Suchergebnisse

This doctoral thesis explores the recomposition of colonias populares on the outskirts of the metropolitan area of Mexico-City for twenty years. Links between spatial mobility, living spaces of residents in informal settlements and strategies of physical and legal regularization are enlightened though social, demographic and political evolutions. The dynamic and heterogeneous characteristics of colonias populares was examined through two conceptual tools for the study of urban territoriality: the anchorage, as a point of view on the experiences of people; maturation, in order to analyze changes in residential settings. The trajectories of maturation have been understood from the analysis of systematic demographic data and from empirical work in four areas. Once the framework presented, the contexts of maturation were observed in three inputs: social, mobility, and political. Plural trajectories of this maturation were analyzed from the point of view of the anchorage: we tried to understand the pathways leading to the actual visible diversity. We described the residential routes of inhabitants, their urban experiences, more particularly in relation to the resources of the area, the complex dynamics of land and planning regularization and changes in the social division of space. Finally, these neighborhoods are becoming increasingly heterogeneous and "common" compared to the rest of the city, revealing the obsolescence of a single reading in terms of poverty or legal marginality. ; En esta tesis de doctorado, se analiza la recomposición de las colonias populares de la periferia de la Zona Metropolitana de México desde veinte años. Los vínculos entre la movilidad espacial, los espacios de vida de los residentes de los asentamientos irregulares, y las estrategias de regularización legal y física se examinan a la luz de factores sociales, demográficos y políticos. El rasgo dinámico y diverso de las colonias populares se examinó a través de dos herramientas conceptuales para el estudio de la territorialidad urbana: el anclaje, para tener un punto de vista de las experiencias de los individuos; la maduración, para analizar los cambios en entornos residenciales. Las trayectorias de maduración son entendidas a partir del análisis sistemático de los datos demográficos y del trabajo empírico en cuatro grupos de colonias. Después de la presentación del marco de estudio, se observaron los contextos de la maduración con tres entradas: social, sobre la movilidad, y política. Las trayectorias plurales de esta maduración se analizaron desde el punto de vista del anclaje, tratando de entender las vías que conducen a la diversidad visible hoy. Llegamos a describir a las rutas residenciales de los habitantes, sus experiencias urbanas, particularmente en relación con los recursos de la zona, la dinámica compleja de la regularización del suelo y de la planificación, y los cambios en la división social del espacio. Al final, estas colonias son cada vez más heterogéneas y "triviales" en comparación con el resto de la ciudad, dejando al descubierto la obsolescencia de una sola lectura en términos de pobreza o marginalidad. ; Cette thèse étudie les recompositions des colonies populaires périphériques de la zone métropolitaine de Mexico depuis vingt ans. Les liens entre les mobilités spatiales, les espaces de vie des habitants dans des quartiers illégaux à l'origine, et les stratégies de régularisation physique et juridique sont interrogés au regard des évolutions sociales, démographiques et politiques. Le caractère dynamique et divers des colonies populaires a été examiné à travers deux outils conceptuels de l'étude des territorialités urbaines : l'ancrage, point de vue sur les expériences des individus ; la maturation, pour analyser les changements des contextes résidentiels. Les trajectoires de maturation ont été comprises à partir de l'analyse de données sociodémographiques systématiques et d'un travail empirique dans quatre quartiers.Une fois le cadre de travail présenté, les contextes de la maturation ont été observés selon trois entrées : sociale, relative aux mobilités, et politico-juridique. Les trajectoires plurielles de cette maturation ont ensuite été analysées du point de vue de l'ancrage, en tentant de comprendre les chemins ayant conduit à la diversité visible aujourd'hui : il s'est agi de décrire les itinéraires résidentiels des habitants, leurs expériences citadines, en particulier par rapport aux ressources de la proximité, les dynamiques de régularisation foncière et urbanistique dans leur complexité et les évolutions de la division sociale de l'espace. Au final, ces quartiers deviennent de plus en plus hétérogènes et « banals » par rapport au reste de la ville, révélant l'obsolescence d'une lecture unique en termes de pauvreté ou de marginalité juridique.

This doctoral thesis explores the recomposition of colonias populares on the outskirts of the metropolitan area of Mexico-City for twenty years. Links between spatial mobility, living spaces of residents in informal settlements and strategies of physical and legal regularization are enlightened though social, demographic and political evolutions. The dynamic and heterogeneous characteristics of colonias populares was examined through two conceptual tools for the study of urban territoriality: the anchorage, as a point of view on the experiences of people; maturation, in order to analyze changes in residential settings. The trajectories of maturation have been understood from the analysis of systematic demographic data and from empirical work in four areas. Once the framework presented, the contexts of maturation were observed in three inputs: social, mobility, and political. Plural trajectories of this maturation were analyzed from the point of view of the anchorage: we tried to understand the pathways leading to the actual visible diversity. We described the residential routes of inhabitants, their urban experiences, more particularly in relation to the resources of the area, the complex dynamics of land and planning regularization and changes in the social division of space. Finally, these neighborhoods are becoming increasingly heterogeneous and "common" compared to the rest of the city, revealing the obsolescence of a single reading in terms of poverty or legal marginality. ; En esta tesis de doctorado, se analiza la recomposición de las colonias populares de la periferia de la Zona Metropolitana de México desde veinte años. Los vínculos entre la movilidad espacial, los espacios de vida de los residentes de los asentamientos irregulares, y las estrategias de regularización legal y física se examinan a la luz de factores sociales, demográficos y políticos. El rasgo dinámico y diverso de las colonias populares se examinó a través de dos herramientas conceptuales para el estudio de la territorialidad urbana: el anclaje, para tener un punto de vista de las experiencias de los individuos; la maduración, para analizar los cambios en entornos residenciales. Las trayectorias de maduración son entendidas a partir del análisis sistemático de los datos demográficos y del trabajo empírico en cuatro grupos de colonias. Después de la presentación del marco de estudio, se observaron los contextos de la maduración con tres entradas: social, sobre la movilidad, y política. Las trayectorias plurales de esta maduración se analizaron desde el punto de vista del anclaje, tratando de entender las vías que conducen a la diversidad visible hoy. Llegamos a describir a las rutas residenciales de los habitantes, sus experiencias urbanas, particularmente en relación con los recursos de la zona, la dinámica compleja de la regularización del suelo y de la planificación, y los cambios en la división social del espacio. Al final, estas colonias son cada vez más heterogéneas y "triviales" en comparación con el resto de la ciudad, dejando al descubierto la obsolescencia de una sola lectura en términos de pobreza o marginalidad. ; Cette thèse étudie les recompositions des colonies populaires périphériques de la zone métropolitaine de Mexico depuis vingt ans. Les liens entre les mobilités spatiales, les espaces de vie des habitants dans des quartiers illégaux à l'origine, et les stratégies de régularisation physique et juridique sont interrogés au regard des évolutions sociales, démographiques et politiques. Le caractère dynamique et divers des colonies populaires a été examiné à travers deux outils conceptuels de l'étude des territorialités urbaines : l'ancrage, point de vue sur les expériences des individus ; la maturation, pour analyser les changements des contextes résidentiels. Les trajectoires de maturation ont été comprises à partir de l'analyse de données sociodémographiques systématiques et d'un travail empirique dans quatre quartiers.Une fois le cadre de travail présenté, les contextes de la maturation ont été observés selon trois entrées : sociale, relative aux mobilités, et politico-juridique. Les trajectoires plurielles de cette maturation ont ensuite été analysées du point de vue de l'ancrage, en tentant de comprendre les chemins ayant conduit à la diversité visible aujourd'hui : il s'est agi de décrire les itinéraires résidentiels des habitants, leurs expériences citadines, en particulier par rapport aux ressources de la proximité, les dynamiques de régularisation foncière et urbanistique dans leur complexité et les évolutions de la division sociale de l'espace. Au final, ces quartiers deviennent de plus en plus hétérogènes et « banals » par rapport au reste de la ville, révélant l'obsolescence d'une lecture unique en termes de pauvreté ou de marginalité juridique.

