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Given that engineering significantly affects modern society, ensuring its reliability is essential. How then should society implement engineering ethics to ensure its reliability? Can we expect engineering ethics to be nurtured naturally in the practice of engineering communities? If not, should the subject be compulsory in educational programs? Japan is among the most advanced countries with respect to engineering; however, it was not until the end of the 1990s that current engineering ethics education was introduced into Japanese engineering education programs. While economic globalization played a significant role in promoting this introduction, expectations of Western individualistic ethics and a hesitancy toward a foreign culture laid the foundation. Japan's Engineering Ethics and Western Culture: Social Status, Democracy, and Economic Globalization examines the broad historical process of developing engineering ethics from the late nineteenth century to the twentieth century. Even though the process was rooted in Japan's original culture and influenced by the ideologies of respective periods, such as nationalism and democracy, it consistently acknowledged trends from the United States and other Western countries. Natsume Kenichi discusses this history from a comprehensive perspective, including not only engineering education but also science, technology, industry, and higher education policies as well as various issues in science, technology, and society (STS) studies

This article explores the multiple efforts that have been initiated by regional actors in West Africa, mainly ECOWAS, 1 to regulate the illicit trade in natural resources in the context of armed conflicts. It then examines the behaviour of 'spoilers' who are able to circumvent the sanctions regime and governments' domestic regulation. The paper argues that the characteristics and multiple dynamics of the armed conflicts in West Africa have created specific opportunities for economic activities in a thriving parallel economy through the 'illicit' trade in natural resources.

This paper explores the relationship between knowledge hierarchies and sociospatial ordering of the world and, in doing so, to problematize the ways we study and understand consumption and marketing outside the West. By sociospatial ordering of the world, I refer to scalar divisions that organize and mobilize hierarchical perceptions of the world. Adopting a view of scale as a way of knowing and apprehending the world, I trace the origins, uses and effects of three scales – Third World, non-Western and emerging markets – that organize and inform research about marketing and consumption outside the West. Each of these scales indicates an imagined distance from an assumed central point and mobilizes visions that order and organize not only places, but knowledge produced in and about these places. I show that these scalar configurations are neither neutral nor transparent designations, but politically charged, sociospatial constructions that privilege certain representations, meanings and identifications over others. In the process, they shape knowledge production, permitting particular forms of difference – absence, plurality and excess – to take shape, circulate and gain legitimacy. I conclude by discussing the possibility of a notion of difference that does not rest on a negative comparison between two entities but is generative, affirmative and non-hierarchical.

This paper explores the relationship between knowledge hierarchies and sociospatial ordering of the world and, in doing so, to problematize the ways we study and understand consumption and marketing outside the West. By sociospatial ordering of the world, I refer to scalar divisions that organize and mobilize hierarchical perceptions of the world. Adopting a view of scale as a way of knowing and apprehending the world, I trace the origins, uses and effects of three scales – Third World, non-Western and emerging markets – that organize and inform research about marketing and consumption outside the West. Each of these scales indicates an imagined distance from an assumed central point and mobilizes visions that order and organize not only places, but knowledge produced in and about these places. I show that these scalar configurations are neither neutral nor transparent designations, but politically charged, sociospatial constructions that privilege certain representations, meanings and identifications over others. In the process, they shape knowledge production, permitting particular forms of difference – absence, plurality and excess – to take shape, circulate and gain legitimacy. I conclude by discussing the possibility of a notion of difference that does not rest on a negative comparison between two entities but is generative, affirmative and non-hierarchical.

Also available online at: http://cris.unu.edu/sites/cris.unu.edu/files/W-2016-1.pdf ; Since decolonization, Sub-Saharan Africa has seen the birth of a large number of regional initiatives whose institutional set up and high integration ambitions are inspired by the model of the European Union (EU). West Africa's sub-regional organizations: the Economic Community of the West African States (ECOWAS) and the Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA), are clear examples of this pattern of diffusion. However, African regionalism is often decried as ineffective, in particular in the domain of trade and economic cooperation. Two arguments have been usually put forward in order to explain the simultaneous adoption of the EU model of integration in Africa and its mixed outcomes: constructivist scholars have emphasized normative tensions, while area studies specialists have focused on the neo-patrimonial nature of African politics. Looking at West Africa as a case study, this article argues that both perspectives have limits. Structural constraints and sociological institutionalist theory appear more appropriate in order to account for the mixed record of regionalism in Africa. It is argued that these challenges seem to be less specifically 'African' than usually thought.

