1984WOLFGANG BRANDES/MANFRED KRAFT Paderborn GÖBEL, DIETER: Lebenseinkommen und Erwerbsbiographie. Eine Längs‐schnittuntersuchung mit Daten der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung (Sonderforschungsbereich 3 der Universitäten Frankfurt und Mannheim), Frankfurt M./New York: Campus 1983SIEGFRIED F. FRANKEFachhochschule für Öffentliche Verwaltung Hamburg GOODWIN, R. M.; KRÜGER, M. and VERCELLI, A. (eds.): Nonlinear Models of Fluctuating Growth. An International Symposium, Siena, Italy 1983 (Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, Vol.228), Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer 1984JOHN T. HARTMANIndiana University GORRES, PETER ANSELM: Die Umverteilung der Arbeit, Beschäftigungs‐, Wachstums‐ und Wohlfahrtseffekte einer Arbeitszeitverkürzung (Reihe Sozialwissenschaftliche Arbeitsmarktforschung, Band 6), Frankfurt/New York: Campus 1984HEINOVMEYER Frankfurt M. HAGEN, OLE and WENSTØP, FRED (eds.): Progress in Utility and Risk Theory (Theory and Decision Library, Vol. 42), Dordrecht/Boston/Lancaster: D. Reidel 1984GEORGES BERNARD CNRS, Paris HOLMLUND, BERTIL: Labor Mobility. Studies of Labor Turnover and Migration in the Swedish Labor Market (The Industrial Institute for Economic and Social Research), Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell 1984OLAF HOBLER Hannover KLAMER, ARJO: The New Classical Macroeconomics. Conversations with the New Classical Economists and their Opponents, Brighton: Wheat‐sheaf Books/Harvester Press 1984ALFRED H. BORNEMANNEnglewood LACHMANN, WERNER: Wirtschaftspolitik im Ungleichgewicht (Europai‐sche Hochschulschriften, Reihe V, Band 422), Frankfurt M./Bern/ New York: Peter Lang 1983MCKENZIE, RICHARD B.and TULLOCK, GORDON: Homo oeconomicus. Ökonomische Dimensionen des Alltags, Frankfurt M./New York: Campus 1984MANFRED GÄRTNERBasel MOSLEY, PAUL: The Making of Economic Policy. Theory and Evidence from Britain and the US since 1945, Brighton: Wheatsheaf Books 1984ROMASCO, ALBERT U.The Politics of Recovery: Roosevelt's New Deal, New York: Oxford University Press 1983ROSENSTOCK, ADOLF H.Stabilizing Real Exchange Rates and Rational Expectations (Europäische Hochschulschriften, Reihe V, Band 532), Frankfurt M./Bern/New York: Peter Lang 1984SCHMID, ULRICHWahlkampffinanzierung in den USA und in der Schweiz (Zürcher Beiträge zur Politischen Wissenschaft, Band 8), Diessenhofen: Verlag Rüegger 1985SCHNEIDER, G. and SPRENGER, R.U. (Hrsg.): Mehr Umweltschutz für weniger Geld. Einsatzmöglichkeiten und Erfolgschancen ökonomischer Anreizinstrumente in der Umweltpolitik (ifo‐Studien zur Umweltoko‐nomie, Bd.4), München: ifo‐Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung 1984SIEBERT, HORST (ed.): The Resource Sector in an Open Economy (Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, Vol. 200), Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer 1984.VICARELLI, FAUSTO: Keynes: The Instability of Capitalism, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 1984WAGNER, GERT: Umverteilung in der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung. Eine theoretische und empirische Analyse zum Versicherungsprinzip in der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung (Sonderforschungsbereich 3 der Universitäten Frankfurt und Mannheim), Frankfurt M./New York: Campus 1984WENZEL, HEINZ‐DIETER: Defizitfinanzierung ah Instrument einer ziel‐orientierten Finanzpolitik. Eine dynamische Analyse (Schriften zur öffentlichen Verwaltung und öffentlichen Wirtschaft, Band 61), Baden‐Baden: Nomos 1983

AMÉRICA LATINAAfectados por la influenza porcinaSe trata de una gripe similar a una que afecta a los cerdos, pero se ha comprobado que se transmite de persona a persona, lo que significa un peligro que se transforme en una pandemia(una enfermedad que afecte a todas las personas del globo).Es en México donde resurgió la epidemia que se cobró la vida de más de 150 personas.La OMS reconoció que el brote puede extenderse e instó a los países a que refuercen sus controles. Gobiernos de todo el mundo dispusieron medidas de control sanitario para contener la propagación del virus de la influenza porcina, sin embargo se han confirmado brotes de la enfermedad en México, Estados Unidos, Canadá, España, Reino Unido, Israel y Nueva Zelanda.La Organización Mundial de la Salud ha elevado el pasado lunes el nivel de alerta que mide el riesgo de que se produzca una pandemia de 3 a 4 (sobre una escala de 6), lo que refleja que no se puede detener la expansión del virus y sólo lo que se puede hacer es atenuar los efectos.A la vez esta organización catalogó el brote epidémico de influenza porcina como "emergencia de salud pública internacional". "Si el virus es un virus eficaz, si se contagia fácilmente de humano a humano, probablemente seguirá propagándose", declaró el portavoz de la OMS responsable del Departamento de Epidemias y Respuesta Pandémica, Gregory Hartl.Varios medios internacionales informan al respecto:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1122236http://www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/OMS/aumenta/nivel/alerta/gripe/porcina/elpepusoc/20090427elpepusoc_7/Teshttp://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/28/health/28flu.html?