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Many of Fishman's contributions to understanding language in society stress the importance of dynamics, drawing attention to the complex interplay of micro-, meso- and macro-level factors from which an integrated pattern emerges. Our understanding of language dynamics, therefore, should encompass processes unfolding at various levels and provide accounts that do justice to these interactions, while delivering an analysis broad enough to constitute a sensible basis for successful language policy. Such concerns, illustrated in particular by Fishman's work on reversing language shift, call for revisiting this issue by focusing on the role of translation. Translation is linked to language dynamics, and it is both a conduit of language policies and a condition for their success, but these interconnections need to be explicitly acknowledged. Whereas translation studies often approach translation itself as a self-contained process, it certainly emerges from multilingual contexts, but is also, at least in part, dependent on language policies. Translation contributes to the maintenance of linguistic diversity and societal multilingualism which are, reciprocally, dependent upon the practice of translation. This examination confirms the ongoing soundness of the fundamentals of Fishman's approach to "language-in-society" and helps to assess some recent criticism toward core notions of classical sociolinguistics that Fishman helped develop and disseminate, such as multilingualism, which is being called into question by current notions such as "English as a lingua franca" and "languaging". The very existence of translation as a social, economic and political practice suggests that societal multilingualism cannot satisfactorily be described without resorting to classical sociolinguistic concepts like "named" languages, mother tongue and domain, which are crucial to successful policies and, hence, to the maintenance of the linguistic human rights to which Fishman's work has made such essential contributions.

"Somewhere, there is always wind blowing or the sun shining." This maxim could lead the global shift from fossil to renewable energy sources, suggesting that there is enough energy available to be turned into electricity. But the already impressive numbers that are available today, along with the European Union's 20-20-20 goal – to power 20% of the EU energy consumption from renewables until 2020 –, might mislead us over the problem that the go-to renewables readily available rely on a primary energy source mankind cannot control: the weather. At the same time, the notion of the smart grid introduces a vast array of new data coming from sensors in the power grid, at wind farms, power plants, transformers, and consumers. The new wealth of information might seem overwhelming, but can help to manage the different actors in the power grid. This book proposes to view the problem of power generation and distribution in the face of increased volatility as a problem of information distribution and processing. It enhances the power grid by turning its nodes into agents that forecast their local power balance from historical data, using artificial neural networks and the multi-part evolutionary training algorithm described in this book. They pro-actively communicate power demand and supply, adhering to a set of behavioral rules this book defines, and finally solve the 0-1 knapsack problem of choosing offers in such a way that not only solves the disequilibrium, but also minimizes line loss, by elegant modeling in the Boolean domain. The book shows that the Divide-et-Impera approach of a distributed grid control can lead to an efficient, reliable integration of volatile renewable energy sources into the power grid.

In this paper we describe a complex dataset used to study the circulation and wind-driven flows in the Wax Lake Delta, Louisiana, USA under winter storm conditions. The whole package bundles a large dataset (approximately 74 GB), which includes the numerical model, software and scripts for data analysis and visualization, as well as detailed documentation. The raw data came from multiple external sources, including government agencies, community repositories, and deployed field instruments and surveys. Each raw dataset goes through the processes of data QA/QC, data analysis, visualization, and interpretation. After integrating multiple datasets, new data products are obtained which are then used with the numerical model. The numerical model undergoes model verification, testing, calibration, and optimization. With a complex algorithm of computation, the model generates a structured output dataset, which is, after post-data analysis, presented as informative scientific figures and tables that allow interpretations and conclusions contributing to the science of coastal physical oceanography. Performing this study required a tremendous amount of effort. While the work resulted in traditional dissemination via a thesis, journal articles and conference proceedings, more can be gained. The data can be reused to study reproducibility or as preliminary investigation to explore a new topic. With thorough documentation and well-organized data, both the input and output dataset should be ready for sharing in a domain or institutional repository. Furthermore, the data organization and documentation also serves as a guideline for future research data management and the development of workflow protocols. Here we will describe the dataset created by this study, how sharing the dataset publicly could enable validation of the current study and extension by new studies, and the challenges that arise prior to sharing the dataset.

