Suchergebnisse

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 사범대학 협동과정 글로벌교육협력전공, 2020. 8. 강대중. ; The purpose of this research is to examine the meaning of the experiences of the Vietnamese recipients of the Korean government scholarship, Global Korea Scholarship (GKS). This research was done to reveal the role of international scholarships that help to improve access to overseas education and help to promote social change. With the advent of the global knowledge economy, the importance of higher education for economic and social development has been highlighted, along with higher education being seen as a public good. Accordingly, the role of international scholarships that enable the opportunity for quality higher education is gaining significance. In particular, this study looks at international scholarships in higher education as a means of educational development. Indeed, in recent research, the role of international scholarships that nurture individuals as change agents, who contribute to wider positive social change, draws attention beyond the role to raise human capital or facilitate access. This study set university lecturers as the main research participants. Global Korea Scholarship, as an international scholarship, provided Vietnamese recipients with a chance to study in Korea where they could be equipped with knowledge and skills to be university lecturers and the opportunity to feel responsible and proud as government scholarship recipients. The research participants did suffer from some difficulties such as academic burdens, lack of support for international students, and language issues but did overcome them and achieved advancements both personally and academically. The advancement of individual scholarship recipients has also led to changes in Vietnamese universities. As internationally educated lecturers, the Vietnamese scholarship recipients are contributing to the development of education and research in their universities at high-level positions. The research participants, in addition, perceived responsibility in themselves for the continued development of Vietnamese society. This responsibility notably appeared as being a good example in Vietnamese society with academic contributions, as well as further promoting good relationships between Korea and Vietnam. This study's findings showed that positive social change can be eventually realized through the agency of individual scholarship recipients and that environmental conditions are crucial for the mobilization of overseas-acquired knowledge and skills to scholarship recipients' home countries. Moreover, alumni networks and collective actions can catalyze further social change. This study has the academic implication that qualitatively understands the aspects of social change from international scholarships through the role of the individual recipients and suggests the policy implications of the GKS program. ; 이 연구의 목적은 한국정부초청장학금(Global Korea Scholarship, GKS)을 통해 한국의 대학원 과정을 수학한 베트남 유학생들의 한국 유학 및 졸업 후 경험과 그 의미를 탐구하는 것이다. 이를 통해 GKS 국제 장학금의 접근성 향상 및 긍정적 사회 변화에 기여하는 두 가지 역할을 고찰하고자 하였다. 글로벌 지식 경제 사회의 도래에 따라 경제 및 사회 발전을 위한 고등교육의 역할이 부각되고 있으며, 질 좋은 고등교육 기회를 위한 국제장학금의 중요성이 강조된다. 특히 이 연구는 교육개발협력의 수단으로서 고등교육 국제장학금을 바라보고 있다. 이와 관련한 최근 선행연구에서는 단순히 접근성을 증진하거나 양질의 노동력을 생산해내는 국제장학금을 넘어, 더욱 다양한 차원의 긍정적 사회 변화에 기여할 수 있는 변화 에이전트(change agent)로서의 개인을 키워내는 장학금의 역할에 주목하고 있다. 이 연구는 베트남 대학 교원 GKS 동문을 주 연구 참여자로 설정하였다. GKS 국제장학금은 베트남 출신 동문들에게 한국 유학 기회를 부여하며 베트남 대학 교원으로서 합당한 지식과 기술을 갖출 수 있도록 하였으며, GKS 장학생으로서 책임감과 자랑스러움을 느끼게 해주었다. 연구 참여자들은 한국 대학의 치열한 교육 환경으로 인한 학업 부담과 유학생 지원 부족, 언어 문제 등 여러 어려움을 겪었으나 이를 극복하고 개인적, 학문적으로 성장하였다. 이러한 개별 장학생의 성장은 베트남 대학의 변화로도 이어졌다. 그들은 해외 유학한 교원으로서 높은 직위에서 베트남 대학의 교육과 연구의 질적 발전에 기여하고 있었다. 참여자들은 해외 유학한 개인으로서 베트남 사회 발전을 위한 책임감을 느꼈다. 이는 곧 학문적 기여와 더불어 베트남 사회에서 모범이 되는 것이었으며, 나아가 유학국인 한국과 본국 베트남의 관계 증진에 기여하는 것이었다. 이와 같은 연구 결과는 긍정적인 사회 변화를 위한 국제장학금의 역할이 곧 장학생 개개인의 행위 주체성(agency)을 통해서 가능하게 됨을 보여주며, 지식과 기술의 본국 적용을 위해서는 적절한 환경이 뒷받침되어야 함을 보여준다. 나아가 사회 변화는 장학금 동문이라는 소속감을 통한 동문들의 네트워크 및 공동의 행동을 통해 촉진된다. 마지막으로 이 연구는 국제장학금의 사회 변화 측면을 개인의 역할을 통해 질적으로 이해한 학문적 의의가 있으며 GKS 프로그램의 정책적 함의를 시사한다. ; CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Background 1 1.2. Research Purpose and Questions 5 CHAPTER Ⅱ. LITERATURE REVIEW 7 2.1. International Scholarships in Higher Education as a Means of Educational Development 7 2.1.1. Global Perspectives on Higher Education 7 2.1.2. The Rationale and the Role of International Scholarships 10 2.1.3. Issues and Challenges in International Scholarships 18 2.1.4. International Scholarship Alumni Tracking Studies 21 2.2. Global Korea Scholarship 25 2.2.1. Policy Design and Intention 26 2.2.2. Research on the Global Korea Scholarship 30 2.3. Vietnamese Society and Higher Education 33 CHAPTER Ⅲ. METHODOLOGY 38 3.1. Participants 38 3.1.1. Sampling and Recruitment 39 3.1.2. Participants Characteristics 41 3.2. Data Collection 46 3.2.1. Interview 46 3.2.2. Procedure 47 3.2.3. Modification of Interview Transcript 50 3.3. Data Analysis 51 CHAPTER IV. FINDINGS 54 4.1. The Role of International Scholarships that Give Opportunity for Overseas Education 54 4.1.1. Gaining Access to Education in Korea and Being a GKS student 54 4.1.2. Encountering and Experiencing Korean Universities 60 4.1.3. GKS as an International Scholarship Program: Strongly Recommended but Some Improvements Needed 76 4.2. The Role of International Scholarships that Promote Positive Social Change 78 4.2.1. Changes in Personal Lives: Feeling Advanced and Becoming the GKS alumni 79 4.2.2. Making Changes in Vietnamese Universities: The GKS Alumni as One of Many Other Overseas-Educated Lecturers but Making Unique Contributions 85 4.2.3. Perceived Responsibility of the Vietnamese GKS alumni to Contribute to Vietnamese Society: "You work, and you contribute." 93 CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION 101 5.1. Scholarship Recipients as Change Agents 102 5.2. Environmental Conditions for Agents to Generate Social Change 105 5.3. Scholarship Alumni Network for Agents to Facilitate Social Change 108 5.4. Contribution and Implication 110 5.5. Future Research Suggestions 111 BIBLIOGRAPHY 112 국문초록 120 ; Master

The aim of the work – to study the incidence of hepatitis, its clinical and laboratory manifestations in measles in military personnel during the last measles epidemic in Ukraine in order to improve the effects of treatment. Materials and methods. In order to study the frequency of development of hepatitis, clinical and laboratory manifestations of measles in military personnel during the last epidemic in Ukraine, 235 medical records of inpatients with measles, who were hospitalized at the Hospital of Infectious Diseases of the National Military Medical Clinical Center «The Main Military Clinical Hospital», were analyzed for the period from 01.01.2018 till 12.31.2018. Research results. Complications in the form of reactive (toxic) hepatitis were detected in 29% of measles patients. The highest percentage of patients with a complication of hepatitis by months was in May – 40% of patients, in June – 46.6%, in November – 83.3%, in December – 28.1%. Mainly hepatitis was registered in conscripts (49% of patients) and officers – in 22% of patients. Reactive (toxic) hepatitis was more often diagnosed on Me=7 days from the moment of illness (Q25=6, Q75=8), and from the day of hospitalization on Me=2 days, (Q25=2, Q75=4). In 72.5% of patients, hepatitis was diagnosed on the background of high body temperature, in 27.5% – on the background of normal body temperature. In patients with hepatitis, the maximum body temperature was predominantly febrile (47.8%) and pyrethic in 39.1%. Complaints and symptoms of gastrointestinal lesions showed 30.4 % of patients (nausea – 14.5%, feeling of discomfort in the abdomen – 11.6%, loose stool – 10.1%, vomiting – 8.7%. The number of leukocytes in 68 % was within the normal range, the leukopenia – in 23%, the leukocytosis – in 9 %. In patients with measles, complicated by reactive hepatitis, at admission to treatment was leukopenia, in the future the level of leukocytes increased and reached the maximum values for 13-15 days from the disease, but the level of norm did not exceed. Preferably, the granulocyte indices were within the normal range. The maximum mean AlAT and AsAT levels were 4–6 days of disease Me=(115.8±85.1), min=17.7, max=391 and Me=(87.3±85.1), min=64.9, max=119.9, and from 10–12 days began to return to normal. With complications for hepatitis + pancreatitis, the mean AlAT values throughout the disease period were above normal, and the maximum values reached 10–12 days of the disease. Palpator size of the liver and spleen did not increase. Conclusions. In young people, measles can be complicated by reactive (toxic) hepatitis. In the vast majority of patients, complications were diagnosed only after biochemical blood tests, due to the low incidence of complaints (nausea in 14.5%, discomfort in the hypochondrium – in 11.6%, vomiting – in 8.7%, decreased appetite – 2.9%), so the real incidence of hepatitis is much higher than detected (29%). More often reactive (toxic) hepatitis was diagnosed on Me=7 days from the moment of the disease (Q25=6, Q75=8) both on the background of the raised and normal body temperature, both on the background of other complications and without them. Taking into account either insignificant or completely absent symptoms in the liver, pancreas against the background of the cortex of the mild and moderate course, in order to eliminate complications of these organs in the cortex, it is necessary to carry out mandatory examinations for AlАT, AsAT, blood amylase, diastasis period from 3 to 9 days