_r=1&ref=worldhttp://edition.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/04/27/swine.flu.preparations/index.htmlhttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/30398682/http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/america_latina/2009/04/090424_2216_virus_qa_lp.shtmlhttp://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/article6182789.ecehttp://www.latimes.com/features/health/la-fg-mexico-flu28-2009apr28,0,1701782.storyhttp://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/594230.htmlOtro susto para MéxicoSegundos después que el secretario de Salud mexicano anunciara que el virus de la gripe porcina ha cobrado la vida de 149 personas, la ciudad de México tembló. El movimiento de 5,7 grados de magnitud en la escala de Richter sacudió a cinco provincias del país, entre ellas la capital mexicana.El temblor obligó a empleados, residentes y turistas a abandonar edificios, hoteles y casas. El movimiento obligó a interrumpir la conferencia de prensa de las autoridades sanitarias. Para más información:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/30437315/http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/fuerte-temblor-de-57-grados-en-la-escala-de-richter-se-sintio-en-ciudad-de-mexico_5076449-1http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/04/27/mexico.quake/index.htmlVictoria de Correa en Ecuador"Más que cambiar de rumbo se trata de profundizar los cambios que ya hemos iniciado, hacerlos radicalmente, más aceleradamente", afirmó Rafael Correa tras su victoria electoral. El actual mandatario obtuvo la victoria (el 49,01 por ciento de votos) en primera vuelta por una amplia ventaja que lo separa de la oposición. De esta forma Correa obtuvo la reelección hasta el 2013.Correa al ser el favorito descartó la posibilidad de ir a un ballotage. La fragmentada oposición quedó lejos de llegar a una segunda vuelta.El partido de Correa, Alianza País, también ha logrado una amplia mayoría en el legislativo obteniendo más de 60 escaños. Críticos del gobierno señalan que la Asamblea podría convertirse en una institución "levantamanos", simplemente refrendaría de los deseos del mandatario.En los comicios también se eligieron prefectos, alcaldes y concejales. Las elecciones se desarrollaron con aparente normalidad. Alrededor de diez millones de ecuatorianos se acercaron a las urnas.La Revolución Ciudadana de Correa tendrá que afrontar la bajada del precio del petróleo, la disminución de las remesas de los emigrantes y las consecuencias que la crisis económica mundial puedan traer a este país dolarizado."Nunca los vamos a defraudar, pueblo ecuatoriano; creo que por eso el inmenso apoyo que hemos recibido. Hemos hecho historia en un país que desde 1996 al 2006 ningún gobierno democrático terminó su periodo.hoy se gana en una sola vuelta(.) Esta revolución está en marcha y nada ni nadie la detiene (.) hoy se gana en una sola vuelta, es algo inédito, un hecho histórico" mencionó Correa.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Rafael/Correa/reelegido/presidente/Ecuador/primera/vuelta/elpepuint/20090427elpepuint_1/Teshttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1122238http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/04/26/ecuador.election/index.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/america_latina/2009/04/090427_1845_ecuador_correa_valery_wbm.shtmlhttp://diario.elmercurio.com/2009/04/27/internacional/_portada/noticias/4A5A34BB-6B24-4507-851C-4E33070B89C1.htm?id={4A5A34BB-6B24-4507-851C-4E33070B89C1}http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/con-el-70-por-ciento-de-las-mesas-escrutadas-correa-es-ganador-de-las-elecciones-en-ecuador_5071027-1Perú concede asilo a líder antichavistaEl líder del partido Un Nuevo Tiempo y ex gobernador del estado de Zulia, Manuel Rosales, llegó a Perú el 4 de abril en busca de refugio por considerarse un perseguido político del presidente Hugo Chávez.Rosales enfrenta en Venezuela un proceso por presunto enriquecimiento ilícito durante su gestión como gobernador entre 2000 y 2004, que él afirma está basado en acusaciones falsas.Este hecho tensiona aun más las relaciones entre Venezuela y Perú. El Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores