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Aspiration is an essential component of politics. It articulates goals, affirms identities and values, and structures action at all levels of social life. Yet political scientists have spent little time theorizing aspiration—what it is, how it relates to other concepts, and the kinds of effects it creates. In this article, we develop the concept theoretically and argue that aspiration creates a distinct "aspirational politics" that differs from our international relations models of both norm-driven social activism and interest-driven rational choice. We identify three core features of aspiration that undergird its theoretical utility: lofty goals, change over time, and transformation through imagination. In the hands of skilled political actors, aspiration does essential work in both facilitating agreement and mobilizing social action that create change in the world. However, aspiration also has a dark side and can be manipulated to dodge accountability, postpone action, and serve private, rather than public, goals.

54 páginas. ; El presente artículo pretende dilucidar los efectos que ha tenido el constante cambio jurisprudencial de las altas cortes, respecto a la manera de entender la figura del llamamiento a calificar servicio de los miembros de la Fuerza Pública. Como inicio a éste escrito se presentará los antecedentes de la facultad discrecional en las FFMM, el llamamiento a calificar servicios como una causal de retiro de los uniformados y las diferencias con el retiro discrecional, posteriormente se describirá las posiciones del Consejo de Estado y la Corte Constitucional respecto a esta figura, igualmente se revisará las estadísticas de demandas contenciosas administrativas adelantadas por estas causales y la tendencia en los fallos judiciales; finalmente se concluirá si existe permeabilidad o no de las posturas judiciales vs la cantidad de retiros efectuados en los últimos años. ; Llamamiento a calificar servicios en las FFMM: Sanción o instrumento de relevo de líneas jerárquicas 4 Resumen 4 Palabras claves. 4 Abstract 5 Key words 5 1. Introducción 6 1.1. Formulación del problema. 7 1.2. Pregunta de investigación. 7 1.3. Hipótesis. 8 1.4. Objetivos. 8 Objetivo General. 8 Objetivos Específicos. 8 1.5. Justificación 9 1.6. Método de investigación 9 2. Antecedentes de la Facultad Discrecional en las Fuerzas Militares, de ahora en adelante FFMM: 11 3. La Facultad Discrecional 14 3.1. La Facultad Discrecional en las Fuerzas Militares. 14 3.2. El llamamiento a calificar servicios como una causal de retiro de los uniformados. 18 3.3. El marco jurídico actual de la carrera militar. 19 3.4. Diferencias entre llamamiento a calificar servicios y retiro discrecional. 20 4. Posturas Jurisprudenciales frente a la Facultad Discrecional: Llamamiento a calificar servicios y Retiro Discrecional. 21 5. Posturas Judiciales (Juzgados y Tribunales contenciosos administrativos) frente a la Facultad Discrecional: Llamamiento a calificar servicios y Retiro Discrecional. 33 6. Pronunciamientos doctrinales frente a la Facultad Discrecional: Llamamiento a calificar servicios y Retiro Discrecional. 41 7. Efectos de los cambios jurisprudenciales en las decisiones del operador judicial. 43 Conclusiones 46 Referencias Bibliográficas 48 ; The present article tries to show the effects that the constant jurisprudential change of the high courts has happend, respecting to the way to understand the figure of the calling to qualify service of Public Forces members. Firstly, the background of the discretionary power upon the Military Forces. Secondly, the calling to qualify services as a cause of force firing of the uniformed men, and the differences with the discretionary firing, followed to these, it is going to be presented the positions of the Council of State and the Court Constitutional with respect to this legal figure, so, it will also be reviewed the statistics of administrative contentious legal suit prosecuted by these concerns and the trend in judicial decisions. Finally, it will be concluded whether there is permeability or not upon judicial positions vs the number of firings which have been made in recent years.