Marktseitige Sättigungstendenzen und die damit verbundene Intensivierung des Wettbewerbs lassen auf Industriegütermärkten den Bedarf nach neuen, innovativen und erfolgsversprechenden Ansätzen zur Ansprache von organisationalen Nachfragern entstehen. Auf der Seite industrieller Anbieter besteht Unsicherheit darüber, wie verfügbare Ressourcen sinnvoll auf verschiedene kommunikationspolitischen Maßnahmen verteilt werden sollen. Dies mit der Zielsetzung, den industriellen Nachfragern die Entscheidungsfindung für Beschaffungsobjekte verschiedener Anbieter durch Präferenzbildung für das eigene Angebot, zu erleichtern. Innovative Marketingkonzepte wie das sog. Event-Marketing gewinnen als eine intensive Beeinflussungsform eines spezifisch ausgewählten und abgegrenzten Publikums über versch. Branchen hinweg zunehmend als alternative Kommunikationsform gegenüber bzw. in Verbindung mit etablierten Kommunikationsformen (bspw. Messen) an Bedeutung. Auch wenn der Einsatzschwerpunkt v. a. noch im Konsumgüterbereich liegt, lässt sich auch bei Herstellern von Industriegütern eine vermehrte Einsatzbereitschaft für dieses Kommunikationsinstrument beobachten. Gründe hierfür liegen u. a. in der abnehmenden Wirkung klassischer Kommunikationsinstrumente wegen Informationsübersättigung von Kunden oder auch in der fehlende Dialogmöglichkeiten mit Kunden begründet. Die konzeptionelle Behandlung der Anwendung von Event-Marketing als Beeinflussungsinstrument auf Industriegütermärkten ist allerdings noch rudimentär und verbleibt häufig auf einer eher experimentellen Ebene, ohne wesentliche strukturierte und gestalterische Hintergründe. Empirische Forschung über mögliche Wirkungsbeziehungen und Effekte werden in der Fachliteratur kaum präsentiert. Industrieunternehmen stützen sich u. a. aufgrund vermehrt geschaffenen Handlungsrahmen von 'compliance' und 'codes of conduct', überwiegend noch auf traditionelle Beeinflussungs- und Kommunikationsinstrumente ab (bspw. Messen oder Print). Dieser Mangel war ein wesentlicher Impuls zur vorliegenden Arbeit, welche, die kritische Frage nach erfolgsversprechenden Anwendungsfeldern und Gestaltungsansätzen von Event-Marketing im Rahmen des Kundenmanagements auf Industriegütermärkten stellt. Die Kernaufgabe der Arbeit besteht in der Erarbeitung theoretisch fundierter, sowie plausibilitätsgeprüfter und praxisrelevante Best-Practice-Handlungsempfehlungen wie organisationale Nachfrager bei ihren Beschaffungsentscheidungen durch einen bewussten und strukturierten Einsatz von Events zielgerichtet i. S. eines Anbieters beeinflusst werden könnten. Die Arbeit nimmt zwar vorwiegend die Perspektive der Anbieterunternehmen ein, jedoch ist sie gleichermaßen für Beschaffungsverantwortliche organisationaler Nachfrager geeignet. Durch einen strukturierten Transfer werden existierender Erkenntnisse zum Management von Kundenbeziehungen, sowie den vermuteten Wirkungen von Event-Marketing auf Konsumgütermärkten auf das abgegrenzte Anwendungsproblem der Arbeit übertragen – dies unter der Berücksichtigung der Besonderheiten von Industriegütermärkten. Daher wurde auch die Sichtweise der kundenseitigen Beschaffungsfunktion und deren spezifischer Informationsbedarfe integriert. Die Arbeit will somit den Blick und das Verständnis für diese abgegrenzte und in der Praxis noch nicht beantwortete Problemstellung schärfen und einen praxisrelevanten Erkenntnisfortschritt für das identifizierte Anwendungsproblem erreichen. Die Ergebnisse aus dem konzeptionell-theoretischen Teil der Arbeit, münden in einem Bezugsrahmen, welcher die Grundlage für eine detaillierte und explorativ angelegte Fallstudienuntersuchung bildet, um adaptierbare Erkenntnisansätze i. S. der formulierten Forschungsfragen zu gewinnen. Dabei werden die abgeleiteten und vermuteten Zusammenhänge anhand detaillierter, explorativ gewonnener Primärdaten in Experteninterviews aus der Praxis auf Sinnhaftigkeit hin reflektiert, um u. a. eine fruchtbare Grundlage für weiterführende Arbeiten in diesem Themengebiet zu bieten. ; The industrial goods sector is characterized by market saturation tendencies and the resulting intensification of competition. This leads to the need for new, innovative and promising approaches to address organizational buyers. On the industrial manufacturer's side there is uncertainty about how available resources are to be appropriately distributed among various communications policy measures. This is with the aim to facilitate the decision-making for purchasing items from different vendors through creating preferences for its own offered items and services. Innovative marketing concepts, such as event marketing, gain importance with their ability to influence a specifically selected and defined audience. In this context, event marketing enjoys, increasing popularity and importance as an alternative form of communication over or in conjunction with established forms of customer communication across all economic sectors and industries. Although the focus is currently still in the consumer goods sector, manufacturers of industrial goods are increasingly committed to use event marketing as an innovative marketing concept. The expectations attached to it are justified, not least by the decreasing effects of classical communication tools, information overflow of the customer or by lack of dialogue possibilities with potential customers. However, the conceptual treatment of event marketing as a tool to influence industrial goods markets is still rudimentary and often without significant theoretical and structural backgrounds. Empirical research on possible effects is rarely available in literature because industrial companies still rely heavily on traditional influence and communication tools such as fairs or print. This deficiency was a major impetus for this dissertation, which asks the critical question of promising fields of application and design approaches of event marketing in the context of customer management on industrial goods markets. The core objective of this thesis is thus to develop theory based and plausibly tested Best-practice recommendations how organizational buyers can be focused with a structured use of events to influence them in the procurement decision process. Thereby enabling the transfer of existing knowledge of managing customer relationships, as well as the presumed effects of event marketing in consumer markets on the investigated problem, completed by the consideration of the industrial goods markets specialties. Therefore, the perspective of the customer's procurement function and their specific information has also been integrated. The conceptual-theoretical part of the thesis results in a framework which forms the basis for a detailed explorative case study research which should propose adaptable answers to the stated research priorities. The data gained will be reflected in terms of their usefulness and practical relevance and are intended to provide a fruitful basis for further research activities in this area.