venezolano afirmó que la decisión es "una burla contra el Derecho Internacional, un duro golpe a la lucha contra la corrupción y un agravio contra el Pueblo de Venezuela". El canciller venezolano, Nicolás Maduro afirmó: "Esperamos que el Estado peruano, en su conjunto, y el Gobierno de Perú, de manera específica, cumplan con las leyes internacionales y envíen de vuelta a Venezuela a Rosales, quien está siendo procesado por delitos sumamente graves al patrimonio".Mientras que el canciller peruano, José Antonio García Belaunde, declaró que: "el gobierno peruano, fiel a una tradición histórica, en un compromiso con el derecho internacional, ha decidido otorgar el asilo al ciudadano venezolano Manuel Rosales(.) es un caso de asilo por razones humanitarias, no es el primero y no tiene por qué alterar las relaciones entre dos países hermanos".Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Peru/otorga/asilo/politico/lider/oposicion/venezolana/elpepuint/20090427elpepuint_11/Teshttp://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/america_latina/2009/04/090427_1908_rosales_asilo_peru_mf.shtmlhttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/30440122/http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/peru-concedio-el-asilo-politico-al-lider-opositor-venezolano-manuel-rosales_5077288-1http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/61387.htmlAtaques a LugoPara más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1122095Paraguay y Bolivia sellan pacto fronterizoPara más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/61388.htmlESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADÁHillary Clinton en BagdadEn su visita sorpresa mencionó que los Estados Unidos no dejará solos a los iraquíes, a pesar del retiro de tropas del país asiático. "El retiro se llevará a cabo de modo responsable y cuidadoso y que no afectará el plan para mejorar las fuerzas de seguridad iraquíes ni para completar la reconstrucción (.) Permítanme asegurarles y repetirles lo que dijo el presidente Obama, que estamos comprometidos con Irak y que deseamos ver un Irak estable, soberano y autosuficiente" mencionó la secretaria de Estado estadounidense. Su llegada coincide con una de las olas de violencia más graves de los últimos meses que se tradujo en más de 150 muertos en dos días. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1122113http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/internacional/2009/04/090425_0840_clinton_irak_alf.shtmlPánico en Nueva YorkUn ejercicio de la Fuerza Aérea de Estados Unidos con avión presidencial en Manhattan trajo recuerdos del 11 de setiembre. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/euycanada/ejercicio-de-la-fuerza-aerea-de-estados-unidos-con-avion-presidencial-causa-panico-en-manhattan_5075889-1http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/28/obama-orders-review-of-ny-jet-flyover/EUROPAGordon Brown visita AfganistánPara más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Gordon/Brown/visita/soldados/Afganistan/elpepuint/20090427elpepuint_9/Teshttp://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/04/27/uk.brown.afghanistan/index.html Benedicto XVI visitó zona afectada por el terremoto en ItaliaPara más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/594181.htmlFugas radioactivas de submarinos británicosPara más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/flota/submarinos/nucleares/britanicos/sufrio/varias/fugas/radiactivas/elpepuint/20090427elpepuint_8/TesChoque entre militantes y la policía en Estambul: 3 muertosPara más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/28/world/europe/28turkey.html?ref=worldUnión Europea amenazada por la influenza porcinaPara más información:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/30431245/ ASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTESri Lanka: fin de la ofensiva militarEl Gobierno de Sri Lanka ha anunciado el pasado lunes el fin a las acciones de combate contra las zonas controladas por el grupo rebelde Tigres Tamiles."El Gobierno ha decidido que las operaciones de combate han llegado a su conclusión. Nuestras fuerzas de seguridad han recibido la orden de poner fin al uso de armas pesadas, a los combates aéreos y al uso de armas que puedan causar víctimas civiles(.) Nuestras fuerzas de seguridad limitarán sus acciones a rescatar a los civiles que permanecen como rehenes" lee en el comunicado del Ministerio de Defensa ceilandés. Sin embargo las autoridades de Sri Lanka no aclararon que la guerra aún no ha terminado y que no estaba declarando un cese el fuego.Se cree que miles de personas han muerto debido a los bombardeos del gobierno sobre el último reducto tamil en el norte del país. Los desplazados por el conflicto se cuentan por decenas de miles. Las cifras más pesimistas ofrecidas por los organismos internacionales señalan que unas 150.000 personas están atrapadas entre los dos fuegos, como rehenes de dos fuerzas enfrentadas desde hace 25 años. Unos 50.000 soldados esrilanqueses, que avanzan implacables practicando la política de tierra quemada, y unos 1.000 tigres, los combatientes que aún quedan vivos de un grupo terrorista muy disciplinado y sanguinario, mantienen entre sus espadas en alto a los desplazados sin comida, sin hogar y sin apenas ayuda humanitaria.