from the beginning of the disease, even when patients have no complaints. ; Мета роботи – дослідити частоту гепатиту при кору у військовослужбовців, його клініко-лабораторні прояви під час останньої епідемії в Україні. Матеріали і методи. Для вивчення частоти гепатиту при кору і з'ясування його клініко-лабораторних проявів було проаналізовано 235 медичних карток стаціонарних хворих на кір військовослужбовців за період з 01.01.2018 р. по 31.12.2018 р., які перебували на стаціонарному лікуванні у Клініці інфекційних захворювань НВМКЦ «ГВКГ». Результати досліджень. Ускладнення у вигляді реактивного (токсичного) гепатиту виявлено у 29% хворих на кір. Найбільше хворих з ускладненням було у травні – 40,0%, червні – 46,6% та листопаді – 83,3%, грудні – 28,1%. Переважно гепатит реєструвався у військовослужбовців строкової служби (49% осіб) та в офіцерів (22%). Реактивний (токсичний) гепатит частіше було діагностовано на Ме=7-й день від моменту захворювання (Q25=6, Q75=8), а з дня госпіталізації – на Ме=2-й день, (Q25=2, Q75=4). У 72,5% пацієнтів гепатит був діагностований на тлі підвищеної температури тіла, у 27,5% – на фоні нормальної температури тіла. У хворих з гепатитом переважно максимальна температура тіла була фебрильною (у 47,8%) та піретичною – у 39,1%. Ураження травного каналу встановлене у 30,4% хворих (нудота – у 14,5%, відчуття дискомфорту в ділянці живота – в 11,6%, рідкі випорожнення – у 10,1%, блювання – у 8,7%). Кількість лейкоцитів у 68% була в межах норми, лейкопенія – у 23%, лейкоцитоз – у 9%. У хворих на кір, ускладнений реактивним гепатитом, при ушпиталенні була лейкопенія, в подальшому рівень лейкоцитів зростав і досягав максимальних показників на 13-15-й день від захворювання, але рівень норми не перевищували. Переважно показники гранулоцитів були в межах норми. Максимальні середні рівні АлАТ та АсАТ були на 4-6-й день захворювання – Me=(115,8±85,1), min=17,7, max=391 та Me=(87,3±85,1), min=64,9, max=119,9, з 10-12-го дня починали повертатися до норми. При ускладненні на гепатит+панк­реатит, середні показники АлАТ весь період хвороби були вище норми, також максимальних значень досягли на 10-12-й день захворювання. Пальпаторно розміри печінки та селезінки не збільшувались. Висновки. У молодих осіб кір може ускладнюватися реактивним (токсичним) гепатитом. У більшості хворих ускладнення було діагностовано тільки після виконання біохімічних аналізів крові, у зв'язку з низькою частотою скарг, тому реальна частота гепатиту значно більша, ніж була виявлена (у 29%). Частіше реактивний (токсичний) гепатит було діагностовано на Ме=7-й день від моменту захворювання (Q25=6, Q75=8) як на фоні підвищеної, так і нормальної температури тіла, на тлі інших ускладнень і без них. З урахуванням незначних або зовсім відсутніх симптомів при ураженні печінки, підшлункової залози на фоні кору легкого та середньотяжкого ступеня, з метою виключення ускладнень з боку цих органів необхідно проводити обов'язкові обстеження на АлАТ, АсАТ, амілазу крові, діастазу сечі в період з 3-го по 9-й день від початку захворювання, навіть коли у хворих немає скарг.

The aim of the work – to study the incidence of hepatitis, its clinical and laboratory manifestations in measles in military personnel during the last measles epidemic in Ukraine in order to improve the effects of treatment. Materials and methods. In order to study the frequency of development of hepatitis, clinical and laboratory manifestations of measles in military personnel during the last epidemic in Ukraine, 235 medical records of inpatients with measles, who were hospitalized at the Hospital of Infectious Diseases of the National Military Medical Clinical Center «The Main Military Clinical Hospital», were analyzed for the period from 01.01.2018 till 12.31.2018. Research results. Complications in the form of reactive (toxic) hepatitis were detected in 29% of measles patients. The highest percentage of patients with a complication of hepatitis by months was in May – 40% of patients, in June – 46.6%, in November – 83.3%, in December – 28.1%. Mainly hepatitis was registered in conscripts (49% of patients) and officers – in 22% of patients. Reactive (toxic) hepatitis was more often diagnosed on Me=7 days from the moment of illness (Q25=6, Q75=8), and from the day of hospitalization on Me=2 days, (Q25=2, Q75=4). In 72.5% of patients, hepatitis was diagnosed on the background of high body temperature, in 27.5% – on the background of normal body temperature. In patients with hepatitis, the maximum body temperature was predominantly febrile (47.8%) and pyrethic in 39.1%. Complaints and symptoms of gastrointestinal lesions showed 30.4 % of patients (nausea – 14.5%, feeling of discomfort in the abdomen – 11.6%, loose stool – 10.1%, vomiting – 8.7%. The number of leukocytes in 68 % was within the normal range, the leukopenia – in 23%, the leukocytosis – in 9 %. In patients with measles, complicated by reactive hepatitis, at admission to treatment was leukopenia, in the future the level of leukocytes increased and reached the maximum values for 13-15 days from the disease, but the level of norm did not exceed. Preferably, the granulocyte indices were within the normal range. The maximum mean AlAT and AsAT levels were 4–6 days of disease Me=(115.8±85.1), min=17.7, max=391 and Me=(87.3±85.1), min=64.9, max=119.9, and from 10–12 days began to return to normal. With complications for hepatitis + pancreatitis, the mean AlAT values throughout the disease period were above normal, and the maximum values reached 10–12 days of the disease. Palpator size of the liver and spleen did not increase. Conclusions. In young people, measles can be complicated by reactive (toxic) hepatitis. In the vast majority of patients, complications were diagnosed only after biochemical blood tests, due to the low incidence of complaints (nausea in 14.5%, discomfort in the hypochondrium – in 11.6%, vomiting – in 8.7%, decreased appetite – 2.9%), so the real incidence of hepatitis is much higher than detected (29%). More often reactive (toxic) hepatitis was diagnosed on Me=7 days from the moment of the disease (Q25=6, Q75=8) both on the background of the raised and normal body temperature, both on the background of other complications and without them. Taking into account either insignificant or completely absent symptoms in the liver, pancreas against the background of the cortex of the mild and moderate course, in order to eliminate complications of these organs in the cortex, it is necessary to carry out mandatory examinations for AlАT, AsAT, blood amylase, diastasis period from 3 to 9 days from the beginning of the disease, even when patients have no complaints. ; Мета роботи – дослідити частоту гепатиту при кору у військовослужбовців, його клініко-лабораторні прояви під час останньої епідемії в Україні. Матеріали і методи. Для вивчення частоти гепатиту при кору і з'ясування його клініко-лабораторних проявів було проаналізовано 235 медичних карток стаціонарних хворих на кір військовослужбовців за період з 01.01.2018 р. по 31.12.2018 р., які перебували на стаціонарному лікуванні у Клініці інфекційних захворювань НВМКЦ «ГВКГ». Результати досліджень. Ускладнення у вигляді реактивного (токсичного) гепатиту виявлено у 29% хворих на кір. Найбільше хворих з ускладненням було у травні – 40,0%, червні – 46,6% та листопаді – 83,3%, грудні – 28,1%. Переважно гепатит реєструвався у військовослужбовців строкової служби (49% осіб) та в офіцерів (22%). Реактивний (токсичний) гепатит частіше було діагностовано на Ме=7-й день від моменту захворювання (Q25=6, Q75=8), а з дня госпіталізації – на Ме=2-й день, (Q25=2, Q75=4). У 72,5% пацієнтів гепатит був діагностований на тлі підвищеної температури тіла, у 27,5% – на фоні нормальної температури тіла. У хворих з гепатитом переважно максимальна температура тіла була фебрильною (у 47,8%) та піретичною – у 39,1%. Ураження травного каналу встановлене у 30,4% хворих (нудота – у 14,5%, відчуття дискомфорту в ділянці живота – в 11,6%, рідкі випорожнення – у 10,1%, блювання – у 8,7%). Кількість лейкоцитів у 68% була в межах норми, лейкопенія – у 23%, лейкоцитоз – у 9%. У хворих на кір, ускладнений реактивним гепатитом, при ушпиталенні була лейкопенія, в подальшому рівень лейкоцитів зростав і досягав максимальних показників на 13-15-й день від захворювання, але рівень норми не перевищували. Переважно показники гранулоцитів були в межах норми. Максимальні середні рівні АлАТ та АсАТ були на 4-6-й день захворювання – Me=(115,8±85,1), min=17,7, max=391 та Me=(87,3±85,1), min=64,9, max=119,9, з 10-12-го дня починали повертатися до норми. При ускладненні на гепатит+панк­реатит, середні показники АлАТ весь період хвороби були вище норми, також максимальних значень досягли на 10-12-й день захворювання. Пальпаторно розміри печінки та селезінки не збільшувались. Висновки. У молодих осіб кір може ускладнюватися реактивним (токсичним) гепатитом. У більшості хворих ускладнення було діагностовано тільки після виконання біохімічних аналізів крові, у зв'язку з низькою частотою скарг, тому реальна частота гепатиту значно більша, ніж була виявлена (у 29%). Частіше реактивний (токсичний) гепатит було діагностовано на Ме=7-й день від моменту захворювання (Q25=6, Q75=8) як на фоні підвищеної, так і нормальної температури тіла, на тлі інших ускладнень і без них. З урахуванням незначних або зовсім відсутніх симптомів при ураженні печінки, підшлункової залози на фоні кору легкого та середньотяжкого ступеня, з метою виключення ускладнень з боку цих органів необхідно проводити обов'язкові обстеження на АлАТ, АсАТ, амілазу крові, діастазу сечі в період з 3-го по 9-й день від початку захворювання, навіть коли у хворих немає скарг.