This doctoral thesis explores the recomposition of colonias populares on the outskirts of the metropolitan area of Mexico-City for twenty years. Links between spatial mobility, living spaces of residents in informal settlements and strategies of physical and legal regularization are enlightened though social, demographic and political evolutions. The dynamic and heterogeneous characteristics of colonias populares was examined through two conceptual tools for the study of urban territoriality: the anchorage, as a point of view on the experiences of people; maturation, in order to analyze changes in residential settings. The trajectories of maturation have been understood from the analysis of systematic demographic data and from empirical work in four areas. Once the framework presented, the contexts of maturation were observed in three inputs: social, mobility, and political. Plural trajectories of this maturation were analyzed from the point of view of the anchorage: we tried to understand the pathways leading to the actual visible diversity. We described the residential routes of inhabitants, their urban experiences, more particularly in relation to the resources of the area, the complex dynamics of land and planning regularization and changes in the social division of space. Finally, these neighborhoods are becoming increasingly heterogeneous and "common" compared to the rest of the city, revealing the obsolescence of a single reading in terms of poverty or legal marginality. ; En esta tesis de doctorado, se analiza la recomposición de las colonias populares de la periferia de la Zona Metropolitana de México desde veinte años. Los vínculos entre la movilidad espacial, los espacios de vida de los residentes de los asentamientos irregulares, y las estrategias de regularización legal y física se examinan a la luz de factores sociales, demográficos y políticos. El rasgo dinámico y diverso de las colonias populares se examinó a través de dos herramientas conceptuales para el estudio de la territorialidad urbana: el anclaje, para tener un punto de vista de las experiencias de los individuos; la maduración, para analizar los cambios en entornos residenciales. Las trayectorias de maduración son entendidas a partir del análisis sistemático de los datos demográficos y del trabajo empírico en cuatro grupos de colonias. Después de la presentación del marco de estudio, se observaron los contextos de la maduración con tres entradas: social, sobre la movilidad, y política. Las trayectorias plurales de esta maduración se analizaron desde el punto de vista del anclaje, tratando de entender las vías que conducen a la diversidad visible hoy. Llegamos a describir a las rutas residenciales de los habitantes, sus experiencias urbanas, particularmente en relación con los recursos de la zona, la dinámica compleja de la regularización del suelo y de la planificación, y los cambios en la división social del espacio. Al final, estas colonias son cada vez más heterogéneas y "triviales" en comparación con el resto de la ciudad, dejando al descubierto la obsolescencia de una sola lectura en términos de pobreza o marginalidad. ; Cette thèse étudie les recompositions des colonies populaires périphériques de la zone métropolitaine de Mexico depuis vingt ans. Les liens entre les mobilités spatiales, les espaces de vie des habitants dans des quartiers illégaux à l'origine, et les stratégies de régularisation physique et juridique sont interrogés au regard des évolutions sociales, démographiques et politiques. Le caractère dynamique et divers des colonies populaires a été examiné à travers deux outils conceptuels de l'étude des territorialités urbaines : l'ancrage, point de vue sur les expériences des individus ; la maturation, pour analyser les changements des contextes résidentiels. Les trajectoires de maturation ont été comprises à partir de l'analyse de données sociodémographiques systématiques et d'un travail empirique dans quatre quartiers.Une fois le cadre de travail présenté, les contextes de la maturation ont été observés selon trois entrées : sociale, relative aux mobilités, et politico-juridique. Les trajectoires plurielles de cette maturation ont ensuite été analysées du point de vue de l'ancrage, en tentant de comprendre les chemins ayant conduit à la diversité visible aujourd'hui : il s'est agi de décrire les itinéraires résidentiels des habitants, leurs expériences citadines, en particulier par rapport aux ressources de la proximité, les dynamiques de régularisation foncière et urbanistique dans leur complexité et les évolutions de la division sociale de l'espace. Au final, ces quartiers deviennent de plus en plus hétérogènes et « banals » par rapport au reste de la ville, révélant l'obsolescence d'une lecture unique en termes de pauvreté ou de marginalité juridique.

This dissertation explores the efforts of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) to produce a common set of accounting standards accepted for worldwide market regulation. In doing so, it examines how a process of accounting (institutional) change - referred to as a convergence process - has evolved within the transnational accounting standard-setting space. This research investigates the role that institutions and politics play in the FASB-IASB convergence process, more broadly, as well as their role in the processes by which standard setters go about collective policy-making on one highly contested standard. With the accounting policy-making literature serving as a foundation tying together the works within this dissertation, I mobilize institutional and political perspectives to systematically explore the convergence of accounting standards through three empirical papers. Each of these studies focuses on standard-setting activities occurring between 2002 and 2011 and utilizes case study methods drawing on multiple data sources including archival documents, indirect observation and interviews with key informants. The first paper focuses on understanding the phenomenon of accounting convergence and its relationship to broader political and institutional trends through a variety of diffusionist mechanisms from neo-institutional theory. This dissertation then turns to the standard-setters themselves as focal actors and links these actors to the meaning systems they employ in the shaping of accounting convergence. The second paper focuses on competing meaning systems that standard setters adhere to and the factors that affect collective policy decisions. More specifically, it is interested in the negotiated order (Strauss et al. 1963) which takes shape on the basis of these factors. Finally, the third paper studies the process by which accounting standard setters persuade their public audience (and themselves) of the merits of their policy decisions by mobilizing orders of worth (Boltanski & Thévenot, ([1991], 2006) in their discourse. The primary contribution of this dissertation is to shed light, at multiple levels of analysis, on how transnational convergence activities, in particular those aimed at producing a common set of accounting standards, evolve in consideration of actors, institutions, and context. ; Cette thèse étudie les efforts mis en œuvre par le Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) et l'International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) afin de produire de manière conjointe un ensemble de normes comptables pour réguler les marchés dans le monde entier. Pour ce faire, elle examine comment un processus de changement comptable (institutionnel) – décrit comme un processus de convergence - a évolué au sein de l'espace transnational de normalisation comptable. Cette recherche étudie le rôle que les institutions et les politiques jouent dans le processus de convergence des FASB-IASB, ainsi que leur rôle dans les processus par lesquels les normalisateurs prennent une décision collective sur un standard très controversé. A partir de la littérature sur la normalisation comptable considérée comme le socle de base de cette thèse, je me sers d'un cadre théorique à la fois institutionnel et politique pour explorer systématiquement la convergence des normes comptables. J'effectue trois études empiriques. Chacune de ces études couvre les activités de normalisation ayant eu lieu entre 2002 et 2011 et utilise des études de cas s'appuyant sur plusieurs sources de données comprenant des documents d'archives, des observations indirectes et des entretiens avec des participants clés. Le premier article met l'accent sur la compréhension du phénomène de convergence des normes comptables en relation avec des tendances politiques et institutionnelles plus larges au moyen de divers mécanismes de diffusion de la théorie néo-institutionnelle. Ensuite, cette thèse souligne le rôle central des normalisateurs qui mobilisent des systèmes de sens pour faire converger les normes comptables. Le deuxième article se concentre sur les systèmes de sens concurrents auxquels se réfèrent les normalisateurs comptables, ainsi que les facteurs qui influencent leurs décisions collectives. Plus spécifiquement, il s'intéresse à l'ordre négocié (Strauss et al., 1963) qui prend forme sur la base de ces systèmes. Enfin, le troisième article étudie le processus par lequel les normalisateurs comptables convainquent les parties prenantes (et eux-mêmes) de la légitimité de leurs décisions par le biais des « économies de la grandeur » (Boltanski et Thévenot, 1991) et des mécanismes rhétoriques. Cette thèse contribue à développer par une étude multi-niveaux, nos connaissances sur les activités de convergence transnationale, en particulier celles qui visent à produire un ensemble commun de normes comptables, et comment ces normes évoluent en tenant compte du contexte, des acteurs et des institutions.

This doctoral thesis explores the recomposition of colonias populares on the outskirts of the metropolitan area of Mexico-City for twenty years. Links between spatial mobility, living spaces of residents in informal settlements and strategies of physical and legal regularization are enlightened though social, demographic and political evolutions. The dynamic and heterogeneous characteristics of colonias populares was examined through two conceptual tools for the study of urban territoriality: the anchorage, as a point of view on the experiences of people; maturation, in order to analyze changes in residential settings. The trajectories of maturation have been understood from the analysis of systematic demographic data and from empirical work in four areas. Once the framework presented, the contexts of maturation were observed in three inputs: social, mobility, and political. Plural trajectories of this maturation were analyzed from the point of view of the anchorage: we tried to understand the pathways leading to the actual visible diversity. We described the residential routes of inhabitants, their urban experiences, more particularly in relation to the resources of the area, the complex dynamics of land and planning regularization and changes in the social division of space. Finally, these neighborhoods are becoming increasingly heterogeneous and "common" compared to the rest of the city, revealing the obsolescence of a single reading in terms of poverty or legal marginality. ; En esta tesis de doctorado, se analiza la recomposición de las colonias populares de la periferia de la Zona Metropolitana de México desde veinte años. Los vínculos entre la movilidad espacial, los espacios de vida de los residentes de los asentamientos irregulares, y las estrategias de regularización legal y física se examinan a la luz de factores sociales, demográficos y políticos. El rasgo dinámico y diverso de las colonias populares se examinó a través de dos herramientas conceptuales para el estudio de la territorialidad urbana: el anclaje, para tener un punto de vista de las experiencias de los individuos; la maduración, para analizar los cambios en entornos residenciales. Las trayectorias de maduración son entendidas a partir del análisis sistemático de los datos demográficos y del trabajo empírico en cuatro grupos de colonias. Después de la presentación del marco de estudio, se observaron los contextos de la maduración con tres entradas: social, sobre la movilidad, y política. Las trayectorias plurales de esta maduración se analizaron desde el punto de vista del anclaje, tratando de entender las vías que conducen a la diversidad visible hoy. Llegamos a describir a las rutas residenciales de los habitantes, sus experiencias urbanas, particularmente en relación con los recursos de la zona, la dinámica compleja de la regularización del suelo y de la planificación, y los cambios en la división social del espacio. Al final, estas colonias son cada vez más heterogéneas y "triviales" en comparación con el resto de la ciudad, dejando al descubierto la obsolescencia de una sola lectura en términos de pobreza o marginalidad. ; Cette thèse étudie les recompositions des colonies populaires périphériques de la zone métropolitaine de Mexico depuis vingt ans. Les liens entre les mobilités spatiales, les espaces de vie des habitants dans des quartiers illégaux à l'origine, et les stratégies de régularisation physique et juridique sont interrogés au regard des évolutions sociales, démographiques et politiques. Le caractère dynamique et divers des colonies populaires a été examiné à travers deux outils conceptuels de l'étude des territorialités urbaines : l'ancrage, point de vue sur les expériences des individus ; la maturation, pour analyser les changements des contextes résidentiels. Les trajectoires de maturation ont été comprises à partir de l'analyse de données sociodémographiques systématiques et d'un travail empirique dans quatre quartiers.Une fois le cadre de travail présenté, les contextes de la maturation ont été observés selon trois entrées : sociale, relative aux mobilités, et politico-juridique. Les trajectoires plurielles de cette maturation ont ensuite été analysées du point de vue de l'ancrage, en tentant de comprendre les chemins ayant conduit à la diversité visible aujourd'hui : il s'est agi de décrire les itinéraires résidentiels des habitants, leurs expériences citadines, en particulier par rapport aux ressources de la proximité, les dynamiques de régularisation foncière et urbanistique dans leur complexité et les évolutions de la division sociale de l'espace. Au final, ces quartiers deviennent de plus en plus hétérogènes et « banals » par rapport au reste de la ville, révélant l'obsolescence d'une lecture unique en termes de pauvreté ou de marginalité juridique.