The Shares divestment Process of PT NTT becomes interesting legal problem to criticize because the case of shares divestment that involves a big company foreign company in gold mining sector that happened in Indonesia especially in West Nusa Tenggara.The research analyze about how the Indonesian Law regulates on shares divestment and how the divestment practice conducted by Local government of West Nusa Tenggara. Through the normative approach (normative study) and case approach. It was concluded that the law in Indonesian has not been regulated on the process of shares divestment by the Government (Local Company). However through the legal analogy method so the Acts Number 1 Year 2004 on State treasury and some of its implementation regulations applicable to the investments and divestments process. Likewise, as long as the divestment cooperation aims to build the public infrastructure so that the President Regulation Number 65 Year 2005 refers to President Number 13 Year 2010 could be umbrella of law. In the process of shares divestment of PT. NNT, it is found the procedural mistakes by the Government of West Nusa Tenggara, as well as there are collaboration agreement contain a conflict of norm, so that potentially causing losses to the state. Keywords: the Cooperation Agreement, Divestiture Shares

I wish to address a gap in the recorded history of the Caribbean and the United Kingdom, and describe how information professionals and historians can work together, to reclaim a history before it is lost. The West Indian Students' Union was formed in 1945 with the expansion in the number of students arriving in London for further and higher education. Acting as a welfare, political and social organisation the union represented students and their interests as students, as (predominantly) 'coloured' people in Britain, and as residents of colonial territories that were seeking independence. Many future leaders of Caribbean states and territories would occupy positions of leadership within the West Indian Students' Union. Others returned to rise within the judiciary, academia or cultural heart of the West Indies. Students in Britain saw and arrived parallel to the Windrush era of migration, and as the children of these migrants were born and grew up, the clashes in race relations in Britain that were evidenced by such events as the Notting Hill riots of 1958, restrictions on Commonwealth immigrations and Enoch Powell's 1968 "rivers of blood" speech and its aftermath. After the Union ceased to operate (sometime in the late 1970s) its records appear to have been lost.

This essay will trace the development and radicalization of liberalism's values and the link that it has to the increasingly heated debates about the place of Islam in the West.

In the novel Red Country the famous British author Joe Abercrombie carries out a genre experiment combining in one book the features of such distant and incongruous genres as fantasy and Western. He constructs in his imaginary world a territory with all specific characteristics of a Western chronotopos and actively uses typical plot devices of the Western. But on the level of ideas the plot of Red Country comes into a conflict with the basic values of the Western, instilling the clichés borrowed from this genre with a unique author's meaning. A good example of this is Abercrombie's unexpected development of the subject of savageness and civilization. A conflict with savage Indians who must give way to the white man and his civilization is an obligatory part of Western ideology. The attitude to savages in Westerns has undergone some changes, but the opposition of savages and the civilized society remains unchanged. In Red Country Abercrombie uses traditional episodes of Indian attacks etc. according to the Western genre conventions, but afterwards he shows the relativity of the ideas of civilization and savageness themselves; since attributing these characteristics to one or the other group of characters depends exclusively on one's point of view. The problems of the civilization of the Western kind are also highlighted: its coming leads to the destruction of the indigenous ways of life and brings about the reign of unscrupulous greed. Characters, portrayed as traditional savages in the beginning of the novel, are seen later already as bearers of dying ancient cultures. The fact that they are becoming extinct under the pressure of modern civilization does not bring any satisfaction, as a victory over savageness in a Western should do. This is achieved by actualizing the understanding of dying ancient cultures inherent to fantasy. Therefore, the novel Red Country reconsiders the genres of Western and fantasy and supports values of the modern multicultural and post-colonial society.

Abstract
This paper investigates the relationship between female education and economic growth in Western Balkan countries during the period 2000-2019. The motive behind choosing Western Balkan countries was because there is insufficient research that has been made in this field of study; hence, this research assists to expand the issue of this topic. By using GDP as dependent variable, the paper addresses the question whether female education generates or not economic growth. The techniques applied for this study are OLS, fixed and random effects, and Hausman-Taylor model IVs. The findings show a positive relationship between GDP per capita, female labor participation, school enrollment primary, and literacy rate. On the other hand, there exists a negative relationship with fertility rate, while the school enrollment tertiary is statistically insignificant. This paper brings evidence that female education generates more economic growth in Western Balkan countries. Therefore, the Government of the Western Balkans should take into consideration to invest more on education of the woman in those countries. These in turn will lead to higher economic growth.