L'espace régional en Algérie se caractérise aujourd'hui par une grande métropole développée concentrant potentialités humaines et activités diverses, et une arrière région marginalisée vivant dans l'ombre de celle-ci. Dans la perspective d'apporter des éclaircissements sur la réalité vécue par l'espace régional algérien, nous avons mené la présente étude. La région Nord-centre, marquée par une concentration démographique au niveau de la capitale et des inégalités importantes dans les domaines de l'économie, du social et des équipements, nous a servie de cas d'étude. La démarche que nous avons adoptée, repose sur l'analyse approfondie de l''évolution démographique (entre 1987-2008) et des conditions socio-économiques. Les résultats ont montré un important déséquilibre démographie et des inégalités flagrantes entre les wilayas de la région. Le milieu naturel et les choix politiques ont été à l'origine du développement inégal et de son renforcement.MOTS CLES: Espace régional, iniquités territoriales, analyse démo-spatiale, migration intérieure.ABSTRACTRegional space in Algeria today is characterised by the division between a large, developed metropolis, concentrating human potential and various activities; and everywhere else, marginalized and living in the shade of the former. We conducted this study with the prospect of clarifying the reality of the Algerian regional area. The Northern Central region, marked by a concentration of the population in the capital and major inequalities in the economic, social and equipment fields, has served us as a case study. The approach we have adopted is based on in-depth analysis of demographic change (between 1987-2008) and socio-economic conditions, and the qualitative analysis of the regional planning process. The results showed a significant demographic imbalance and obvious inequalities between the wilayas of the region. The natural environment and policy choices were the cause of uneven development and its reinforcement.

The need to improve the quality of higher education institutions (HEIs) has never before aroused as much interest as in this new century. In view of the politicization of higher education, all stakeholders in the institutions are pressed, to be accountable, as regards the way they use the resources they have, and the results they achieve. In this sense, this study reflects the concern with the need to improve the quality of higher education, and focuses on the following key areas, which it considers as priorities in the construction of a "House of Quality" for HEI: the quality of human resources and the quality of material resources available. The quality of human resources depends essentially on the motivation, satisfaction, and behaviour of citizenship of the main educational agents (teachers and students). The quality of material resources does not lie in the fact that HEIs have a lot of material resources, or that they invest in many quality material resources, but rather in the quality of the way they are used, that is, in their proper use. The present study seeks to contribute to the integration of these two key domains in the construction of the "House of Quality" in HEI, presenting the procedures for the construction and validation of the Questionnaire called Motivation, Satisfaction, Citizenship and Quality (MOSCQual), designed by the authors of this study. The study was conducted with a sample of professors and students of the course of Management Degree, School of Social Sciences, University of Évora - Portugal, and the results revealed the importance of these key variables in the general management of HEI to achieve a promising and sustainable future for all stakeholders. ; Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (Grant UID/GES/00315/2013) and was also conducted at CICP

International audience ; Longtemps construits au détour d'une intervention publique, parfois bien singulière, les projets territoriaux, indépendamment du domaine, se distinguent de nos jours comme un espace pluri-acteurs. De nombreux acteurs territoriaux se mobilisent autour des projets capables de répondre à des urgences territoriales. Cependant, et bien souvent encore, l'action collective qui s'y développe, est décrite comme la déclinaison territoriale d'une commande publique nationale, ou l'opérationnalisation d'un référentiel réglementaire et incitatif mis en place par les pouvoirs publics. En effet, les acteurs territoriaux se mobilisent autour d'un projet donné parce que le contexte politique, institutionnel lui est favorable.Néanmoins, face aux enjeux contemporains de durabilité et/ou de résilience territoriales, les champs d'actions impliquant différents acteurs territoriaux, dans une approche collective se multiplient. Au nombre de ces démarches territoriales pour lesquelles, le rôle de l'Etat ou l'action publique n'est plus un instrument de domination (Weber, 1971), mais plutôt un instrument qui tend à être inclusif, tenant compte des besoins et des objectifs de la société (Schultz, 2014), l'écologie industrielle se distingue comme un mécanisme qui repose à la fois sur une volonté des pouvoirs publics, et plus particulièrement une pluralité d'acteurs disposant de compétences diverses et variées (Buclet, 2011).Approche s'inspirant du fonctionnement en « boucles » des écosystèmes naturels, l'écologie industrielle vise à passer d'une économie linéaire non viable (extraction, production/consommation, émissions ou rejets) à une économie circulaire optimisée en s'appuyant sur l'échange de résidus de flux de matières, la mutualisation d'équipements entre acteurs industriels, etc. afin de réduire l'impact de leurs activités sur l'environnement (Barles, 2014). Longtemps réduite aux périmètres industriels, c'est-à-dire aux zones industrielles, l'écologie industrielle va connaître l'émergence d'une dimension ...