This doctoral thesis explores the recomposition of colonias populares on the outskirts of the metropolitan area of Mexico-City for twenty years. Links between spatial mobility, living spaces of residents in informal settlements and strategies of physical and legal regularization are enlightened though social, demographic and political evolutions. The dynamic and heterogeneous characteristics of colonias populares was examined through two conceptual tools for the study of urban territoriality: the anchorage, as a point of view on the experiences of people; maturation, in order to analyze changes in residential settings. The trajectories of maturation have been understood from the analysis of systematic demographic data and from empirical work in four areas. Once the framework presented, the contexts of maturation were observed in three inputs: social, mobility, and political. Plural trajectories of this maturation were analyzed from the point of view of the anchorage: we tried to understand the pathways leading to the actual visible diversity. We described the residential routes of inhabitants, their urban experiences, more particularly in relation to the resources of the area, the complex dynamics of land and planning regularization and changes in the social division of space. Finally, these neighborhoods are becoming increasingly heterogeneous and "common" compared to the rest of the city, revealing the obsolescence of a single reading in terms of poverty or legal marginality. ; En esta tesis de doctorado, se analiza la recomposición de las colonias populares de la periferia de la Zona Metropolitana de México desde veinte años. Los vínculos entre la movilidad espacial, los espacios de vida de los residentes de los asentamientos irregulares, y las estrategias de regularización legal y física se examinan a la luz de factores sociales, demográficos y políticos. El rasgo dinámico y diverso de las colonias populares se examinó a través de dos herramientas conceptuales para el estudio de la territorialidad urbana: el anclaje, para tener un punto de vista de las experiencias de los individuos; la maduración, para analizar los cambios en entornos residenciales. Las trayectorias de maduración son entendidas a partir del análisis sistemático de los datos demográficos y del trabajo empírico en cuatro grupos de colonias. Después de la presentación del marco de estudio, se observaron los contextos de la maduración con tres entradas: social, sobre la movilidad, y política. Las trayectorias plurales de esta maduración se analizaron desde el punto de vista del anclaje, tratando de entender las vías que conducen a la diversidad visible hoy. Llegamos a describir a las rutas residenciales de los habitantes, sus experiencias urbanas, particularmente en relación con los recursos de la zona, la dinámica compleja de la regularización del suelo y de la planificación, y los cambios en la división social del espacio. Al final, estas colonias son cada vez más heterogéneas y "triviales" en comparación con el resto de la ciudad, dejando al descubierto la obsolescencia de una sola lectura en términos de pobreza o marginalidad. ; Cette thèse étudie les recompositions des colonies populaires périphériques de la zone métropolitaine de Mexico depuis vingt ans. Les liens entre les mobilités spatiales, les espaces de vie des habitants dans des quartiers illégaux à l'origine, et les stratégies de régularisation physique et juridique sont interrogés au regard des évolutions sociales, démographiques et politiques. Le caractère dynamique et divers des colonies populaires a été examiné à travers deux outils conceptuels de l'étude des territorialités urbaines : l'ancrage, point de vue sur les expériences des individus ; la maturation, pour analyser les changements des contextes résidentiels. Les trajectoires de maturation ont été comprises à partir de l'analyse de données sociodémographiques systématiques et d'un travail empirique dans quatre quartiers.Une fois le cadre de travail présenté, les contextes de la maturation ont été observés selon trois entrées : sociale, relative aux mobilités, et politico-juridique. Les trajectoires plurielles de cette maturation ont ensuite été analysées du point de vue de l'ancrage, en tentant de comprendre les chemins ayant conduit à la diversité visible aujourd'hui : il s'est agi de décrire les itinéraires résidentiels des habitants, leurs expériences citadines, en particulier par rapport aux ressources de la proximité, les dynamiques de régularisation foncière et urbanistique dans leur complexité et les évolutions de la division sociale de l'espace. Au final, ces quartiers deviennent de plus en plus hétérogènes et « banals » par rapport au reste de la ville, révélant l'obsolescence d'une lecture unique en termes de pauvreté ou de marginalité juridique.

This doctoral thesis explores the recomposition of colonias populares on the outskirts of the metropolitan area of Mexico-City for twenty years. Links between spatial mobility, living spaces of residents in informal settlements and strategies of physical and legal regularization are enlightened though social, demographic and political evolutions. The dynamic and heterogeneous characteristics of colonias populares was examined through two conceptual tools for the study of urban territoriality: the anchorage, as a point of view on the experiences of people; maturation, in order to analyze changes in residential settings. The trajectories of maturation have been understood from the analysis of systematic demographic data and from empirical work in four areas. Once the framework presented, the contexts of maturation were observed in three inputs: social, mobility, and political. Plural trajectories of this maturation were analyzed from the point of view of the anchorage: we tried to understand the pathways leading to the actual visible diversity. We described the residential routes of inhabitants, their urban experiences, more particularly in relation to the resources of the area, the complex dynamics of land and planning regularization and changes in the social division of space. Finally, these neighborhoods are becoming increasingly heterogeneous and "common" compared to the rest of the city, revealing the obsolescence of a single reading in terms of poverty or legal marginality. ; En esta tesis de doctorado, se analiza la recomposición de las colonias populares de la periferia de la Zona Metropolitana de México desde veinte años. Los vínculos entre la movilidad espacial, los espacios de vida de los residentes de los asentamientos irregulares, y las estrategias de regularización legal y física se examinan a la luz de factores sociales, demográficos y políticos. El rasgo dinámico y diverso de las colonias populares se examinó a través de dos herramientas conceptuales para el estudio de la territorialidad urbana: el anclaje, para tener un punto de vista de las experiencias de los individuos; la maduración, para analizar los cambios en entornos residenciales. Las trayectorias de maduración son entendidas a partir del análisis sistemático de los datos demográficos y del trabajo empírico en cuatro grupos de colonias. Después de la presentación del marco de estudio, se observaron los contextos de la maduración con tres entradas: social, sobre la movilidad, y política. Las trayectorias plurales de esta maduración se analizaron desde el punto de vista del anclaje, tratando de entender las vías que conducen a la diversidad visible hoy. Llegamos a describir a las rutas residenciales de los habitantes, sus experiencias urbanas, particularmente en relación con los recursos de la zona, la dinámica compleja de la regularización del suelo y de la planificación, y los cambios en la división social del espacio. Al final, estas colonias son cada vez más heterogéneas y "triviales" en comparación con el resto de la ciudad, dejando al descubierto la obsolescencia de una sola lectura en términos de pobreza o marginalidad. ; Cette thèse étudie les recompositions des colonies populaires périphériques de la zone métropolitaine de Mexico depuis vingt ans. Les liens entre les mobilités spatiales, les espaces de vie des habitants dans des quartiers illégaux à l'origine, et les stratégies de régularisation physique et juridique sont interrogés au regard des évolutions sociales, démographiques et politiques. Le caractère dynamique et divers des colonies populaires a été examiné à travers deux outils conceptuels de l'étude des territorialités urbaines : l'ancrage, point de vue sur les expériences des individus ; la maturation, pour analyser les changements des contextes résidentiels. Les trajectoires de maturation ont été comprises à partir de l'analyse de données sociodémographiques systématiques et d'un travail empirique dans quatre quartiers. Une fois le cadre de travail présenté, les contextes de la maturation ont été observés selon trois entrées : sociale, relative aux mobilités, et politico-juridique. Les trajectoires plurielles de cette maturation ont ensuite été analysées du point de vue de l'ancrage, en tentant de comprendre les chemins ayant conduit à la diversité visible aujourd'hui : il s'est agi de décrire les itinéraires résidentiels des habitants, leurs expériences citadines, en particulier par rapport aux ressources de la proximité, les dynamiques de régularisation foncière et urbanistique dans leur complexité et les évolutions de la division sociale de l'espace. Au final, ces quartiers deviennent de plus en plus hétérogènes et « banals » par rapport au reste de la ville, révélant l'obsolescence d'une lecture unique en termes de pauvreté ou de marginalité juridique.