The aim of this dissertation is to understand the contributions of indigenous autonomous institutions to environmental sustainability in indigenous territories in Colombia. Past research has neglected to account for the role of indigenous territorial autonomy in spatial environmental planning and the overall goal of environmental sustainability. This gap is approached through the institutional design principles theory, informed by indigenous planning literature and the social-ecological systems framework. This research uses a case study, the resguardo El Duya, and a qualitative approach, where data collection was made through interviews, observation and document analysis. The results for this resguardo are presented in the context of Orinoquia region, which is analysed using the concept of frontier. This research asks about the way in which indigenous institutions mediate the relation of humans and the territory, finding that they have been going through a process of institutional change with several milestones characterised by external disturbances produced by non-indigenous actors. Currently, two institutional arrangements coexist in El Duya, customary and novel institutions, for which the analysis shows that the majority of design principles are present and some of them exhibit implementation problems. Thus, indigenous institutions have kept the integrity of ecosystems; despite changes in the social-ecological system and environmental impacts caused by oil extraction-related activities. This research further asks about spatial environmental planning, finding that it has been implemented by indigenous and non-indigenous actors, where the latter includes external governmental authorities and oil companies. This has resulted in an asymmetrical planning setting, in which the Salia people are deprived from significant planning powers in their territory. Furthermore, non-indigenous environmental authorities have contributed poorly in maintaining the integrity of the ecosystems of El Duya, under a frame in which the notion of environmental sustainability is not used by the people of this resguardo and is understood variably by governmental actors. Finally, this research asks about territorial autonomy concerning nature, which has been found to be partially exercised, since authority, decision-making and their enforcement are hindered by the intervention of environmental authorities. This corresponds to a jurisdictional encroachment over indigenous authorities, enabled by the Colombian State arrangement. Consequently, indigenous institutions do contribute to environmental sustainability in El Duya; however, this should be understood in terms of novel aspects enabled by the distinctiveness of Salia institutions and current territorial autonomy limitations.:Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Rationale of the research 1.2 Outline of the dissertation 2 Indigenous territories: essentials for their study 2.1 The colonial inheritance 2.1.1 The early years and the disruption of territoriality 2.1.2 Republics and the enthronement of private property 2.2 Current state of indigenous territories in Colombia 2.2.1 Indigenous territorial rights in Colombia 2.2.2 The spatial relevance of indigenous territories 3 Literature review 3.1 Indigenous territories 3.1.1 The rights approach 3.1.2 Boundary-making and indigenous territories 3.2 Environmental sustainability and indigenous territorial autonomy 3.2.1 Subnational arrangements, self-government and autonomy 3.2.2 Indigenous territorial autonomy 3.2.3 The concept of environmental sustainability 3.2.4 Types of sustainability 3.2.5 Indigenous management of natural resources 3.2.6 Environmental planning in indigenous territories 3.3 Research questions 4 Theoretical framework 4.1 Institutional design principles 4.2 The social-ecological systems framework 4.3 Indigenous planning principles 4.4 Dissertation's approach 5 Methodology 5.1 Research design 5.1.1 Case study research 5.1.2 Unit of analysis and type of case study 5.1.3 Research design limitations 5.2 Methods 5.2.1 Document analysis 5.2.2 Interviews 5.2.3 Qualitative observations 6 Study area: variables in the social-ecological system framework 6.1 Social, economic and political settings; related ecosystems 6.1.1 Economic development; demographic trends; political stability; climate patterns; pollution patterns; flows into and out of focal SES 6.1.2 External governance systems 6.2 Resource systems 6.2.1 Sector; clarity of systems' boundaries; size of resource system; location. 6.2.2 Human constructed facilities 6.2.3 Equilibrium properties (stable state). 6.2.4 Predictability of system dynamics 6.3 Actors 6.3.1 History or past experiences 6.3.2 Number of relevant actors; socioeconomic attributes; social capital 6.3.3 Location; knowledge of SES (mental models) 6.3.4 Technologies available 6.4 Governance systems 6.4.1 Indigenous organisation; network structure 6.4.2 Property rights systems 6.5 Action situations 6.5.1 Harvesting; importance of resource 6.5.2 Information sharing 6.5.3 Conflicts 6.5.4 Investment activities 6.5.5 Lobbying activities 6.5.6 Networking activities 7 The relation between humans and territory 7.1 The period before the titling of the resguardo 7.1.1 Salia customary rules 7.1.2 Design principles in the customary arrangement 7.2 The period after the titling of the resguardo 7.2.1 Organisational structures 7.2.2 Authorities in El Duya 7.2.3 Rules for natural resources appropriation 7.3 Drivers of institutional transformation 7.3.1 Design principles in El Duya 7.3.2 Robustness of the SES 8 Environmental planning in indigenous territories 8.1 Spatial environmental planning in Colombia 8.2 Planning in El Duya 8.3 Oil exploration and extraction concerning El Duya 8.3.1 Projects of interest for El Duya 8.3.2 Authority over activities related to hydrocarbons 8.4 Environmental sustainability: multiple understandings 8.4.1 State view: a blurry concept 8.4.2 Indicators for environmental sustainability 8.4.3 The ecological function of property 8.4.4 Indigenous view: 'pervivencia' 9 Autonomy over ecosystems in El Duya 9.1 Distribution of powers with regard to ecosystems in El Duya 9.2 Authority exercise over ecosystems in El Duya 9.3 Decision-making and agency over ecosystems in El Duya 9.4 Indigenous territorial autonomy in El Duya 10 Discussion of results 10.1 Human-nature relations in El Duya and institutional change 10.1.1 Law of origin, Mother Earth and indigenous ontologies 10.1.2 Salia institutions and change 10.1.3 Interpreting institutional design principles 10.2 Environmental planning: a question of institutional jurisdiction 10.2.1 Indigenous planning, order and territory 10.2.2 Salia way of planning 10.2.3 Looking after the territory 10.2.4 Indigenous jurisdiction and extractive industries 10.2.5 The concept of environmental sustainability in indigenous territories 10.3 Territorial autonomy: the need for further conceptualisation 10.3.1 Authority and decision-making as a component of autonomy 10.3.2 Indigenous territorial autonomy in Colombia 10.3.3 Planning and autonomy 11 Conclusions 11.1 Human relationship with the territory 11.2 Indigenous environmental planning 11.3 Indigenous territorial autonomy and nature 11.4 Contributions to environmental sustainability 11.5 Further research 12 References 13 Appendices 13.1 Appendix A 13.2 Appendix B 13.3 Appendix C 13.4 Appendix D 13.5 Appendix E 13.6 Appendix F 13.7 Appendix G 13.8 Appendix H