The main economic and political issues affecting the development of industrial relations. Revealed the relationship between the problems of industrial relations and the destabilization of economic processes. Formed main socio-economic components that affect the stability of economic growth. Presented factors enhance intellectual capacity. Established and proven close link employment and social relations and their impact on the efficiency of production processes, and economic development. Article Labor Relations are no less important than the material means of production, and is a guarantee for achieving competitiveness, economic growth and efficiency. n drawing up business plans and plans for social development are determined by economic processes and phenomena which always have social consequences, without which it is impossible to carry out effective management. Besides the activities of labor groups in a market economy, the increase in economic potential of enterprises and their associations increases the possibility of simultaneously address interrelated problems of economic and social development.Relevance of the topic due to the fact that the Labor Relations is a major component of public relations that are the basis for economic development and humanity.Economic and social processes depend on each other. Therefore stabilization Ukrainian economic system depends largely on how quickly Ukraine will qualified, trained on a new qualitative level. ; Рассмотрены основные экономические и политические вопросы, влияющие на развитие социально-трудовых отношений. Выявлены взаимосвязи между проблемами социально-трудовых отношений и дестабилизацией экономических процессов. Сформированы основные социально-экономические компоненты, влияющие на устойчивость экономического роста. Представлены факторы активизации интеллектуального потенциала. Установлено и доказано тесную взаимосвязь трудовой деятельности и социальных отношений, а также их влияние на эффективность производственных процессов, и развитие экономики.Доказано, что социально-трудовые отношения являются не менее важными нежели материальные средства производства, и представляют собой основу для достижения конкурентоспособности, и эффективности роботы предприятий, и экономического роста. ; Розглянуто основні економічні та політичні питання, що впливають на розвиток соціально-трудових відносин. Виявлено взаємозв'язки між проблемами соціально-трудових відносин та дестабілізацією економічних процесів. Сформовано основні соціально-економічні компоненти, що впливають на стійкість економічного росту. Представлено фактори активізації інтелектуального потенціалу. Встановлено і доведено тісний зв'язок між трудовою діяльністю та соціальними відносинами, а також їх вплив на ефективність виробничих процесів, та розвиток економіки.Доведено, що соціально-трудові відносини є не менш важливими ніж матеріальні засоби виробництва, та являють собою основу для досягнення конкурентоспроможності і ефективності роботи підприємств та економічного зростання.

Der vorliegende Artikel befasst sich mit Lehre mit Matura, einer ausschließlich auf Lehrlinge beschränkten Form der Berufsreifeprüfung. Anhand problemzentrierter Interviews wurden sowohl Lehrlinge als auch Lehrkräfte, die in dieser Ausbildungsform unterrichten, über (a) Unterstützungsmaßnahmen von Firmen, Schulen und Eltern, (b) die Bewältigung der Mehrfachbelastung, (c) den Umgang mit Lernschwierigkeiten/ -schwächen, (d) die Motive, eine Lehre mit Matura zu absolvieren, sowie (e) über erwünschte Systemverbesserungen befragt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen Reformbedarf auf, da trotz hoher staatlicher Fördermittel (6.000 €/ Lehrling) und hoher Teilnehmer/innenzahlen (2015: 11.000) vergleichsweise wenige Lehrlinge (2008–2014: 3.200) eine Lehre mit Matura abschlossen. Dieser Bedarf besteht aufgrund differierender Organisationskonzepte, oftmals mangelnder Kooperation und Organisationsfähigkeit der Akteure (Betriebe, Berufsschule, Trägerorganisationen), zu geringer Ausbildungsstunden, aber auch durch erhöhten Coaching-Bedarf.