ÖZETSAHİPLİK YAPISI İLE TEMETTÜ POLİTİKASI ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ: BORSA ISTANBUL'DAN (BIST) DENEYSEL BULGULARTemettü politikası, finans alanında en çok tartışılan konulardan bir tanesi ve temettü dağıtım kararı da kurumsal yönetim politikasının en önemli bileşenlerinden bir tanesidir. Bu bağlamda temettü politikası, bu tezin özünü oluşturan kurumsal sahiplik yapısı tarafından da etkilenen en önemli kararlardan bir tanesidir. Sahiplik yapısının finansal olmayan firmaların temettü dağıtım politikası üzerindeki etkisi 1980'li yılların başından itibaren daha önce hiç olmadığı kadar ilgi çekmektedir. Bu zamana kadar alanının önde gelen akademisyenleri ve araştırmacıları çabalarını daha çok gelişmiş ülkeler üzerindeki çalışmalara yoğunlaştırmıştı. Halbuki, dünya küreselleştikçe ve gelişmiş ülkeler sermaye yatırımlarından daha fazla pay aldıkça küresel yatırımcılar ve araştırmacılar da gelişmekte olan ülkelerin temettü dağıtım politikalarıyla daha fazla ilgilenmeye başladılar.Bu çalışmanın ana amacı çeşitli sahiplik yapılarının seçilen firmalar üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemektir. Buna ek olarak bir başka amaç ise halka açık şirketlerin 1994, 2001 ve 2008'de yaşanan finansal krizler sonucunda izledikleri temettü politikalarını da araştırmaktadır. Bu çalışma ayrıca Borsa Istanbul'a kayıtlı firmaların temettü istikrarını temettü politikalarının ana unsuru olarak görüp görmediklerini firmaların temettü politika davranışlarını analiz ederek belirlemeye çalışmaktadır. Borsa Istanbul'da (BIST) yer alan, finansal olmayan ve 2004-2012 yılları arasındaki 9 yıllık dönemde en az 5 yıl temettü dağıtan 78 şirketle yapılan bu çalışma, sahiplik yapısının temettü politikası üzerindeki etkisini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla temettü dağıtım oranı bağımlı değişken olarak seçilmiştir. Sahiplik yoğunluğu, yabancı sahiplik ve yönetimsel sahiplik bağımsız değişkenler olarak seçilirken, özkaynak karlılığı ve firma büyüklüğü ise kontrol değişkenleri olarak çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Yapılan dengesiz panel veri analizi sonuçlarına göre ise temettü dağıtım oranı ile sahiplik yoğunluğu, yabancı sahiplik ve firma büyüklüğü arasında pozitif anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Yönetimsel sahiplik ve özkaynak karlılığı ile temettü dağıtım oranı arasında ise anlamlı negatif bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar Sözcükler : Temettü politikası, Nakit temettü, Sahiplik yapısı, Temettü dağıtım oranı, Borsa Istanbul. ABSTRACTTHE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE AND DIVIDEND POLICY : EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM BORSA ISTANBUL (BIST)Dividend policy is one of the most frequently researched areas in the field of finance and dividend payout decision is an important element of corporate policy. Within this context, dividend policy is one of the firm's major decisions that is influenced by corporate ownership structure, which is the core of this study. The effect of ownership structure on the dividend policies of the non-financial firms attracts as much attention as has never before since the beginning of 1980s. Until this time, academicians and researchers have concentrated their efforts mostly on developed nations. However, as the world have become more globalized and as the emerging countries have received a higher proportion from the global equity investments, investors have also started to pay more attention to the dividend policies of emerging markets.The main goal of this study is to determine the impact of various ownership structures on dividend policies of the selected non-financial corporations. Additionally, another aim is to investigate the dividend policies of publicly traded corporations that they implemented as a result of the major financial crises experienced in 1994, 2001 and 2008. This study also tries to analyze the dividend policy behaviors of the companies registered to the Borsa Istanbul 100 Index to evaluate the perceptions of those companies to see whether they view dividend stability as an essential element of their dividend policies. This study, which was conducted with the 78 non-financial companies traded at the Borsa Istanbul (BIST) and distributed at least 5 years of dividends in the nine-year period between 2004 and 2012, aims to investigate the ownership structure on dividend payout policy. For this aim, dividend payout ratio has been selected as the dependent variable. While the ownership concentration, foreign ownership and managerial ownership have been selected as the independent variables, return on equity (ROE) and firm size have been selected as the control variables. According to the results of the unbalanced panel data analysis, significant positive relationship has been determined between the variables of ownership concentration, foreign ownership and firm size and dividend payout ratio. Significant negative relationship has been detected between the variables of managerial ownership, return on equity (ROE) and dividend payout ratio. Keywords : Dividend policy, Cash dividend, Ownership structure, Dividend payout ratio, Borsa Istanbul.