Im 20. Jahrhundert erlebte Maribor (Marburg an der Drau) zahlreiche Veränderungen seines öffentlichen Erscheinungsbildes. Dies gilt vor allem für die erste Hälfte des Jahrhunderts, als der Machtkampf zwischen der Deutschen und Slowenen im öffentlichen Leben und der damit verbundene Konflikt zwischen der deutschen und slowenischen Identität noch stark präsent waren. Nachdem die Deutschen die Pariser Friedensverträge unterzeichneten, wurden sie zur Minderheit und verloren somit alle Privilegien der regierenden Nation in Slowenien. Trotz allem ermöglichten ihnen ihr Kapital und die Tatsache, dass sie die zahlreichste Minderheit waren, das "Überleben". Ihre Hoffnungen, wieder an die Macht zu kommen, erfüllten sich Anfang des Zweiten Weltkrieges. Maribor/Marburg bzw. im weitesten Sinne Jugoslawien betrachteten bis 1941 stumm die Kämpfe zwischen den Weltmächten, die in ihrer Übermacht und Zielstrebigkeit über den hilflosen Nationen herfielen. Jugoslawien war unter großem Druck, denn es war ein strategisch wichtiger Punkt auf dem Balkan. Am Anfang schaffte Jugoslawien es, neutral zu bleiben. Die Realität änderte sich aber schnell, denn am 25. März 1941 trat das Königreich Jugoslawien in Wien dem Dreimächtepakt bei. Das Königreich Jugoslawien beugte sich so dem Druck der Achsenmächte und versuchte, mit dem Beitritt zum Pakt die Okkupation zu vermeiden. Die Unterzeichnung des Dreimächtepakts löste in Jugoslawien unterschiedliche Reaktionen aus. Trotz des Beitritts zum Pakt geschah alles anders, wie die Landesregierung es erwartete. Breite Massen der Bevölkerung waren nicht begeistert, dass Jugoslawien vor den Nazis niederkniete, und dies stiftete Unruhen. In der Nacht vom 26. auf den 27. März 1941 kam es zum Staatsstreich und der achtzehnjährige Thronfolger, Peter Karađorđević, kam an die Spitze des Landes. Schon am 27. März 1941, nur zwei Tage nach der Unterzeichnung des Dreimächtepakts und nach den Unruhen, setzten die Nazis Dr. Siegrid Uiberreither, den Gauleiter der Nationalsozialistischen Deutschen Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP) und den Staatsvertreter für die Steiermark als den zukünftigen Leiter der Zivilbehörde für die Untersteiermark ein. Er übernahm die Herrschaft über die Untersteiermark, die ihren Sitz in Maribor/Marburg hatte, am Ostermontag, d. h. am 14. April 1941. Nur eine Woche früher, am Palmsonntag, am 6. April 1941, begann ohne Kriegserklärung der Angriff auf Jugoslawien, der für immer das Erscheinungsbild Maribors/Marburgs änderte und das Schicksal der hier lebenden Deutschen besiegelte. Ihr Schicksal in Slowenien lässt sich am besten mit dem Zitat von Boris Kidrič vom Dezember 1945 beschreiben: "Die deutsche Minderheit bei uns wird keine Rechte haben, weil es sie nicht geben wird." ; In the 20th century, Maribor frequently experienced a radical transformation of its public image. The latter is particularly true for the first half of the century, when the struggle between Germans and Slovenes for the supremacy over the city and the associated conflict between the Slovene and German identity was still very much present. After the Germans signed the Paris Peace Treaties, they were placed in the position of a minority and lost most of the privileges they had had as the dominant ruling nation in Slovenia. Nevertheless, their cultural capital and the fact that they were the single most numerous minority in Slovenia, made it possible for them to "survive". Their hopes of regaining their power came true with the onset of World War II. In 1941, Maribor and in the broadest sense Yugoslavia was just a silent observer of fights between the world superpowers. They were fighting for their superiority and in order to achieve their goals, and took advantage of helpless nations. Yugoslavia came under major pressure, since it was a strategically important territory in the Balkans. However, at least at first, Yugoslavia managed to stay undecided. The reality, however, quickly changed, as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia signed the Tripartite Pact on 25th September 1941 in Vienna. With signing of the Pact, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia yielded under the pressure of the Nazi Block. It had hoped that it would not be occupied, since it had become part of the Tripartite Pact. The signing of the Pact prompted various reactions in Yugoslavia. The events that followed the signing were quite the opposite of what the authorities had expected. The population was dismayed when Yugoslavia bowed to the Nazis and riots started. In the night between 26th and 27th March 1941, the government was overthrown and the eighteen-year-old heir to the throne, Peter Karađorđević, wielded political power. On 27th March 1941, only two days after the signing of the Pact and the outbreak of riots, the Nazis appointed Siegfried Uiberreither, who was a Gauleiter of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP) and National Deputy for Styria, the future head of the civil administration for Lower Styria. He took over the government, which had their headquarters in Maribor, on Easter Monday, i.e. on 14th April 1941. Only a week earlier, on Palm Sunday (December 6th), without declaration of war, began the attack on Yugoslavia, which utterly changed the face of Maribor and sealed the fate of Germans living here. Their fate is best illustrated by a quotation from Boris Kidrič from December 1945: "The German minority in Slovenia will have no rights, for there will be no German minority." ; Maribor je v 20. stoletju večkrat doživljal transformacijo svoje javne podobe. Slednje še zlasti velja za prvo polovico stoletja, ko je bila v javnem življenju še vedno zelo močno prisotna borba med Nemci in Slovenci za oblast v mestu, s tem pa je bil povezan konflikt med nemško in slovensko identiteto. Potem ko so Nemci s podpisom pariške mirovne pogodbe bili potisnjeni v položaj narodne manjšine, so v veliki meri izgubili privilegije vladajočega naroda na Slovenskem. Kljub vsemu pa sta jim njihov kapital kakor tudi dejstvo, da so bili najštevilčnejša narodna manjšina na Slovenskem, omogočila "preživetje". Njihovo upanje na ponovni vzpon se je obudilo s pričetkom druge svetovne vojne. Maribor (oziroma v najširšem smislu Jugoslavija) je do leta 1941 le nemo spremljal divjanje med svetovnimi velesilami, ki so se v svoji premoči in strmenju za dosego svojih ciljev zgrnile nad večinoma nemočnimi narodi. Jugoslavija je bila deležna številnih pritiskov, saj je predstavljala strateško ozemlje na Balkanu. Vendar je sprva uspela ostati neopredeljena. Kljub vsemu se je realnost hitro spremenila, saj je Kraljevina Jugoslavija 25. marca 1941 na Dunaju podpisala pristop k trojnemu paktu. Kraljevina Jugoslavija je s tem klonila pod pritiski nacističnega bloka in se s pristopom k trojnemu paktu poskušala rešiti pred osvojitvijo. Kljub pristopu pa so se dogodki odvijali v nasprotju s pričakovanji vrha države. Ljudske množice pristopa namreč niso pozdravile in pričeli so se nemiri. V noči s 26. na 27. marec 1941 je bil izveden državni udar, ki je na oblast postavil osemnajstletnega prestolonaslednika Petra Karađorđevića. Že 27. marca, torej le dva dni po podpisu pristopa k trojnemu paktu in izbruhu nemirov, so nacisti kot bodočega vodjo civilne uprave za Spodnjo Štajersko določili gaulajterja stranke Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP) in državnega namestnika za Štajersko dr. Siegfrieda Uiberreitherja. Slednji je oblast nad Spodnjo Štajersko, s sedežem v Mariboru, prevzel na velikonočni ponedeljek, 14. aprila. Le teden dni prej, 6. aprila 1941, se je na cvetno nedeljo brez vojne napovedi pričel napad na Jugoslavijo, ki je za vedno spremenil podobo Maribora in hkrati zakoličil usodo Nemcev, ki so v njem živeli. Njihovo usodo na Slovenskem najbolje opisuje izrek Borisa Kidriča decembra 1945: "Nemška manjšina pri nas ne bo imela nobene pravice, ker je ne bo."