(*)(*)Según:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Sri/Lanka/anuncia/fin/combates/tamiles/llegada/enviado/ONU/elpepuint/20090427elpepuint_5/TesPara más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/internacional/2009/04/090427_1030_sri_lanka_sinfin_dv.shtmlhttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/30430703/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-sri-lanka-box28-2009apr28,0,49577.storyhttp://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/04/27/sri.lanka/index.htmlMilitantes talibanes suspenden diálogos de pazPara más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/04/27/pakistan.taliban.talks/index.htmlCorea del Norte: entre el rearme y la presión internacionalPara más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/28/world/asia/28korea.html?ref=worldhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/internacional/2009/04/090425_1115_corea_norte_nuclear_alf.shtmlhttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/30419034/ÁFRICA Piratas somalíes atacaron un crucero italianoPara más información:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/30419164/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/04/26/somalia.pirates/index.htmlAtaque al parlamento somalí Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/04/25/somalia.attack/index.htmlOTRAS NOTICIAS"The Economist" publica su informe semanal "Business this week":http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13528889

In a recent interview, Pope Francis took stock of the war in Ukraine. "The strongest one is the one who looks at the situation, thinks about the people and has the courage of the white flag, and negotiates," the pope told Swiss media. The comment led to derision from Ukraine and its Western supporters, who saw in the pontiff's message a call to capitulate. (We'll leave aside the fact that, behind closed doors, some European diplomats are reportedly warming to the idea of a negotiated end to the war.)Pope Francis offered an easy target for criticism by referring to a white flag, the traditional symbol of surrender. But one of his key messages actually was, "Don't be ashamed to negotiate before things get worse." Pope Francis has often referred to the Ukrainian people as martyrs in this war; suggestions that his words are a gift to Putin are misguided and confuse his anti-war instincts for support of Russia's war effort.Pope Francis noted that "the word negotiate is a courageous word." Pierre Hazan, a senior adviser with the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue and author of a new book on conflict mediation, would probably agree. Hazan cut his teeth as a journalist covering the Bosnia War and other conflicts before putting down the pen to take an active role in armed conflict negotiations. One of these was the peace process in the Basque Country that led the terrorist group Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) to lay down its arms. In "Negotiating with the Devil: Inside the World of Armed Conflict Mediation," the Swiss mediator mounts a strong defense of the importance of negotiation in the middle of a conflict.Before extolling the virtues of talks, Hazan acknowledges the potential pitfalls. Among other things, negotiations risk being manipulated by one of the parties. The author provides the example of the Munich Conference in 1938, which became the antechamber of Adolf Hitler's march on the European continent. There is also the possibility that talks become a smokescreen for violence. Hazan mentions here the Norwegian-led mediation between the Sri Lanka government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), a group of ruthless insurgents fighting for a Tamil state. When the Sri Lankan government wiped out the LTTE in a final offensive in 2009, it also killed around 40,000 civilians in the process. On rare occasions, the problem is not that negotiations end up facilitating carnage but that there is simply no partner willing to talk. That is the case of ISIS or the extinct Shining Path in Peru, explains the Swiss mediator.These difficulties notwithstanding, for Hazan, the key question