Purpose: Functionality of feedback in pedagogical processes has been broadly analyzed in face-to-face learning, although to a lesser extent than in the on-line learning. Narciss (2004, 2008) distinguishes two dimensions within the feedback, the semantic dimension and the structural dimension. This article aims to analyze, from the student's perspective, the semantic dimension of feedback in a virtual learning environment (VLE). Firstly, we analyze the importance that VLE students give to feedback and its degree of personalization. Later, the usefulness that students deem feedback should have, paying special attention to each of its semantic subdimensions (Narciss, 2004). Design/methodology/approach: A survey was conducted among students of Business Administration degree of the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC). 182 students took part, separated into two groups (pilot and control). Findings: It has been proved that 90% of students give a great or very great importance to reception of feedback from their tutors, a relevance they consider to be higher than the one within a face-to-face environment. This percentage is around 75% with regard to the importance given to the level of personalization of feedback. The development of a factor analysis has revealed that usefulness of personalized feedback perceived by the students can be subsumed under two large dimensions: the one that facilitates learning (related to its semantic dimension) and the motivational one (by allowing an easier and more fluid communication with the tutor, contributing not to leave the course, etc.) The latter dimension has been also proved to be key in order to attain improvements in the students' satisfaction with the learning process. This research was funded by the Catalan government and the UOC, within the framework of projects to Improve Teaching Quality (ITQ). Originality/value: Implementing personalized feedback has a relevant impact on the student, who values it because it makes his learning process easier, richer and more significant. Moreover, it has a clear motivational effect over the student, which had not been sufficiently evidenced by other researches. Such effect needs not to be underestimated, particularly within an on-line environment, where dropout rate is usually high. ; Peer Reviewed

Purpose: Functionality of feedback in pedagogical processes has been broadly analyzed in face-to-face learning, although to a lesser extent than in the on-line learning. Narciss (2004, 2008) distinguishes two dimensions within the feedback, the semantic dimension and the structural dimension. This article aims to analyze, from the student's perspective, the semantic dimension of feedback in a virtual learning environment (VLE). Firstly, we analyze the importance that VLE students give to feedback and its degree of personalization. Later, the usefulness that students deem feedback should have, paying special attention to each of its semantic subdimensions (Narciss, 2004). Design/methodology/approach: A survey was conducted among students of Business Administration degree of the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC). 182 students took part, separated into two groups (pilot and control). Findings: It has been proved that 90% of students give a great or very great importance to reception of feedback from their tutors, a relevance they consider to be higher than the one within a face-to-face environment. This percentage is around 75% with regard to the importance given to the level of personalization of feedback. The development of a factor analysis has revealed that usefulness of personalized feedback perceived by the students can be subsumed under two large dimensions: the one that facilitates learning (related to its semantic dimension) and the motivational one (by allowing an easier and more fluid communication with the tutor, contributing not to leave the course, etc.) The latter dimension has been also proved to be key in order to attain improvements in the students' satisfaction with the learning process. This research was funded by the Catalan government and the UOC, within the framework of projects to Improve Teaching Quality (ITQ). Originality/value: Implementing personalized feedback has a relevant impact on the student, who values it because it makes his learning process easier, richer and more significant. Moreover, it has a clear motivational effect over the student, which had not been sufficiently evidenced by other researches. Such effect needs not to be underestimated, particularly within an on-line environment, where dropout rate is usually high. ; Peer Reviewed

Саморегулирование рассматривается как особый институт регулирования рынков, то есть установления неких общих «правил игры» и механизмов контроля за их соблюдением, распространяющихся на множество экономических агентов (объектов регулирования). В настоящее время существует необходимость создания единого нормативного правового акта, которым будет четко отрегулирован механизм получения статуса саморегулируемой организации с учетом многообразия их форм в единстве с административными полномочиями уполномоченных государственных органов в данной сфере правоотношений; необходимость устранения противоречия в действующем законодательстве, а именно существование двух идей саморегулируемой организации, которые выражаются в предусмотренной законодательством возможности как добровольного, так и обязательного членства в саморегулируемой организации. ; Self-regulation considered as a special institution of market regulation, that is, the establishment of some general "rules of the game" and the mechanisms for monitoring them, applicable to a variety of economic agents (facilities management).Currently, there is a need to create a single legal act, that can be clearly regulated mechanism for obtaining the status of the self-regulatory organization, taking into account the diversity of their forms in unity with the administrative powers of the authorized state authorities in the sphere of legal relations, the need to resolve the contradictions in the existing legislation, namely the existence of two ideas of self-regulatory organizations, which are expressed under the laws of the possibility of both voluntary and obligatory membership in the self-regulatory organization.