Summary. The purpose of the research is to study the peculiarities of depicting the events of the military campaign of 1649 in Polish historiography of the first half of the twentieth century, and in particular the siege of Zbarazh by the Cossack troops and the Battle of Zborow; isolate various stereotypes, patterns and historical myths; analyze the approaches of Polish scholars to the image of various historical figures, the creation of educational ideals of heroes of the homeland or anti-heroes for the younger generation of Poles; study the diversity of historians' approaches to the analysis of the circumstances of the conclusion and conditions of the Zboriv Peace Treaty; consider the visions of Polish scholars on the international context of the events of 1649, on the vision of the influences on the Cossacks of various foreign policy forces.The research methodology is based on the scientific principles of historical science, namely the principles of historicism, objectivism, systematization and verification, scientific constructivism, as well as the general scientific principles of analysis, synthesis and generalization. Special historical methods are used, such as historical-genetic, historical-comparative and historical-typological.The scientific novelty of the study lies in the coverage of a whole range of problems raised by Polish scholars in the first half of the twentieth century while constructing an image of the events of the Polish-Ukrainian confrontation in 1649. Great attention is paid to the ideological approaches of historians and their political beliefs through the prism of which they considered historical events. The research investigates historical mythologies, stereotypes and patterns that influenced the representation of the past in Polish historiography and received their response in the historical consciousness of Poles and all further development of studies on the history of Polish-Ukrainian relations in the Polish science.Conclusions. The events of the Polish-Ukrainian war of 1649 became significant in the presentation of the image of Khmelnytsky region by Polish researchers. The main accents on them were laid at the end of the XIX century by the Polish historian L. Kubala and the writer G. Sinkevych and continued to develop actively in the historiography of the first half of the XX century. Their images were significantly influenced by the educational ideals of the Polish society in its stateless period, which served to «strengthen the hearts» of the people. After World War I, scholars' approaches to historical material were superimposed on their ideological attitudes due to their commitment to one or another political camp of the Second Polish Republic, and in particular the ideology of the National Democrats or the camp of Marshal J. Pilsudski. Through their prism, the international context of the event was considered, in particular the influences of the Crimean Khanate, the Ottoman Empire or the Moscow Empire. Researchers' political visions also influenced their views on internal processes among the Ukrainian people, in particular the formation of a political nation and state-building processes.Layering of mythological archetypes in the presentation of various facts of the military campaign is of particular interest, which had an impact on the formation of anti-Ukrainian stereotypes and phobias. Polish researchers and artists paid a lot of attention to the creation of the ideal of a hero-defender of the fatherland and an exemplary representative of the noble «Sarmatian people» from the figure of Prince Jeremia Vyshnevetskyi. In the context of the analysis of the significance and consequences of the Zboriv Peace Treaty, historians considered the very circumstances and processes of transformation of the Polish-Ukrainian conflict, its internal social and cultural incentives. ; Анотація. Мета дослідження полягає у вивченні особливостей зображення подій військової кампанії 1649 року у польській історіографії першої половини ХХ ст., а зокрема облоги козацькими військами Збаража та битви під Зборовим, вичленуванні різноманітних стереотипів, шаблонів та історичних міфів, які використовувалися у змалюванні цих подій. Проаналізувати підходи польських науковців до зображення різноманітних історичних персоналій, створення із них виховних ідеалів героїв батьківщини чи антигероїв для молодого покоління поляків. Вивчити різноплановість підходів істориків до аналізу обставин укладення та умов Зборівського мирного договору. Розглянути візії польських вчених на міжнародний контекст подій 1649 року, на бачення впливів на козацтво різних зовнішньополітичних сил. Методологія досліджень спирається на наукові принципи історичної науки, а саме історизму, об'єктивізму, системності та верифікації, наукового конструктивізму, а також на загальнонаукові принципи аналізу, синтезу й узагальнення. Використовуються спеціально-історичні методи: історико-генетичний, історико-порівняльний, історико-типологічний. Наукова новизна дослідження полягає у висвітленні цілого комплексу проблем, які підіймалися польськими вченими у першій половині ХХ ст. при конструюванні образу подій польсько-українського протистояння у 1649 році. Звертається увага на ідейні підходи істориків та їх політичні переконання, через призму яких вони розглядали історичні події. Вивчаються історичні міфологеми, стереотипи та шаблони, що заважали на представленні минулого у польській історіографії, і отримали свій відгук в історичній свідомості поляків та усьому подальшому розвитку студій над історією польсько-українських взаємин в польській науці.Висновки. Події польсько-української війни 1649 року стали знаковими у представленні польськими дослідниками образу Хмельниччини. Основні акценти на них були поставлені ще у кінці ХІХ ст. польським істориком Л. Кубалею та письменником Г. Сінкевичем і продовжили активно розвиватись історіографією першої половини ХХ ст. Значний вплив на їх зображення мали виховні ідеали польського суспільства у його бездержавний період, які слугували «зміцненню сердець» народу. Після І світової війни на підходи вчених до історичного матеріалу наклалися їх ідеологічні установки зумовлені прихильністю до того чи того політичного табору ІІ Речі Посполитої, а зокрема ідеології націонал-демократів або табору маршала Ю. Пілсудського. Через їх призму розглядався міжнародний контекст події, у т. ч. впливи Кримського ханства, Османської імперії чи Московського царства. Також політичні візії дослідників впливали на бачення ними внутрішніх процесів у середовищі українського народу, а зокрема формування політичної нації та державотворчі процеси. Особливо цікавим є нашарування міфологічних архетипів у представленні різних фактів військової кампанії, що перекладались на формування антиукраїнських стереотипів і фобій. Багато уваги польські дослідники та митці присвятили творенню із постаті князя Єремії Вишневецького ідеалу героя-захисника вітчизни та зразкового представника шляхетського «сарматського народу». У контексті аналізу значення та наслідків Зборівського мирного договору історики розглядали самі обставини й процеси трансформації польсько-українського конфлікту, його внутрішні соціальні та культурні стимули.

The article substantiates the strategic directions of state assistance to the development of enterprises in Ukraine, i.e. managerial and financial aspects. It proves that the sphere of entrepreneurship, like any other social activity, is subjected to the influence of the regulatory policy of the state. We have also stated that business units carry out self-regulation of their operation, which is adjusted by the objective laws of the market mechanism, within which all entities in the society function. It has been argued that the assistance of the state is just to regulate and support the development of enterprises through the activities of public authorities of central, regional and local levels.We would like to note that in developed countries the state plays a significant role in the process of managing small and medium-sized enterprises, which today in the EU are more than 80 % of the total number of economic entities. We emphasize that the primary goal of the state policy of the European countries is to balance the interests of the state and business, to provide optimal conditions for entrepreneurial activity, to increase the competitiveness of the business. In particular, this policy is implemented through the actions of states and special programs performed under the auspices of the European Union. Business support measures are funded through EU structural funds such as the Regional Development Fund and the Social Fund.The data of the influential international research «The Global Competitiveness Report» of the World Economic Forum in 2019 is given, according to which the highest place in the ranking is the indicator «Cost of starting a business» – Ukraine ranks 14th among 141 countries. We would like to note that other indicators that determine the managerial role of the state, such as administrative costs and regulatory framework, are in the second half of the rating.It is found that obstacles to the active development of entrepreneurship in Ukraine are because of the following problems: the lack of proper financing; information vacuum; less diversification of the business environment; in many cases, the absence of an «airbag» for business development; independent lending by entrepreneurs to their clients, resulting in cash gaps; high level of corruption; lack of proper education, which is the main reason for the bankruptcy of many newcomers in the early years; the problem of scaling business with experienced entrepreneurs; business model crisis and difficulties in conquering new markets; personnel crisis in Ukraine and especially in the regions.It is noted that the efficiency of investments of enterprises is significantly improved due to the implementation of innovative projects. We have stated that the innovative vector of state assistance to the development of enterprises should provide for the implementation of both the general state strategy, which will take into account the introduction of innovations into the economic activity of the entities and also the innovative approach of specific enterprises, development by them of projects for the creation of innovative products. Innovation can increase the competitiveness of business entities on the market by improving the management of enterprises, quality marketing, personnel and innovation policies. ; Обосновано стратегические направления государственного содействия развитию управленческих и финансовых аспектов в деятельности предприятий в Украине. Отмечено, что сфера предпринимательства, как и любая другая общественная деятельность, подвергается управленческому воздействию государства. Отмечено, что в развитых странах государство играет важную роль в процессе управления предприятиями. Аргументировано, что в Украине нужно усовершенствовать механизмы государственного содействия и усилить стратегии влияния на процессы развития предпринимательства в стране. Отмечено, что основным стратегическим направлением влияния государственного содействия на деятельность предприятий, способным улучшить доступ хозяйствующих субъектов к финансовым ресурсам, является совершенствование кредитной политики. Замечено, что эффективность инвестиций предприятий существенно повышается вследствие реализации инновационных проектов. ; Обґрунтовано стратегічні напрями державного сприяння розвиткові підприємств в Україні, а саме управлінських та фінансових аспектів. Доведено, що сфера підприємництва, як і будь-яка інша суспільна діяльність, піддається впливу регуляторної політики держави. Зазначено, що одиниці господарювання здійснюють саморегулювання своєї діяльності, яке коригується об'єктивними законами ринкового механізму, в межах якого функціонують усі суб'єкти в суспільстві. Стверджено, що сприяння держави полягає у регулюванні та підтримці розвитку підприємств через діяльність органів публічної влади центрального, регіонального і місцевого рівнів.Зазначено, що в розвинутих країнах держава відіграє значну роль у процесі управління малими і середніми підприємствами, яких на сьогодні в ЄС більше ніж 80 % від загальної кількості суб'єктів господарювання. Виокремлено, що головною метою державної політики європейських країн є збалансування інтересів держави і бізнесу, забезпечення оптимальних умов для підприємницької діяльності, збільшення конкурентоспроможності бізнесу. Зокрема, ця політика здійснюється через діяльність держав і через спеціальні програми, які реалізуються під егідою Євросоюзу. Фінансування заходів із підтримки бізнесу здійснюється із структурних фондів Євросоюзу, таких як Фонд регіонального розвитку, Соціальний фонд.Наведено дані впливового міжнародного дослідження «The Global Competitiveness Report» Всесвітнього економічного форуму 2019 року, відповідно до яких найвище місце в рейтингу займає показник «Вартість відкриття бізнесу» — Україна перебуває на 14-му місці серед 141-ї країни. Зазначено, що інші показники, які визначають управлінську роль держави, такі як адміністративні витрати і нормативна база, перебувають у другій половині рейтингу.З'ясовано, що на перешкоді активному розвиткові підприємництва в Україні стоять проблеми, зокрема: брак належного фінансування; інформаційний вакуум; менша диверсифікація підприємницького середовища; відсутність у багатьох випадках «подушки безпеки» для розвитку бізнесу; самостійне кредитування підприємцями власних клієнтів, унаслідок чого відбуваються касові розриви; високий рівень корупції; брак відповідної освіти, що є основною причиною банкрутства багатьох новачків у перші роки діяльності; проблема масштабування бізнесу в досвідчених підприємців; криза бізнес-моделі та труднощі із завоюваннями нових ринків; криза кадрів в Україні й особливо в регіонах.Зауважено, що ефективність інвестицій підприємств суттєво підвищується внаслідок реалізації інноваційних проєктів. Зазначено, що інноваційний вектор державного сприяння розвиткові підприємств повинен передбачати реалізацію як загальної стратегії держави, що враховуватиме впровадження інновацій у господарську діяльність суб'єктів, так і інноваційних стратегій конкретних підприємств, розроблення ними проєктів щодо створення інноваційних продуктів. Інновації здатні підвищити конкурентоспроможність суб'єктів господарювання на ринку за рахунок удосконалення менеджменту на підприємствах, якісних маркетингових, кадрових та інноваційних політик.