remains whether "negotiating with war criminals—including the worst of them—might save lives." To this, he replies that "with very few exceptions, the answer is yes, of course." Those who mediate in armed conflicts are forced to consider possibilities that are far removed from ideals of justice in the search for the least bad option, argues Hazan. This became more complicated after the 9/11 attacks, when President Bush declared a "War on Terror," and the room for negotiations with warring states, rebel groups, or terrorist organizations narrowed down dramatically. In this new context, remarks Hazan, "mediation, previously lauded, was pushed aside in favour of military solutions."If total victory over terrorists and rogue states was, as Bush suggested, both just and within reach, then there was little need for negotiation in this new world. If the goal was to export democracy and eliminate terrorism once and for all, Bush failed spectacularly on both accounts. By then, however, the world had already been defined in good-versus-evil terms. Thus, to conduct badly needed talks with the evil side of this simplistic equation (be it Iran, North Korea, or the Taliban) would have been seen as treason to our highest ideals. The U.S., with European countries often following suit, promoted a new paradigm according to which mediation was "perceived as an admission of weakness," writes Hazan.These dynamics can be observed in the case of former United Nations diplomat Álvaro de Soto, who resigned his position as envoy for the Middle East Peace Process in May 2007. After Hamas won the 2006 Palestinian elections, the international community halted direct funding to the Palestinian Authority. The rationale was that this would apply pressure on Hamas to recognize the state of Israel and renounce violence. The consequence was not a moderation in Hamas' positions but a steep increase in poverty among Palestinians and a deterioration of public services.De Soto opposed the aid blockade on Palestinians but had little room to maneuver, as the Peruvian diplomat himself explained in a secret report written before handing in his resignation. In the (subsequently leaked) report, de Soto argued U.S. pressure had "pummelled into submission" the U.N.'s role as a neutral mediator in the Middle East. As Hazan explains, one of the biggest obstacles for de Soto was that his superiors forbade him to continue talks with Hamas or the Syrian government.Hazan added a preface to the original French edition of his book to cover the events that followed Hamas' attack against Israel on October 7, when the militant group killed 1,200 people and took 240 hostages. Since then, Israel's military operation in the Gaza Strip has resulted in the death of at least 31,000 people. Hazan reflects on the Qatar-mediated ceasefire in Gaza that lasted for a week at the end of November 2023. The ceasefire, the author argues, was a historical development for at least two reasons. First, it was probably an unprecedented agreement, as hostages were directly exchanged for ceasefire days. And second, Qatar's role exemplified "the end of Western hegemony over the international system."Whether Western hegemony will be followed by something better is up for debate. However, when Hazan points to Turkey's role in the mediation of the grain deal between Russia and Ukraine, or to China's diplomatic efforts leading to the resumption of ties between Iran and Saudi Arabia, it is easy to recognize a pattern towards a broader plurality in the mediation scene.Hazan offered an interview last month discussing the latest developments in the Ukraine war, which are not included in the book. Hazan explained that he sees two main scenarios for a mediated solution in Ukraine. In the first one, a precarious calm would prevail and there would be a limited ceasefire with Russia and Ukraine technically at war for the foreseeable future. In the second one, what he calls the "Korean model," there would be a demilitarized zone between the two sides with Ukraine obtaining security guarantees and NATO/European Union membership. A more robust mediation process and peace agreement will only happen "if the military or the political situation changes radically either way," he argued.Based on his long-time experience, Hazan notes that "peace is a messy, chaotic business, as is the road that leads to it." There is no sense in negotiating only for negotiations' sake, and mediation is fraught with dangers.Yet experts should not be swayed by the supposed moral certitude of refusing to come to the table. Outright negation of the possibility of talks carries the risk of missing opportunities to settle for the lesser evil even as the greater good fades into the distance.