International audience ; The implementation of international standards for sustainable development encourages countries to develop participatory planning processes at local scale. This article aims at showing how the environment is taken into account in 19 local planning documents for three Mediterranean countries namely Algeria, Lebanon and Morocco. The environment remains marginal considering the strategic axes of the local development plans. It is better represented at project level, although under a utilitarian view; this means that the environment is considered only for human needs or to correct the adverse effects of the overexploitation of natural resources on nature. This assumption is related to both the institutional segmentation of development and environment authorities and to the lack of skillful players in the field of ecology and environment. ; La mise en place des normes internationales de développement durable incite les pays à organiser la planification à une échelle locale et de façon participative. L'objectif de cet article est de montrer de quelle manière l'environnement est pris en compte à cette échelle dans 19 documents de planification de trois pays méditerranéens, l'Algérie, le Liban et le Maroc. L'environnement reste marginal au niveau des axes stratégiques des plans locaux de développement ; il est mieux représenté à l'échelle des projets, mais essentiellement selon une vision utilitariste, c'est-à-dire prendre en compte le milieu naturel pour les besoins humains ou pour corriger les effets néfastes sur la nature suite à l'utilisation non rationnelle des ressources naturelles. Ce constat est mis en relation, d'une part, avec la segmentation institutionnelle des administrations du développement et de l'environnement et, d'autre part, avec un manque de compétences des acteurs de la planification dans le domaine écologique et environnemental.

Entrepreneurship is an elusive concept. The concept of entrepreneurship has been a subject of much debate and is defined differently by different authors. It has been used in various ways and in various senses. The word entrepreneurship has been derived from a French root which means 'to undertake' Today, people call it by various names such as, 'risk bearing', 'innovations,' 'thrill seeking' etc. The word 'Dalit' comes from the Sanskrit root dal - and means 'broken, ground-down, or oppressed'. Those previously known as Untouchables, Depressed classes and Harijanas who are sharing 24.4 percent in the total population (According to 2011 census data) are today increasingly adopting the term 'Dalit' as a name for themselves. The Dalits have historically been poor, deprived of basic human rights, and treated as social inferiors in India. They still face economic, social, and political discrimination in the name of 'caste'. Entrepreneurship is particularly important, as the so called Dalits have run and managed a number of traditional and cottage industries such as handicrafts, pottery and leather-work for centuries. The skills, know-how and domain of knowledge necessary for this purpose have been passed on from one generation to the next and are available with them even today. In the modern technology dominated and development driven times, to fulfil the mission of, 'Subka Saath- Subka Vikas', there is an urgent need as well as wide scope for research on Dalit Entrepreneurship in a developing country like India. It is necessary to reflect on the factors that have imprisoned them in the dungeon of depravity and shed light on how to push them to the mainstream of the economy with access to means of better livelihood and opportunities.

Here, we report a new species, Sarcocystis pantherophisi n. sp., with the Eastern rat snake (Pantherophis alleghaniensis) as natural definitive host and the interferon gamma gene knockout (KO) mouse as the experimental intermediate host. Sporocysts (n = 15) from intestinal contents of the snake were 10.838.9 lm. Sporocysts were orally infective to KO mice but not to laboratory-raised albino outbred house mice (Mus musculus). The interferon gamma KO mice developed schizont-associated neurological signs, and schizonts were cultivated in vitro from the brain. Mature sarcocysts were found in skeletal muscles of KO mice examined 41 days postinoculation (PI). Sarcocysts were slender, up to 70 lm wide and up to 3.5 mm long. By light microscopy, sarcocysts appeared thin-walled (, 1 lm) without projections. By transmission electron microscopy, the sarcocyst wall was a variant of "type 1'' (type 1i, new designation). The parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (pvm) had approximately 100-nm-wide3100-nm-long bleb-like evaginations interspersed with 100-nm-wide 3 650-nm-long elongated protrusions at irregular distances, and invaginations into the ground substance layer (gs) for a very short distance (6 nm). The gs was smooth, up to 500 nm thick, without tubules, and contained a few vesicles. Longitudinally cut bradyzoites at 54 days PI were bananashaped, 7.832.2 lm (n = 5). Molecular characterization using 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, ITS-1, and cox1 genes indicated a close relationship with other Sarcocystis parasites that have snake-rodent life cycles. The parasite in the present study was molecularly and biologically similar to a previously reported isolate (designated earlier as Sarcocystis sp. ex Pantherophis alleghaniensis) from P. alleghaniensis, and it was structurally different from other Sarcocystis species so far described. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