In France, medicine is generally invaded by cultural activities and health centers are converted into theater and arts sites. Healthcare professionals find themselves forced to work with artists not only for the event of improving healthcare policy but as well to change the patient's state of health.In this particular case, the theater has often drawn its sources from the fields of health and medicine to disclose its information, and medical health, however, has never ceased to appeal to the theater as a way of communication. The theater provides directly a better communication of patients and hospital users with healthcare personnel and is a very important step in the improvement of the health state of the patient and those around him. The ability of the theatre to inform, educate and communicate is an asset that all disciplines can share. But medicine is appropriating itself this system with the assistance of theater professionals (artists).With big interest, this work has put in value a question on how the theater can be a part of healthcare in one hand, and in the other hand, the question of the ownership of artistic and scientific works the put apart artists, healthcare professionals and patients.This work has as well questioned on the definition of these artistic works resulting from the performance of patients in the hospital's theater workshops who suffer from psychological disorders. The medical professional, the actor therapist and the patient, each of them, request or claim ownership of these works. This work has demonstrated numerous and significant obstacles, due to, particularly, the involvement of different professionals and different legal platforms.This work shows that occupational therapists, psychiatrists, nurses and other health professionals continuously use theater in one way or another, a therapeutic way in psychiatry, occupational therapy and other health treatments processes. This is why this policy of integrating culture within health centers has prompted this research work to study the place and status of the artist in the hospital as well as to seek and understand how the theater as practiced by health professional alone or in collaboration with the artist, can be a therapeutic means.The 1999 Convention signed by the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Health provide to the artist the possibility of introducing cultural (artistic) activities to the hospital but does neither specify the professional status of the artist in the hospital nor his responsibilities in the event of damage. This work has tried, through this convention and its scope, to give a status to the therapeutic artist performing in the hospital.This work shows, from the beginning to the end, that the art of theater participates in the patient care process not only during hospitalization period but also after discharge from hospital. It promotes social reintegration and helps the patient's relatives to understand their patient.This analysis makes clear the understanding, that the practice of dramatic theater in hospitals deserves special attention and specific regulation. ; En France, la médecine d'une manière générale est envahie par la culture et les établissements de santé sont transformés en lieux de théâtre et d'arts. Les professionnels de santé se trouvent dans l'obligation de travailler avec des artistes non seulement pour améliorer la politique de santé mais aussi pour faire évoluer l'état de santé du patient.En particulier, le théâtre a souvent puisé ses sources dans le domaine de la santé et de la médecine pour divulguer ses informations et la santé à son tour n'a jamais cessé de faire appel au théâtre comme éventuels soutiens de communication. Le théâtre facilite la communication directe des malades et des usagers de l'hôpital avec le personnel médical et il constitue un échelon de grande importance pour l'éducation sanitaire du malade ainsi que de son entourage. La capacité d'informer, d'éduquer et de communiquer est un atout du théâtre qu'il partage avec toutes les disciplines. Mais la médecine s'approprie ce système avec la collaboration des professionnels du théâtre. Avec un grand intérêt, ce travail a étudié la question de l'intégration du théâtre dans le domaine sanitaire d'une part, et, la question de la propriété des œuvres artistiques et scientifiques opposant les artistes, les professionnels de santé et les patients, d'autre part.Ainsi, il s'est interrogé sur la définition de ces œuvres artistiques issues des travaux des patients qui souffrent de troubles psychologiques dans des ateliers de théâtre à l'hôpital. Le professionnel médical, le comédien thérapeute et le patient, chacun d'entre eux, demande ou réclame la propriété de ces œuvres. Cette thèse a démontré que les obstacles sont nombreux et considérables, du fait notamment de l'implication des différents professionnels et des statuts juridiques non-identiques.Cette étude montre que des ergothérapeutes, des psychiatres, des infirmiers et d'autres professionnels de santé utilisent en permanence, d'une manière ou d'une autre, le théâtre comme moyen thérapeutique en psychiatrie, en ergothérapie et dans d'autres processus de traitements. C'est pourquoi cette politique d'intégration de la culture au sein des établissements de santé a poussé cette recherche à étudier la place et le statut de l'artiste à l'hôpital ainsi qu'à chercher à comprendre en quoi le théâtre pratiqué par le professionnel de santé seul ou en collaboration avec l'artiste, est un moyen thérapeutique.La Convention de 1999 signée par le Ministère de la culture et le Ministère de la santé donne à l'artiste la possibilité d'introduire la culture à l'hôpital mais ne précise ni son statut professionnel à l'hôpital ni ses responsabilités en cas de dommages. Ce travail a essayé, à travers cette convention et son champ d'intervention, de donner un statut à l'artiste thérapeutique exerçant à l'hôpital.Cette thèse montre, du début à la fin, que le théâtre participe au processus de prise en charge du patient non seulement pendant son hospitalisation mais aussi après sa sortie de l'hôpital. Il favorise sa réintégration ou sa réinsertion sociale et aide les proches du patient à comprendre leur malade.Cette analyse permet de comprendre que la pratique du théâtre dramatique à l'hôpital mérite une attention particulière et une réglementation spécifique.