The paper provides an overview of formation images "Europe" and the "West" in the texts of two prominent Ukrainian publicists in interwar Lviv – Mykhailo Rudnytskyi and Dmytro Dontsov. The article focuses on interwar discussions about the image of Europe, the West, and the East, liberalism, and nationalism. Given the fact that all these and related issues, having entered the Ukrainian public space at the beginning of the XX century remains relevant today, it appears reasonable to analyze these interwar discussions, which represent different ways of imaging European culture. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to clarify the sources of formation of these images, their content, and discussions around them. The author elaborated on the similarities and differences of these images in the texts of Rudnytskyi and Dontsov. The key element in Mykhailo Rudnytsky's worldview in the interwar period was liberalism or rather "cultural liberalism." The three main ideological blocks for him were "freedom", "individuality" and inclusiveness (openness) of cultures. Mykhailo Rudnytsky's image of "Europe" was rather amorphous, without clear boundaries, and took the liberal culture of the nineteenth century as examples of liberal figures. "East" occupied a very little place in the worldview of Michael, and was superimposed on the oriental axis "West (Europe) – civilization", "East (Asia) – barbarism". At the same time, geographical boundaries were not particularly important, and European movements, if they did not correspond to the ideal liberal model, could be considered barbaric and "Asian". Dmytro Dontsov's image of Europe was focused not on the liberal Europe of the XIX century, but the radical right movements in interwar Europe. If Rudnytsky emphasized the ideas of liberalism of the XIX century, individual freedom and synthesis of cultures, and these ideas he wanted to see in the image of "Europe", for Dontsov "Europe" and European thinkers had value in the context of ideas of expansion, struggle as the basis of the people's spirit. At the same time, in the worldview of Mykhailo Rudnytsky and Dmytro Dontsov, "The East" acted as a barbaric antithesis of the "West", the personification of all the wild and backward, which made their worldview in this sense oriental. Given the above material, we can state that the images of "Europe" and "West" in the interwar period remained extremely ambivalent and heterogeneous, and their content depended on the worldview of the authors.

Includes bibliographical references. ; This thesis discusses the infrastructural, vehicular and environmental factors that contribute towards road accidents. The role of infrastructure in improving road safety is the primary focus of the research, as infrastructure influences the driving experience. Road design and geometry are important for the consistency of highway performance. Road curvature, paved shoulders and the presence of an at grade intersection influence the drivers' perception of the highway. The Laingsburg Beaufort West N1 highway has a high incidence of accidents, namely single vehicle accidents. For this reason, the road section has been classified as a hazardous location. These fatal accidents may be influenced by the infrastructural and geometrical factors of the highway. Western Cape geographical data was analysed for the period 2000 to 2007, to investigate the infrastructural and geometrical factors that influence the high accident rate. This was done through an ArcGis analysis, which gave insight into the properties of each of the fatal accidents. In order to get a level of confidence from the findings of the ArcGis analysis, a road safety audit was conducted. This was done through a general inspection of the N1 highway between Laingsburg and Beaufort West, which included driving through the road section at a constant speed, and completing a checklist of the operating elements of the highway. The road safety audit revealed that infrastructural problems (lack of guardrails, sign posts located close to highway) and geometrical factors (average paved shoulder width, single carriageway roads, and dangerous intersections) were present on the road. The Laingsburg Beaufort West analysis was the primary focus of the research. Data for the years 2010 to 2013, which was updated, was obtained from SANRAL and investigated for accident types and potential hotspots. An ArcGis analysis was also performed on the data. Fatal accidents were analysed, to determine whether the Provincial Government of the Western Cape would meet their accident reduction goals of reducing accidents by 50% between the years 2009 and 2014. A high incidence of fatal pedestrian accidents was observed in the Khayelitsha area. Recommendations include the relocation of poles and signs, increasing the paved shoulder width, installation of guardrails along the entire highway, as well as provision of pedestrian bridges and walkways in the Khayelitsha area.