Lilium longiflorum cv. Nellie White, commonly known as Easter lily, is an important floral crop with an annual wholesale value of over $26 million in the United States. The root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans, is a major pest of lily due to the significant root damage it causes. In this study, we investigated the cytological aspects of this plant-nematode interaction using bright-field and transmission electron microscopy. We took advantage of an in vitro culture method to multiply lilies and follow the nematode infection over time. Phenotypic reactions of roots inoculated with P. penetrans were evaluated from 0 to 60 d after nematode infection. Symptom development progressed from initial randomly distributed discrete necrotic areas to advanced necrosis along entire roots of each inoculated plant. A major feature characterizing this susceptible host response to nematode infection was the formation of necrosis, browning, and tissue death involving both root epidermis and cortical cells. Degradation of consecutive cell walls resulted in loss of cell pressure, lack of cytoplasmic integrity, followed by cell death along the intracellular path of the nematode's migration. Pratylenchus penetrans was never seen in the vascular cylinder as the layer of collapsed endodermal cells presumably blocked the progression of nematodes into this area of the roots. This study presents the first detailed cytological characterization of P. penetrans infection of Easter lily plants. ; National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of AgricultureUnited States Department of Agriculture (USDA) [11588909] ; The authors acknowledge the technical assistance of Sarah Shih. This material is based on work that is supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under award number 11588909. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

Shipping pallets often are designed with the assumption that the payload carried is flexible and uniformly distributed on the pallet surface. However, packages on the pallet can act as a series of discrete loads, and the physical interactions among the packages can add stiffness to the pallet/load combination. The term 'load bridging' has been used to describe this phenomenon. The study reported in this paper investigated the relationships of package size, corrugated flute type and pallet stiffness to load bridging and the resulting unit-load deflection. The experimental results indicated that an increase in box size changed the unit-load deflection by as much as 75%. Flute type was found to impact load bridging and the resulting unit-load deflection. Changing the corrugated box flute type from B-flute or BC-flute to E-flute reduces the unit-load deflection by as much as 40%. Also, experimental data indicates that the effect of package size and corrugated board flute type on pallet deflection is the greatest for low stiffness pallets. The results provide information that can be used to design unit loads that use material more efficiently. Copyright (C) 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ; USDA Forest Service - Southern Research StationUnited States Department of Agriculture (USDA)United States Forest Service; Ongweoweh Corporation; Center for Packaging and Unit Load Design at Virginia Tech ; USDA Forest Service - Southern Research Station, Ongweoweh Corporation and the members of the Center for Packaging and Unit Load Design at Virginia Tech are gratefully acknowledged for their financial support for this research project. Packaging Corporation of America (PCA) is also acknowledged for the testing material support for this research project. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

Originating from grassroots initiatives, the field of language education for allophone adult migrants has progressively become, in France, more institutionalized and professionalized. Perhaps the most striking recent development in this process is the publication of the French as a Language of Integration reference document (Référentiel Français Langue d'Intégration—FLI) in October 2011. Indeed, the use or non-use of one or another of the lexemes of the "insertion-integration-assimilation" paradigm has been subject to debate within political and everyday discourse since the 1980s. The designation of one of these lexemes thus constitutes a clear statement.Considering the regularly reoccurring debate over the naming of the process by which migrants and society interact, which appertains to various social domains, my research aims at shedding light on the uses of the forementioned paradigm's lexemes, especially within the institutionalized and professionalized field of migrant language education. My thesis also aims at defining this field's current organizational and professional structures.From three discursive subgroups, whose speakers occupy distinct social positions (lexicographers, institutional experts, professional language educators), I will highlight the characteristics of their diverse semantic understandings of the paradigm's lexemes. Notably, the conceptual tools used to conduct my study will be those of discourse analysis. On one side, through lexical discourse analysis that takes into account the characteristics of the studied actors' real uses of the paradigm's lexemes, I will identify elements of meaning construction, thereby bringing to light the resulting structuring semantic oppositions and grey areas favouring the emergence of semantic conflicts. On the other hand, I will broaden my analysis to take into account each subgroup's specificities, which are based on distinct discursive genres, constructing and testifying to the power relationships at play within the field.This thesis therefore lays ...