Editorial This Issue of Lagos Notes and Records presents a range of scholarly contributions from established and early career researchers and scholars across key disciplines in the humanities. It is worthy of note that a couple of articles received from authors outside the traditional base of the journal confirm the reputation this journal has acquired over the years and its increasing national and international appeal. In the first article, Decker re-examines the history of some early settlers and key actors in pre-modern Lagos. He specifically analyses Oshodi Tapa's individuality and presents the factors that shape his role in the evolving colonial Lagos society of his time. The paper concludes that an underdog's capability to affect society is derived from the opportunities presented by the society involved and those accessed and utilised by the individual. Boumo and Gimba, in their historical mapping of settlement and intergroup relations among the Hausa and Central Delta region during the precolonial era in Nigeria, observe that the people of both regions lived and traded with one another peacefully from as early as the 16th century. They argue that this mutual and peaceful relationship has now been disrupted as a result of many sociopolitical conflicts and events in the last few years. Florence Nweke discusses phases of earning in music. The study emphasises the phases that lead to the acquisition of musical skills in children using the principles by Gordon and Gardner. The implication of the findings is that knowledge of students' musical aptitude would assist in the selection of musical materials, their content and teaching strategies appropriate for each student. Onipede examines the role of visual art critics in helping to improve the work done within that sub-discipline. Art critics and criticism are said to be crucial to the growth of art practice because they serve as chaperons to art through the feedback they give on the practice, trend and quality of artworks. The paper laments the low number and quality of art critics in Nigeria and their unprofessional practices. It proffers recommendations on how art critics and criticism can be improved. Ofuafo's contribution also toes the path of visual art by showing how Bruce Onobrakpeya's works document and integrate the Urhobo concept of Akpo in contemporary visual arts. Using Umberto Eco's semiotic theory, the paper shows how pictures possess signs and statements signifying cultural and religious values. She submits that Bruce Onobrakpeya synthesises and extends the Urhobo traditional mythology on Akpo in his artworks to create an interface between the Urhobo people and their belief system. Jegede (lately of blessed memory), in the article on globalising inequality, contends that connectivity, cooperation and interdependence of the states and peoples of the world cannot be successful where there is a glaring inequality of status. The paper challenges African countries to work hard towards developing their nations before embracing globalisation. It concludes by arguing that globalising at this stage of underdevelopment puts African states at a disadvantage, except the developed world decides to trade its development for underdevelopment. Paméssou explores the theme of gender, sexual identities and morality in the post-modern world as depicted in Caryl Churchill's comic play titled Cloud Nine. The paper uses psycholanalytic theory and aspect of feminism to highlight the phenomenon of gender orientation and sexual reassignment in the play. It shows how characters in the play act out the complex nature and characteristics of sex and gender identities in contemporary society. Oral performance constitutes the focus of Anya Egwu's paper, 'Towards a Type Classification of Ẹwa-ọma Festival Performances of Nkporo, South-Eastern Nigeria'. He attempts a pioneering initiative to systematically observe, describe, document and classify individual festival performances in an Igbo community in the South-East of Nigeria. Fifty-two (52) Ẹwa-ọma performances recorded in an audiovisual device during the 2000, 2001 and 2002 editions of the festival are used for type classification. Four types of Ẹwa-ọma performances are identified and described in this study. Alimi investigates the issues of American multiculturalism. He uses Kushner's Angels in America (Millennium Approaches and Perestroika) to demonstrate how Americans' desires to express multiculturalism is complicated by their participations in the politics of its acceptance and rejection simultaneously. The paper examines the challenges facing Americans' acceptance of multiculturalism and the politics of "group differentiated rights" that problematise the choice or choices individuals and groups make in the process of acquiring the American identity. Azumuruna discusses the dimensions of the sociopsychological (sociological and psychological) alienation of the African American as portrayed in James Baldwin's Go Tell it on the Mountain (Mountain) and Gloria Naylor's The Women of Brewster Place (TWBP). The paper demonstrates how the two novelists simultaneously engage as well as reformulate the Marxist concept of alienation/estrangement within the framework of the racial experience of the African American in America. Sobola and Agboola in their article analyse the syntactic representation of structural patterns in the conceptual metaphors and also the meaning mechanism involved in the interpretation of metaphorical structures found in two Nollywood movies: Aya wa ni (Yoruba) and He Goat (English). Types and categories of metaphors in the two are identified, described and interpreted based on their sociocultural meanings. In the last paper in this volume, Peter Oni examines the relationship between language and development. He challenges African scholars to address the problems of (under) development by utilising resources in African languages. He submits that lack of writings in African languages is one of the major obstacles to development. It is my considered opinion that this volume has served the academic and research communities locally and globally with some thoughtprovoking scholalrly debates and findings. Pertinent and contemporary issues within the disciplines in the humanities have been thrown up and addressed, and findings from the studies will definitely provoke further debates and deepen the impact of our works on the larger society. Muyiwa Falaiye, PhD Professor of Philosophy Editor-in-Chief

La transformación de las Empresas Públicas de Pereira gracias a la decisión que se tomó luego de la promulgación de la Ley 142 de 1994, pasó primero por dividir los servicios que prestaba y encargárselos de manera especializada a cuatro (4) empresas independientes, así: una para energía, otra para acueducto y alcantarillado, otra para telefonía y otra para el servicio de aseo. El propósito fundamental para la empresa de acueducto y alcantarillado, reconocida como Aguas y Aguas de Pereira, era encontrar el camino de la sostenibilidad, la mejora de cobertura y calidad en la prestación de los servicios porque aquellos que reportaban mayores ingresos para las Empresas Públicas eran los de energía y telefonía. Esta condición hacía que las inversiones se focalizaran en mayor medida en los servicios en mención y se dejara rezagada la compañía en lo que respecta al servicio de agua potable y saneamiento. Una segunda razón era que en los estados financieros y PyG, no había división en la gestión financiera y contable entre servicios, limitando el entendimiento del negocio puntual, sus niveles de ineficiencia e incluso, que tan insostenible podía ser uno de esos servicios. Cuando son escindidas las empresas, se logra evidenciar la realidad financiera y contable de cada una y avanzar con medidas que sí logran impactar directamente en el negocio puntual de la venta de agua potable. Dentro del esquema que se tenía, lograr apoyo por parte del sector gubernamental nacional, hubiera sido imposible atender con los recursos locales las necesidades de inversión en las redes y en la microsectorización, así como en la micromedición; quedarían lejos del alcance de la compañía. El proceso de modernización del sector iba a ser apalancado con recursos de organismos multilaterales, que si no se realiza la adopción del esquema que propuso la Ley 142 de 1994, las empresas y las ciudades no hubieran sido capaces de obtener esos créditos que a la postre si se dieron; de manera que si no era en adoptar una estructura organizacional más eficiente que generara procesos de confianza y alejada de decisiones poco técnicas a partir de la política y sí a partir de intereses corporativos para mejorar el desempeño, la cobertura y la calidad que se le presta al cliente, no se contaría con la posibilidad de obtener el crédito con el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo - BID, que fue el organismo multilateral que le tendió la mano al sector en Colombia. Mostrar una gestión independiente, especializada y auditada, podía dar muestras de cambio y de generación de confianza para lograr las ayudas nacionales y los préstamos internacionales que permitieron reducir las brechas en materia de inversión. El caso de estudio cumple con el objetivo de analizar el proceso que vivió Aguas y Aguas de Pereira, relacionado a los efectos que generó este proceso en la gestión gerencial, técnica y comercial de la prestación del servicio de acueducto y alcantarillado del municipio de Pereira. ; The transformation of the Public Companies of Pereira as a result to the decision made after the enactment of Law 142 of 1994, first divided the services it provided and commissioned them in a specialized manner to four (4) independent companies: one for energy, another for an aqueduct and sewerage, another for telephony and another for cleaning service. The fundamental purpose for the aqueduct and sewerage company, recognized as Aguas y Aguas de Pereira, was to find the path of sustainability, the improvement of coverage and quality in the provision of services because those who reported higher incomes for Public Companies were those of energy and telephony. This condition drove investments to focus more on the services referenced, and the company lagged behind in terms of drinking water and sanitation services. A second reason was that in the financial statements and P&L, there was no division in the financial and accounting management between services, limiting the understanding of the specific business, its levels of inefficiency and even how unsustainable one of those services could be. When the companies are divided, it is possible to demonstrate the financial and accounting reality of each one and move forward with measures that do manage to directly impact the specific business of the sale of drinking water. Within the existing framework, obtaining support from the national government sector would have been impossible with the local resources, the need for investment in the networks and in the micro sector, as well as in the micro-measurement; it would be far from the reach of the company. The modernization process of the sector was going to be leveraged with resources from multilateral organizations, that if the adoption of the scheme proposed by Law 142 was not carried out, companies and cities would not have been able to obtain those credits which, in the end, were given; so that if it were to not adopt a more efficient organizational structure that would generate processes of trust and away from less technical decisions based on politics and rather from corporate interests to improve the performance, coverage and quality that is provided the client would not have the possibility of obtaining credit with the Inter-American Development Bank - IDB, which was the multilateral organization that offered a hand to the sector in Colombia. Showing an independent, specialized and audited management could show signs of change and confidence-building to achieve national aid and international loans that reduced the investment gaps. The case study complies with the objective of analyzing the process that Aguas y Aguas de Pereira lived, related to the effects that this process generated in the managerial, technical and commercial management of the provision of the aqueduct and sewerage service of the municipality of Pereira.

