Suchergebnisse

veröff. auf Veranlassung und unter Mitw. von F. W. Reitz. Autoris. Übers. aus dem Holländ.

FROM DEPENDENCY TO INDEPENDENCE -- Contents -- Illustrations and Maps -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: The Problem of Economic Development in Colonial New England -- Part I. Political Economy, Culture, and Development in the Seventeenth Century -- Chapter 1. "A Second England": English Background and Plans for Settlement -- Chapter 2. Regulation in the Wilderness -- Chapter 3. The Promotional State -- Chapter 4. Emulation of Empire -- Chapter 5. Producers and Consumers -- Part II. Economy and Ideology in Provincial New England -- Chapter 6. The Idea of Money in Seventeenth-Century England and America -- Chapter 7. Paper Money and Public Policy, 1690-1714 -- Chapter 8. "A Poor Dependent State": The Argument for Retrenchment -- Chapter 9. The Virtues of the Internal Economy -- Chapter 10. The Political Culture of Paper Money -- Chapter 11. From the Land Bank to the Currency Act -- Part III. The Political Economy of Revolution -- Chapter 12. Development at Mid-Century -- Chapter 13. The Imperial Crisis -- Chapter 14. The Consequences of Independence -- Epilogue: The Meaning of Development in New England -- Index.

In dem Beitrag geht es am Beispiel der Erfahrungen in England um die Gefahren und Potenziale von Bildungsstandards und Output-Steuerung im Hinblick auf Chancengleichheit in ethnisch heterogenen Kontexten. Der Blick wird auf das Bildungssystem, auf die Schul- und auf die Unterrichtsebene gerichtet. Es wird aufgezeigt, inwieweit das in England übliche ethnische Monitoring ein vielversprechender Beitrag zum Chancenausgleich ist, während die Bedingungen auf dem freien Bildungsmarkt dem Anspruch, allen Schülerinnen und Schülern das Erreichen standardisierter Leistungsziele zu ermöglichen, entgegenwirken. In einem Ausblick wird die Entwicklung von Bildungsstandards in Deutschland vor dem Hintergrund der Erkenntnisse aus England diskutiert. (DIPF/Orig.) ; On the basis of experiences gained in England, the author discusses the dangers and the potential inherent in educational standards and in management by output control with regard to equality of educational opportunity in ethnically heterogeneous contexts. Three levels - that of the educational system, that of the school, and that of the classroom - are taken into consideration. It is shown in how far the concept of ethnic monitoring common in England contributes to the levelling of opportunities, whereas the conditions on the free educational market run counter to the claim of enabling all students to reach certain achievement standards. In a final part, the perspectives for the development of educational standards in Germany are discussed against the background of insights gained in England. (DIPF/Orig.)

In seeking to portray a more positive image of young people in the 16th and 17th centuries, this study surveys attitudes and activities to demonstrate that youth had a creative presence, an identity, and a historical significance which was never fully explored

With his 1772 decree in Somerset v. Steuart that slavery was 'so odious that nothing can be suffered to support it [in England] but positive law', Lord Mansfield altered the legal landscape regarding black rights in England. While earlier judicial decisions had implied that slaves who came to England were free, prior to the Somerset decision there was no judicial consensus on the issue. The Somerset decision did not decree that slavery was illegal in England. Yet many blacks believed it 'emancipated' any slave who reached the shores of England. This understanding, combined with the British military welcoming runaways into its ranks during the American Revolution, led to several thousand former slaves reaching England, a considerable number of whom were mariners. Although the Royal Navy was not isolated from the racism or harsh legal treatment of blacks, naval personnel often assisted ex-slaves to obtain freedom in England. The freedom black mariners found in England was fairly limited; they remained subject to re-enslavement, had limited legal protections over employment conditions and were often homeless and poor. Despite such conditions, life in England was a considerable improvement over enslavement in the Americas for many former slave mariners. Slave mariners on the sloop Lawrence illustrate the means black mariners took to obtain freedom, the Royal Navy's role in ex-slave mariners becoming free and the limits of freedom in England.

This fascinating study investigates the experience of English poverty between 1700 and 1900 and in the ways in which the poor made ends meet. The phrase 'economy of makeshifts' has often been used to summarise the patchy, desperate and sometimes failing s