AbstractMany of Fishman's contributions to understanding language in society stress the importance of dynamics, drawing attention to the complex interplay of micro-, meso- and macro-level factors from which an integrated pattern emerges. Our understanding of language dynamics, therefore, should encompass processes unfolding at various levels and provide accounts that do justice to these interactions, while delivering an analysis broad enough to constitute a sensible basis for successful language policy. Such concerns, illustrated in particular by Fishman's work on reversing language shift, call for revisiting this issue by focusing on the role of translation. Translation is linked to language dynamics, and it is both a conduit of language policies and a condition for their success, but these interconnections need to be explicitly acknowledged. Whereas translation studies often approach translation itself as a self-contained process, it certainly emerges from multilingual contexts, but is also, at least in part, dependent on language policies. Translation contributes to the maintenance of linguistic diversity and societal multilingualism which are, reciprocally, dependent upon the practice of translation. This examination confirms the ongoing soundness of the fundamentals of Fishman's approach to "language-in-society" and helps to assess some recent criticism toward core notions of classical sociolinguistics that Fishman helped develop and disseminate, such as multilingualism, which is being called into question by current notions such as "English as a lingua franca" and "languaging". The very existence of translation as a social, economic and political practice suggests that societal multilingualism cannot satisfactorily be described without resorting to classical sociolinguistic concepts like "named" languages, mother tongue and domain, which are crucial to successful policies and, hence, to the maintenance of the linguistic human rights to which Fishman's work has made such essential contributions.

En juillet 1973, un Centre d'analyse et de prévision (CAP) est créé au ministère des Affaires étrangères par Michel Jobert, avec à sa tête un jeune polytechnicien Thierry de Montbrial. Inspiré du modèle du Policy Planning Staff, né aux États-Unis dès 1947, le CAP a pour vocation de constituer une cellule d'aide à la décision au service du ministre, auquel il est directement rattaché. Il s'agit, dans l'esprit de son premier chef et de son adjoint Jean-Louis Gergorin, de forger un outil d'analyse stratégique, susceptible d'évaluer différents scénarios en termes de coûts et d'avantages et de faire des propositions permettant d'anticiper les grandes évolutions dans le domaine international. L'idée d'un organe dédié à l'expertise prospective au Quai est ancienne, toutefois les choix faits pour sa mise en œuvre vont soulever de nombreuses difficultés, le Département étant, au moins au début, tenu à l'écart. Le contexte international, marqué par les prolongements du Plan Werner, le Tokyo Round, la guerre du Kippour, le premier choc pétrolier et la Conférence d'Helsinki, favorise les activités du CAP, notamment sur les questions énergétiques, européennes et de défense. Modeste, la cellule de prévision va s'étoffer avec de jeunes diplomates et trouver progressivement sa place, en normalisant ses relations avec l'administration du Quai d'Orsay, même si les luttes internes restent vives. Délaissant le mot d'ordre de Michel Jobert visant à « articuler des pensées folles », le CAP fait évoluer sa production, devenue plus classique. Il constitue une indispensable interface entre milieux gouvernementaux et milieux académiques en France et à l'étranger, où il peut tisser des liens plus informels avec ses homologues et les nombreux think tanks, qui participent à l'élaboration d'une diplomatie intellectuelle en plein développement.

Mangroves and marshes provide mutual benefits in terms of providing aquatic eco-systems. Swamp forests contribute a variety of services to carry out activities that depend on water resources such as agricultural production, fishing and tourism. Although the benefits are many, but the destruction of mangrove forests is alarming. A major reason for excessive depletion and conversion of wetland resources is often the failure to account adequately for their non market environmental values in developmental decision. The management role of the relevant agencies will only be effective pending supports by other stakeholders who may benefit directly or indirectly from the mangrove forest. Thus the approach should not only focus on the technical nor economic and socio political issues only but to reinforce the relationships of the players or actors who have interest in the domain of mangrove forest. This study aims to identify the process of governance and its effectiveness in managing the ecosystem and also assessing the role of mangrove forests towards local communities in Kuching Wetlands. Items are analyzed using factor analysis and the factor extraction leads to multiple regression method. The study distinguish that among the important factors in influencing the public perception of local governance mangrove forests in Kuching Wetlands, are community awareness, handling problems and conflict in the existing rules while other factors were not significant. However, most of the wetland local community does not contribute to ecotourism industry, even though they are aware of the importance if sustaining it. Thus the government can take opportunity to raise the awareness via the potential income that can be generated from eco tourism activities and realizing its importance of sustaining the natural resources.