This doctoral thesis explores the recomposition of colonias populares on the outskirts of the metropolitan area of Mexico-City for twenty years. Links between spatial mobility, living spaces of residents in informal settlements and strategies of physical and legal regularization are enlightened though social, demographic and political evolutions. The dynamic and heterogeneous characteristics of colonias populares was examined through two conceptual tools for the study of urban territoriality: the anchorage, as a point of view on the experiences of people; maturation, in order to analyze changes in residential settings. The trajectories of maturation have been understood from the analysis of systematic demographic data and from empirical work in four areas. Once the framework presented, the contexts of maturation were observed in three inputs: social, mobility, and political. Plural trajectories of this maturation were analyzed from the point of view of the anchorage: we tried to understand the pathways leading to the actual visible diversity. We described the residential routes of inhabitants, their urban experiences, more particularly in relation to the resources of the area, the complex dynamics of land and planning regularization and changes in the social division of space. Finally, these neighborhoods are becoming increasingly heterogeneous and "common" compared to the rest of the city, revealing the obsolescence of a single reading in terms of poverty or legal marginality. ; En esta tesis de doctorado, se analiza la recomposición de las colonias populares de la periferia de la Zona Metropolitana de México desde veinte años. Los vínculos entre la movilidad espacial, los espacios de vida de los residentes de los asentamientos irregulares, y las estrategias de regularización legal y física se examinan a la luz de factores sociales, demográficos y políticos. El rasgo dinámico y diverso de las colonias populares se examinó a través de dos herramientas conceptuales para el estudio de la territorialidad urbana: el anclaje, para tener un punto de vista de las experiencias de los individuos; la maduración, para analizar los cambios en entornos residenciales. Las trayectorias de maduración son entendidas a partir del análisis sistemático de los datos demográficos y del trabajo empírico en cuatro grupos de colonias. Después de la presentación del marco de estudio, se observaron los contextos de la maduración con tres entradas: social, sobre la movilidad, y política. Las trayectorias plurales de esta maduración se analizaron desde el punto de vista del anclaje, tratando de entender las vías que conducen a la diversidad visible hoy. Llegamos a describir a las rutas residenciales de los habitantes, sus experiencias urbanas, particularmente en relación con los recursos de la zona, la dinámica compleja de la regularización del suelo y de la planificación, y los cambios en la división social del espacio. Al final, estas colonias son cada vez más heterogéneas y "triviales" en comparación con el resto de la ciudad, dejando al descubierto la obsolescencia de una sola lectura en términos de pobreza o marginalidad. ; Cette thèse étudie les recompositions des colonies populaires périphériques de la zone métropolitaine de Mexico depuis vingt ans. Les liens entre les mobilités spatiales, les espaces de vie des habitants dans des quartiers illégaux à l'origine, et les stratégies de régularisation physique et juridique sont interrogés au regard des évolutions sociales, démographiques et politiques. Le caractère dynamique et divers des colonies populaires a été examiné à travers deux outils conceptuels de l'étude des territorialités urbaines : l'ancrage, point de vue sur les expériences des individus ; la maturation, pour analyser les changements des contextes résidentiels. Les trajectoires de maturation ont été comprises à partir de l'analyse de données sociodémographiques systématiques et d'un travail empirique dans quatre quartiers. Une fois le cadre de travail présenté, les contextes de la maturation ont été observés selon trois entrées : sociale, relative aux mobilités, et politico-juridique. Les trajectoires plurielles de cette maturation ont ensuite été analysées du point de vue de l'ancrage, en tentant de comprendre les chemins ayant conduit à la diversité visible aujourd'hui : il s'est agi de décrire les itinéraires résidentiels des habitants, leurs expériences citadines, en particulier par rapport aux ressources de la proximité, les dynamiques de régularisation foncière et urbanistique dans leur complexité et les évolutions de la division sociale de l'espace. Au final, ces quartiers deviennent de plus en plus hétérogènes et « banals » par rapport au reste de la ville, révélant l'obsolescence d'une lecture unique en termes de pauvreté ou de marginalité juridique.

This doctoral thesis explores the recomposition of colonias populares on the outskirts of the metropolitan area of Mexico-City for twenty years. Links between spatial mobility, living spaces of residents in informal settlements and strategies of physical and legal regularization are enlightened though social, demographic and political evolutions. The dynamic and heterogeneous characteristics of colonias populares was examined through two conceptual tools for the study of urban territoriality: the anchorage, as a point of view on the experiences of people; maturation, in order to analyze changes in residential settings. The trajectories of maturation have been understood from the analysis of systematic demographic data and from empirical work in four areas. Once the framework presented, the contexts of maturation were observed in three inputs: social, mobility, and political. Plural trajectories of this maturation were analyzed from the point of view of the anchorage: we tried to understand the pathways leading to the actual visible diversity. We described the residential routes of inhabitants, their urban experiences, more particularly in relation to the resources of the area, the complex dynamics of land and planning regularization and changes in the social division of space. Finally, these neighborhoods are becoming increasingly heterogeneous and "common" compared to the rest of the city, revealing the obsolescence of a single reading in terms of poverty or legal marginality. ; En esta tesis de doctorado, se analiza la recomposición de las colonias populares de la periferia de la Zona Metropolitana de México desde veinte años. Los vínculos entre la movilidad espacial, los espacios de vida de los residentes de los asentamientos irregulares, y las estrategias de regularización legal y física se examinan a la luz de factores sociales, demográficos y políticos. El rasgo dinámico y diverso de las colonias populares se examinó a través de dos herramientas conceptuales para el estudio de la territorialidad urbana: el anclaje, para tener un punto de vista de las experiencias de los individuos; la maduración, para analizar los cambios en entornos residenciales. Las trayectorias de maduración son entendidas a partir del análisis sistemático de los datos demográficos y del trabajo empírico en cuatro grupos de colonias. Después de la presentación del marco de estudio, se observaron los contextos de la maduración con tres entradas: social, sobre la movilidad, y política. Las trayectorias plurales de esta maduración se analizaron desde el punto de vista del anclaje, tratando de entender las vías que conducen a la diversidad visible hoy. Llegamos a describir a las rutas residenciales de los habitantes, sus experiencias urbanas, particularmente en relación con los recursos de la zona, la dinámica compleja de la regularización del suelo y de la planificación, y los cambios en la división social del espacio. Al final, estas colonias son cada vez más heterogéneas y "triviales" en comparación con el resto de la ciudad, dejando al descubierto la obsolescencia de una sola lectura en términos de pobreza o marginalidad. ; Cette thèse étudie les recompositions des colonies populaires périphériques de la zone métropolitaine de Mexico depuis vingt ans. Les liens entre les mobilités spatiales, les espaces de vie des habitants dans des quartiers illégaux à l'origine, et les stratégies de régularisation physique et juridique sont interrogés au regard des évolutions sociales, démographiques et politiques. Le caractère dynamique et divers des colonies populaires a été examiné à travers deux outils conceptuels de l'étude des territorialités urbaines : l'ancrage, point de vue sur les expériences des individus ; la maturation, pour analyser les changements des contextes résidentiels. Les trajectoires de maturation ont été comprises à partir de l'analyse de données sociodémographiques systématiques et d'un travail empirique dans quatre quartiers. Une fois le cadre de travail présenté, les contextes de la maturation ont été observés selon trois entrées : sociale, relative aux mobilités, et politico-juridique. Les trajectoires plurielles de cette maturation ont ensuite été analysées du point de vue de l'ancrage, en tentant de comprendre les chemins ayant conduit à la diversité visible aujourd'hui : il s'est agi de décrire les itinéraires résidentiels des habitants, leurs expériences citadines, en particulier par rapport aux ressources de la proximité, les dynamiques de régularisation foncière et urbanistique dans leur complexité et les évolutions de la division sociale de l'espace. Au final, ces quartiers deviennent de plus en plus hétérogènes et « banals » par rapport au reste de la ville, révélant l'obsolescence d'une lecture unique en termes de pauvreté ou de marginalité juridique.