Part (I) Introduction to river hazards and their management: Chapter 1. Natural River Hazards: Their Impacts and Mitigation Techniques -- Chapter 2. Assessment of sediment hazard and associated measurement -- Chapter 3. Modelling approach to study the riverine flood hazard of lower Damodar river -- Chapter 4. Field measurement of accumulated surface water and infiltration depth in a flood-prone Langol catchment of Manipur valley region -- Chapter 5. Soil erosion analysis with respect to land use / land cover change in Godavari basin -- Part (II) Stability of Hydraulic Structures and Sediment Transport: Chapter 6. Stability of hydraulic structures against erosion and scour due to water jets -- Chapter 7. Stabilization of Manmade Embankments at Indian Sundarban Estuary through Turbulence Control at Flow-Sediment Interface: Field Survey and Flume Experimentation -- Chapter 8. A Review of Sedimentation on Different Types of Weirs -- Chapter 9. A Review on Parametric Studies of Piano Key Weir -- Chapter 10 Influence of boundary condition on the modified 2D shallow water model near the flow-structure interaction zone: a case study in Brahmaputra River -- Chapter 11. A Review on Estimation Methods of Scour Depth around Bridge Pier -- Chapter 12. Estimation of Shear force Distribution in Two-stage open channel using SVM and ANFIS -- Chapter 13. Sediment transport modelling through machine learning methods: Review of current challenges and strategies -- Chapter 14. Impact of Anthropocene on the fluvial sediment supply: The Mahanadi River basin perspective -- Chapter 15. Assessment of sediment hazards by bed level variations around the bridge pier -- Chapter 16. Equation development for equilibrium bed load -- Part (III) Hydrological hazards and ecological restoration: Chapter 17. Flood mitigation with river restoration using Porcupine systems -- Chapter 18. Flood prioritisation of basins based on geomorphometric properties using Morphometric analysis and Principal component analysis: A case study of the Maner River basin -- Chapter 19. Flood modelling of Krishna river at Sangli using HEC-RAS -- Chapter 20. Development of Machine Learning based Flood Prediction Model for Godavari River Basin -- Chapter 21. Field study on soil organic matter content in inundation areas of Langol catchment by loss- on-ignition" method -- Chapter 22. Agricultural Drought Assessment using Satellite based Surface Soil Moisture Estimate -- Chapter 23. A Review on Hydrodynamics of Vegetated Streams -- Chapter 24. Analysis of Stormwater Drainage Network of the Central Zone in the Surat City by Using SWMM 5.1 Software -- Chapter 25. Review of state-of-the-art research on river hydrological hazards, restoration and management -- Chapter 26. Erosion Susceptibility Mapping based on Hypsometric Analysis using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System Techniques -- Part (IV) Climate change and Global warming issues: Chapter 27. Climate Change Implication and Adaptation for River systems -- Chapter 28. Non-parametric approaches to identify rainfall pattern in semi-arid regions: Ranipet, Vellore, and Tirupathur districts, Tamil Nadu, India -- Chapter 29. Decadal-based analysis of hydrological components in the Kesinga sub-catchment in Mahanadi Basin: An assessment of climate variability impact -- Chapter 30. Prediction of Future Rainfall in the Upper Godavari Basin Using Statistical Downscaling Model -- Chapter 31. Projecting Future Maximum Temperature Changes in River Ganges Basin using Observations and Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) -- Chapter 32. Trend Assessment of Rainfall over Mumbai and Pune Cities -- Chapter 33. Evaluation of Potential lakes Susceptible to GLOF using Multi-Criteria Assessment in Jhelum Sub-basin of Indus Basin.