Purpose of the article is theoretically and practically analyze the features of informal computer based communication in the context of organization's technological resources. Methodology - meta analysis, survey and descriptive analysis. Findings. According to scientists, the functions of informal communication cover sharing of work related information, coordination of team activities, spread of organizational culture and feeling of interdependence and affinity. Also, informal communication widens the individuals' recognition of reality, creates general context of environment between talkers, and strengthens interpersonal attraction. For these reasons, informal communication is desirable and even necessary in organizations because it helps to ensure efficient functioning of the enterprise. However, communicating through electronic channels suppresses informal connections or addresses them to the outside of the organization. So, electronic communication is not beneficial for developing ties in informal organizational network. The empirical research showed, that significant part of courts administration staff is prone to use technological resources of their office for informal communication. Representatives of courts administration choose friends for computer based communication much more often than colleagues (72% and 63%respectively). 93%of the research respondents use an additional e-mail box serviced by commercial providers for non work communication. High intensity of informal electronic communication with friends and familiars shows that workers of court administration are used to meet their psycho emotional needs outside the work place. The survey confirmed conclusion of the theoretical analysis: computer based communication is not beneficial for developing informal contacts between workers. In order for the informal communication could carry out its functions and technological recourses of organization would be used effectively, staff should be motivated to communicate directly face to face. Research limitations - It can be reasonably suspected, that the real measure of informal communication with outside recipients is even higher, than the data of the research shows. In could be stipulated by the lack of analysis of other electronic communication mediums (e.g. video calls, social networks, internet forums, etc.). Practical implications. The results of the research help to form a wider comprehension about features of organizational communication. Authors of the research state that if managers would pay more attention to the practice of employees' informal and computer based communication, they would improve the usage of information technology resources. Originality/Value - Informal electronic communication in Lithuania's organizations had not been researched yet. The chosen subject is definitely new. On the other hand, deep penetration of computer-based communication in employees' daily routine shows the relevancy of the topic. ; Straipsnio tikslas – teoriškai ir praktiškai panagrinėti bei technologinių išteklių kontekste įvertinti neformalios elektroninės komunikacijos reikšmę organizacijoms. Straipsnio išvados suformuluotos remiantis atliktos metaanalizės bei empirinio tyrimo rezuldarbų analizė parodė, jog neformali komunikacija yra ne mažiau reikšminga nei formali, siekiant darbuotojų ir organizacijos veiklos efektyvumo. Neformalia komunikacija darbuotojai plečia gyvenimišką patirtį, kuria vėliau remiasi taip pat ir darbe, dalijasi darbine informacija, teikia vieni kitiems paramą, įveikiant kilusias darbo problemas, tenkina asmeninius psichoemocinius poreikius, pvz., bendravimo, pripažinimo, valdžios ir pan. Vertinant iš organizacijos perspektyvos pažymėtina, kad tinkamai valdoma neformali komunikacija palengvina komandų veiklos koordinavimą, organizacijos kultūros sklaidą, sumažina pasipriešinimą naujovėms, taip pat atlieka tam tikrą individualios bei grupinės elgsenos kontrolės funkciją. Vis dėlto elektroniniai kanalai silpnina neformalius ryšius, o dar dažniau – perkelia juos už organizacijos ribų. Todėl elektroninė komunikacija nėra priemonė, leidžianti kurti ir palaikyti neformalius tinklus tarp darbuotojų. Empirinis tyrimas, atliktas tiesiogiai apklausiant Vilniaus miesto ir rajono teismų administracijos darbuotojus, parodė, kad tarnautojai aktyviai naudojasi organizacijos technologiniais ištekliais neformalios komunikacijos tikslais. Apklausai tikslingai buvo pasirinkti palyginti menko kompiuterinio raštingumo asmenys (dar tik besirengiantys ECDL testavimui), tačiau elektroniniais laiškais su draugais jie bendravo gana intensyviai: 72 proc. apklaustųjų teigė, jog su draugais jie susirašinėja kasdien arba dažnai. Be to, 93 proc. tyrimo dalyvių pažymėjo savo darbo kompiuteryje turį papildomą – komercinę – pašto dėžutę, o 14 proc. respondentų – net daugiau nei vieną. Plataus masto neformalus elektroninis bendravimas su draugais ir pažįstamais rodo, jog teismų administracijos darbuotojai savo psichoemocinius poreikius linkę tenkinti už darbovietės ribų. Tad empirinio tyrimo rezultatai patvirtino teorinės analizės išvadą, jog bendravimas kompiuteriu nėra vertingas plėtojant neformalius tarpusavio ryšius tarp organizacijos darbuotojų. Straipsnio autorių nuomone, neformalios komunikacijos už organizacijos ribų mastas būtų reikšmingai didesnis, jei būtų įvertinta ne tik elektroninio pašto vartojimo praktika, bet ir kiti elektroninio komunikavimo kanalai: socialiniai tinklai, videoskambučiai, realaus laiko pokalbių svetainės, interneto forumai ir pan. Prielaidai patikrinti reikalinga atlikti tolesnius neformalios darbuotojų elektroninės komunikacijos tyrimus. Apibendrinant pažymėtina, jog norint, kad neformali komunikacija atliktų savo funkcijas organizacijose, o technologiniai ištekliai būtų naudojami efektyviai, vadovai turėtų darbuotojus skatinti neformaliai bendrauti tiesiogiai.

This dissertation analyzes the settlement landscape of Sicily in its seven centuries under Roman hegemony, with the aim of understanding the effects of large- and small-scale economic and political changes on patterns of urban settlement across the island and within its regions. Sicily's long history of urbanization and its early and enduring incorporation into the Roman Empire make it a valuable case study for examining the relationship between imperialism and urban development, allowing a "long view" of the impact of imperial power on local, regional, and supra-regional economic, political, and social structures.I begin with an overview of the historiography of Roman Sicily, followed by a summary and justification of my own methodology. I argue against the once dominant strand of scholarship that framed Sicily's history under Rome as one of decline and obsolescence. Instead, based on the recent proliferation of archaeological research in Sicily, my approach to the island's urban history in the longue durée rejects the dichotomy between urban and rural settlement. In its place I adopt a flexible definition of settlement that takes into account the wide range of roles that cities could exercise for their inhabitants, and the potential for these roles (and their manifestations in urban space) to change over time. I follow this introductory section with the empirical core of the dissertation: a quantitative overview of the development of Sicily's urban landscape across its seven centuries as part of the Roman Empire, based on a database containing archaeological and historical data on urban settlements occupied within this period. I identify two main transformative periods. First, the establishment of Roman hegemony after the First Punic War led to the sharp decline in the number of secondary urban centers (mostly hilltop settlements fulfilling a primarily defensive function) in the western interior. Second, the shift of commercial currents towards Rome after the sack of Carthage in 146 BC brought about a contraction in urban settlement on the southern coast that climaxed in the mid- and late first century BC (and was institutionalized in Augustus' new urban hierarchy), and that later affected urban settlement in the interior. Outside these periods, however, the urban system as a whole was relatively stable.This overview of urbanization across the island is followed by an examination of the history and material culture of several archaeologically and historically well attested urban settlements, focusing on their individual development in the first two centuries AD. In these case studies, I argue for the "transformation" rather than the "decline" of urban life in Sicily. Many older cities, especially along the southern coast and in the interior, gradually lost their roles as centers of political authority and of elite residence and investment, though some remained centers of economic activity, sometimes following movement to more economically integrated sites. Political activity was instead concentrated in a few large coastal cities that had been made colonies by Augustus or that later gained colonial status. These cities were centers of diverse populations and a wide range of economic activities, and they maintained strong connections with other regions of the Mediterranean. In the final chapter, I examine the new forms of settlement that arose in the imperial period, whose emergence and development, as I suggest, reflected the evolving political and economic position of Sicily within the Roman Empire as a whole. These semi-urban centers tended to be located close to maritime and land transportation routes and they show evidence of intense economic activity, but few signs of political autonomy. Some lay in the hinterland of primary urban centers and served as economic satellites; others served as population and service centers in areas otherwise devoid of urban settlement. A key finding of the dissertation - and one that is not necessarily paralleled in other parts of the Roman Empire - is that within Sicilian cities, economic activity and political authority were only loosely related variables. Though only a small number of urban centers were loci of political authority, economic activity was diffuse: towns that lost their political roles could remain centers of economic activity, while new settlements were largely geared towards the processing and distribution of agricultural products. I conclude, therefore, by suggesting ways in which Sicily's urban history can be understood more broadly, in the context of the urbanization of the Roman Mediterranean, and especially in comparison to North Africa and southern Italy, regions with strong historical ties to Sicily, but with different histories of political, economic, social, and cultural relations with Rome.

Актуальность и цели. Происходящие в современной России изменения в социально-экономической структуре, связанные с перераспределением собственности, становлением рыночных отношений, изменением технологий производства, отражаются на отношении к труду всех социальных групп, но особенно промышленных рабочих. Проявившиеся тенденции разрушения начального профессионального образования, сокращения числа стабильных предприятий привели к маргинализации рабочих промышленных предприятий и расширению социальных границ рабочего класса за счет неквалифицированных наемных работников. Целью статьи является типологический анализ трудовых ценностей промышленных рабочих; выделение перспективных типов работников для современных предприятий. Материалы и методы. Теоретико-методологической базой нашего анализа послужила теория отношения к труду А. Г. Здравомыслова и В. А. Ядова; факторная модель отношения к труду промышленных рабочих А. Л. Темницкого. Эмпирический анализ основан на социологическом исследовании промышленных предприятий Поволжья автомобилестроения, самолетостроения, приборостроения, строительного производства, легкой промышленности. Выборка квотная по возрасту и образованию рабочих; общий объем составил 1050 человек. Проанализированы данные федеральной службы государственной статистики, результаты мониторинга Института социологии РАН. Результаты. Сокращается доля промышленных рабочих, обеспеченных полной или частичной оплатой лечения в медицинских учреждениях; наблюдается отказ работодателя от оплаты отпуска или больничных листов. В этих условиях иерархия ценностей труда промышленных рабочих выглядит следующим образом: главенствующую позицию занимает материальное поощрение; второе место принадлежит ценности «моральное поощрение»; на третьем месте две ценности «продукт труда» и «содержание труда». Последнюю ценность разделяет только треть рабочих. У рабочих, занятых на предприятиях разного типа (государственных, акционерных, частных), не выявлено существенных различий в структуре трудовой мотивации. Выводы. Характер типологических групп свидетельствует о принятии рабочими трудовых ценностей разной направленности; при этом тип, который интересует только материальный мотив, составляет лишь седьмую часть от состава рабочих промышленных предприятий. Наиболее перспективными типами для постиндустриальной модернизации предприятий признаны типы рабочих, разделяющих наряду с материальными ценностями моральное удовлетворение, ответственность за результаты труда и стабильность предприятия. Вместе они составляют половину занятых в сфере рабочих профессий. Дальнейшее усиление перспективных типов отношения к труду связано не только с модернизацией производства, но и с развитием на предприятии производственной демократии, каналов выражения корпоративного мнения. ; Background. The changes taking place in socio-economic structure of modern Russia associated with the redistribution of property, formation of market relations, changing production technologies are reflected in the attitude of all social groups to work, but it is a matter of primary concern with industrial workers. The marked tendencies of destruction of primary vocational education, reducing the number of stable enterprises led to the marginalization of industrial workers and expansion of the social boundaries of the working class at the expense of unskilled employees. The purpose of this paper is to carry out a typological analysis of industrial workers' labour values, establishing promising types for modern enterprises. Materials and methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of our analysis is the theory of attitude towards labour by A. G. Zdravomyslov and V. A. Yadov, factor model of industrial workers' attitude towards labour by A. L. Temnitsky. The empirical analysis is based on the sociological study of industrial enterprises of the Volga region automotive, aircraft, instrument engineering, building industry, light industry. The total volume of the quota sampling by the workers' age and education is 1050 people. The data provided by the Federal State Statistics Service and the results of monitoring by the RAS Institute of Sociology have also been analyzed. Results. The share of industrial workers having fullor partially paid treatment in medical institutions is declining; the employer's failure to pay for a vacation or sick leave is observed. Under these circumstances, the hierarchy of industrial workers' values is as follows: financial incentives take the dominant position, the second place belongs to the value of "moral incentives", the third place is shared by "labour product" and "labour content". The last value was named by every third worker only. There are no significant differences in the structure of motivation among workers employed in enterprises of different types (public, joint stock companies, private ones). Conclusions. The character of the typological groups signifies workers' acceptance of different labour values; the type which is only interested in the material motive constitutes only a seventh part of industrial workers. The most promising worker types under the post-industrial enterprise modernization are the ones responsible for labour results and the stability of the company, those having both material and moral satisfaction. Together they make up half of the workers employed in the industrial sphere. Further strengthening of the promising types of attitude towards labour is connected not only with enterprise modernization, but also with the deve­lopment of the industrial democracy, corporate channels of expressing opinions in the company.

Anotācija Promocijas darba mērķis ir izpētīt morālās spriešanas spēju, morāles intuitīvo pamatu, politiskās orientācijas un reliģiozitātes savstarpējās sakarības. Pētījuma teorētiskais pamats ir kognitīvi racionālā pieeja morāles psiholoģijā (Linda morāles divu aspektu teorija) un sociāli intuitīvā pieeja morāles psiholoģijā (morāles intuitīvo pamatu teorija). Pētījums ir teorētisks un empīrisks mēģinājums izpētīt abu morālās psiholoģijas pieeju – kognitīvi racionālās un sociāli intuitīvās – saskares punktus, sevišķi tos, kas attiecas uz morāles kognitīvo un afektīvi intuitīvo aspektu mērījumu savstarpējām attiecībām. Promocijas darba pētījumos meklēti psiholoģiskie mehānismi, kas varētu izskaidrot konservatīvisma, reliģiozitātes un morālās spriešanas spēju negatīvo saistību. Promocijas darbā veikts kvazieksperimentāls (pirmais pētījums) un korelatīvs (otrais pētījums) pētījums. Pirmajā pētījumā piedalījās 348 respondenti (68,1 % sieviešu un 31,9 % vīriešu) vecumā no 18 līdz 67 gadiem. Otrajā pētījumā piedalījās 361 respondents (72,9 % sieviešu un 27,1 % vīriešu) vecumā no 16 līdz 74 gadiem. Morālās spriešanas spējas mērītas ar Linda Moral Judgment Test, MJT (Lind, 2000), savukārt morāles intuitīvie pamati – ar Moral Foundations Questionnaire: 30-Item Full Version MFQ 30 (Graham, Haidt, & Nosek, 2008). Pirmajā pētījumā politiskā orientācija noteikta, izmantojot pašnovērtējuma skalu, bet otrajā pētījumā izmantota promocijas darbā izveidotā Sociālā konservatīvisma skala (Dimdiņš, Trups-Kalne, 2011). Reliģiozitāte pirmajā pētījumā mērīta, izmantojot 6 ballu skalu, bet otrajā – izmantojot Hubera (Huber, 2004) reliģijas Centralitātes skalu (Zentralitätskala Z-10). Pētījuma dati savākti, izstrādājot aptaujas gan papīra formā, gan elektroniskā formā internetā. Kvazieksperimentālā pētījuma rezultāti apstiprina, ka respondentiem ar zemiem morālās spriešanas spēju rādītājiem saistību morāles pamati ir svarīgāki nekā indivīdiem ar augstiem morālās spriešanas spēju rādītājiem. Savukārt korelatīvā pētījuma rezultāti apliecina, ka morālās spriešanas spējas ir negatīvi saistītas ar politisko konservatīvismu un ortodokso reliģiozitāti, kā arī atklāj sakarības morāles pamatu svarīguma mediatora lomu morālās spriešanas spēju negatīvajā saistībā ar politisko konservatīvismu un ortodokso reliģiozitāti. Pētījuma rezultāti norāda, ka, aplūkojot morāles psiholoģijas neskaidros jautājumus gan no kognitīvi racionālās, gan sociāli intuitīvās pieejas pozīcijām, var nonākt pie dziļākas indivīda morālās funkcionēšanas psiholoģisko mehānismu izpratnes, kas palīdzētu uzlabot politisko dialogu sabiedrībā un morālās audzināšanas mērķus un metodes izglītībā. Atslēgvārdi: morālās spriešanas spējas, morāles intuitīvie ; Summary The objective of the dissertation was to study interconnections of moral competence, moral foundations, political orientation and religiosity. The theoretical ground of the research is formed by the rationalist approach in the moral psychology (Lind's dual-aspect theory of moral development) and the social intuitionist approach in the moral psychology (moral foundations theory). The given research was a theoretical and empirical attempt to investigate points of tangency of both approaches of the moral psychology – the cognitive and rational approach and the social and intuitive approach, in particular, the ones that are related to interconnections of measurements of the cognitive and affective and intuitive aspects of moral judgement. In research performed within the framework of the dissertation, the author looked for the psychological mechanisms that may explain the negative connection of conservativism, religiosity and moral competence. A quasi-experimental (Study 1) and correlative (Study 2) research was performed within the framework of the dissertation. 348 research participants took part in Research 1 (women – 68.1% and men – 31.9%) aged from 18 to 67 years; 361 research participant took part in Research 2 (women – 72.9% and men – 27.1%) aged from 16 to 74 years. The moral competence was measured using Lind's Moral Judgment Test, MJT (Lind, 2000), moral foundations were measured using Moral Foundations Questionnaire: 30-Item Full Version MFQ 30 (Graham, Haidt & Nosek, 2008); in Research 1, the political orientation was determined using a self-report scale, but in Research 2, a social conservativism scale created within the framework of the dissertation was used (Dimdiņš, Trups-Kalne, 2011). In Research 1, religiosity was measured using 6-point scale, but in Research 2, Huber's (Huber, 2004) Centrality Scale was used (Zentralitätskala Z-10). Research data were collected by means of internet polling and paper questionnaires. Results of the quasi-experimental research confirmed an assumption that the binding moral foundations are more important for respondents with low moral competence indices than for individuals with high moral competence indices; in its turn, results of the correlative research confirmed assumptions that moral competence is negatively related to the political conservatism and orthodox religiosity, as well as revealed a mediator role of the importance of binding moral foundations in the negative connection of the moral competence with the political conservatism and orthodox religiosity. Key words: moral competence, moral foundations, political ideology, religiosity