In today's asymmetric armed conflicts, military agents carry out targeted killings against civilians that »take a direct part in the hostilities«. This book defines such participation for the purposes of international humanitarian, criminal and human rights law. Additionally, the general framework of the law of war is revisited, in particular under the currently frequent scenario of non-international armed conflicts. Treaty requirements for the recognition of non-state actors (degree of collectivity) are addressed and the legal ethics of a strict status-based approach in international law (combatants/civilians) is opined on. The study at hand analyzes the repertory of applicable legal texts and their authentic versions in the different official languages. It discloses existing incoherencies and gives an overview of their implementation into the national legislation of several countries. The research closes with a fictional case study. Graphs and figures are used for illustration purposes throughout the document. In today's asymmetric armed conflicts, military agents carry out targeted killings against civilians that »take a direct part in the hostilities«. This book defines such participation for the purposes of international humanitarian, criminal and human rights law. Additionally, the general framework of the law of war is revisited, in particular under the currently frequent scenario of non-international armed conflicts. Treaty requirements for the recognition of non-state actors (degree of collectivity) are addressed and the legal ethics of a strict status-based approach in international law (combatants/civilians) is opined on. The study at hand analyzes the repertory of applicable legal texts and their authentic versions in the different official languages. It discloses existing incoherencies and gives an overview of their implementation into the national legislation of several countries. The research closes with a fictional case study. Graphs and figures are used for illustration purposes throughout the document. In asymmetric armed conflicts military agents carry out targeted killings against civilians taking »a direct part in the hostilities«. This book defines such participation and revisits the applicable legal framework. Treaty requirements for the recognition of non-state actors are addressed and the legal ethics of a strict status-based approach (combatants/civilians) is opined on. The research uses numerous graphs for illustration purposes and closes with a fictional case study. Josef Alkatout, deutsch-palästinensischen Ursprungs, wuchs in den USA sowie in Süddeutschland auf. Nach dem Studium der Rechtswissenschaft und der internationalen Beziehungen in der Schweiz und in Finnland, promovierte er an der Universität Göttingen im internationalen Strafrecht zum Dr. jur. Er war über mehrere Jahre als Jurist in der Regulierungsbranche in London und Genf sowie als Dozent für den Weltverband der Gesellschaften für die Vereinten Nationen beschäftigt. Momentan vertritt er die tamilische Exilregierung in New York in Belangen des internationalen Strafrechts und ist darüber hinaus für eine Genfer Rechtsanwaltskanzlei tätig. Seine Abhandlung zur Zulässigkeit der Tötung Osama bin Ladens wurde in sechs Sprachen veröffentlicht. Josef Alkatout ist auch Autor von zwei belletristischen Romanen. Josef Alkatout is of Palestinian and German origin and grew up in the US and in Europe. He earned his degrees in law and international relations in Switzerland and Finland, and a PhD in international criminal law in Germany. During several years, Alkatout worked as a regulation lawyer in London and Geneva and lectured for the World Federation of United Nations Associations. Currently, he is the legal representative for the Tamil government in exile in New York and works in the field of criminal law in a firm in Geneva. His treatise on the legality of the Osama bin Laden killing was issued in six languages. Josef Alkatout has also published two novels.