Esta ponencia denominada "Una metodología de enseñanza de la comunicación política durante la emergencia sanitaria por el COVID 19: entre la teoría y la práctica profesional", tiene como objetivo presentar algunos ejes de nuestra experiencia como docentes en la materia Estudios sobre Política y Sociedad I en la carrera de la Tecnicatura Superior Universitaria en Comunicación Pública y Política de la Facultad de Periodismo y Comunicación Social de la UNLP, durante el Aislamiento Social, Preventivo y Obligatorio (ASPO) en la Argentina. Proponemos reflexionar acerca del proceso de enseñanza – aprendizaje en esta nueva normalidad, atravesado –necesariamente- por una reflexión tecnológica y pedagógica, que debemos hacer para realizar una acción didáctica constructiva, a partir de las relaciones entre docentes, estudiantes/as, espacios y contextos. Ante este momento, vimos la oportunidad de transformar la materia, a través de la educación a distancia, en una caja de herramientas virtual de conceptos/contenidos teóricos y práctica profesional del/la comunicador/a/e, en estrecha articulación con la realidad social y política de nuestro país. La comunicación política implica generar espacios de debate y de consolidación de una cultura política (Almond y Verba, 2001, p. 179). En esa línea, Barbero (2005) afirma "hay democracia en la medida en que no sólo la gente se informa, sino sea capaz de contrainformar, de debatir y de que su palabra también sea pública". Y es entonces que, "al permitir la interacción entre la información, la política y la comunicación, aparece como un concepto fundamental de análisis del funcionamiento de la democracia masiva" (Wolton, 2010). De allí partimos, para trabajar desde la teoría a la práctica de manera constante con la realidad contextual tangible en lo nacional, regional e internacional. Para tal fin, primero, establecimos horarios y canales fijos de comunicación. Cabe recordar que, lo que distingue a la educación a distancia de otras modalidades es la mediatización (Litwin, 2000). En cuanto a los nuevos soportes, trabajamos con web de cátedra, grupos de Facebook y clase integradora, a través de la plataforma Zoom. Esta estrategia en línea permite utilizar diversos lenguajes, guardar los contenidos para que estén disponibles en cualquier momento y llegar a un número más amplio de estudiantes. "Enseñar a trabajar con tecnologías como instrumentos de la cultura implica mediatizarlos, al tiempo que configurar particulares relaciones con los entornos físicos y sociales" (Litwin, 2000, p.23). Decidimos, también, hacer un acompañamiento más individualizado para saber cuáles eran las realidades de cada uno/a/e como estrategia inclusiva y de contención. Brindar más tiempo para las entregas de los trabajos prácticos, de acuerdo a la problemática expresada por cada uno/a/e. De esta manera, logramos establecer diálogos continuos que conllevan a la problematización/reflexión y lectura crítica de los contenidos. Este trabajo representa el relato y la reflexión del proceso realizado en la materia durante el primer cuatrimestre de 2020, a través de las voces de docentes y de estudiantes. ; This presentation called "A teaching methodology of political communication during the health emergency due to COVID 19: between theory and professional practice", aims to present some axes of our experience as teachers in the subject Studies on Politics and Society I in the career of the Higher University Technique in Public Communication and Politics of the School of Journalism and Social Communication (UNLP), during the Social, Preventive and Obligatory Isolation in Argentina. We propose to reflect on the teaching-learning process in this new normal, crossed –necessarily- by a technological and pedagogical reflection, which we must do to carry out a constructive didactic action, based on the relationships between teachers, students, spaces and contexts . At this moment, we saw the opportunity to transform the subject, through distance education, into a virtual toolbox of concepts / theoretical contents and professional practice of the communicator / a / e, in close articulation with social reality and politics of our country. Political communication implies generating spaces for debate and consolidation of a political culture (Almond and Verba, 2001, p. 179). Along these lines, Barbero (2005) affirms "there is democracy to the extent that not only people are informed, but are also capable of counter-reporting, of debating and that their word is also public". And it is then that, "by allowing the interaction between information, politics and communication, it appears as a fundamental concept for analyzing the functioning of mass democracy" (Wolton, 2010). From there, we start working from theory to practice in a constant way with the tangible contextual reality at the national, regional and international levels. To this end, first, we established fixed communication schedules and channels. It should be remembered that what distinguishes distance education from other modalities is mediatization (Litwin, 2000). Regarding the new supports, we work with the teaching website, Facebook groups and integrative class, through the Zoom platform. This online strategy allows you to use different languages, save content so that it is available at any time, and reach a larger number of students. "Teaching to work with technologies as instruments of culture implies mediating them, while configuring particular relationships with the physical and social environments" (Litwin, 2000, p.23). We also decided to carry out a more individualized accompaniment to find out what the realities of each one were as an inclusive and containment strategy. Provide more time for the delivery of practical work, according to the problem expressed by each one. In this way, we are able to establish continuous dialogues that lead to problematization/reflection and critical reading of the contents. This work represents the story and reflection of the process carried out in the matter during the first semester of 2020, through the voices of teachers and students. ; Facultad de Periodismo y Comunicación Social

PUBLISHED ; https://bristoluniversitypress.co.uk/covid-19-in-the-global-south ; Bristol ; The world has been convulsed by the COVID- 19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic. The virus has caused untold misery both directly and indirectly to people around the world and its effect on societies and economies globally has been catastrophic. International travel has ground to a near halt, the global economy has stalled and many countries around the world are in government- enforced 'lockdowns'. Numerous countries have entered deep recessions and many global value chains have experienced massive disruption as a result of both demand, and in some cases, supply shocks, sending reverberations through the value chains of suppliers with negative multiplier and accelerator effects. Such economic shocks are largely an outcome of government policy responses to the pandemic and will have cascading effects both socially and economically for many years to come (OECD, 2020). Notwithstanding the billions of lives that have been adversely affected and the hundreds of thousands of deaths resulting from it, the pandemic has also exposed further serious flaws in the architecture of international development.In the Global North, the purpose of lockdowns has been to slow the spread of the disease and prevent healthcare systems from being overwhelmed. The countries of the Global South appear to be affected differently, although this is changing as the geographic epicentres of the disease shift. In the developing world, lockdowns were put in place quickly, with often severe livelihood consequences given high levels of dependence on the informal sector for survival, and the general absence of widespread health, social security and public policy assistance measures. Thus, the 'secondary effects' of the crisis are more evident in the Global South, although many countries, as of mid- 2020, have now lifted their lockdowns. These countries are also particularly vulnerable to systemic, structural effects (Hulme and Horner, 2020) and their amplification through interaction with wider contradictions and tendencies.Proponents of unregulated global economic integration argue that this model is universally beneficial for all market participants. However, COVID- 19, along with the previous 'global' financial crisis and the coming climate one exposes the contradictions and vulnerabilities of unmanaged interconnection. In a sense we can view connection as contradictory, temporally, as it generated economic growth, but is now associated with synchronized worldwide economic downturn – the most severe since the Great Depression. The contagion of COVID- 19 was mirrored by the financial contagion in the first decade of the 21st century. This in turn has been layered upon more regionally specific crises, such as the persistent developing world debt crisis and adverse effects of the International Monetary Fund/ World Bank structural adjustment programmes, which eviscerated healthcare and education systems in the countries in which they were imposed. A widely applied model of austerity in the aftermath of the North Atlantic financial crisis of 2008 further undermined many attempts at socioeconomic development around the world.The so- called 'secondary impacts' of the pandemic in the Global South then are all the more severe as a result of the layering of cumulative crises, like a palimpsest, in Least Developed Countries (LDCs). This is most visible in the predominant economic form that exists in LDCs, the informal economy. Indeed, if we include subsistence agriculture as part of this, more than 85 per cent of the labour force in Africa, for example, are found in that sector. This is partly a result of the hollowing out of the formal sector (both public and private) arising from the aforementioned processes of globalization (debt, enforced adjustment and austerity). The marginal productivity of labour in the informal sector is low and so people who work in it tend not to have much in the way of savings, leaving them vulnerable to shocks such as COVID- 19 and the inability to earn a living in life under state lockdown. At the same time, the dominance of the informal sector makes for low tax returns across the Global South and the consequent under- funding of health and social care systems. For example, China's donation of four ventilators to South Sudan during the pandemic reportedly trebled the number available in that country and ten African countries were reported to have no ventilators at all (McLean and Marks, 2020). Thus, crisis compounds crisis and systemic vulnerability is accentuated by exposure to and incorporation into a global system characterized by combined and uneven development.This collection explores a number of the issues that arise for the Global South in the grip of a global pandemic. Contributors have been drawn from various sectors and contexts and have specialist knowledge of a range of issues relevant to the impact of this pandemic on the Global South. Contributors focus on the medical impacts, gender equality, migration, economic inequality and (among other issues) the accentuated risks faced by vulnerable populations, such as those in prison or working in the 'gig' economy. The contributors also consider appropriate responses across scales and time. In the first phase of the pandemic – and thanks largely to warnings from Chinese doctor Li Wenliang and staff at the World Health Organization (WHO) – the public health response was properly recognized as being the most immediate challenge. In subsequent phases, economic effects and interactions with public health and care systems assumed greater prominence. Both phases require appropriate responses and changes in governance, public policy (both locally and globally) and shifts in the culture of public responsibility. It is these issues and the responses that this book analyses.The pandemic is rapidly evolving and its multiple impacts across geographies and societies are, as yet, not fully clear. In the Global South, the impact is set to reshape life experiences in the long term, with more profound and complex implications, and with a depth and scale of disruption that demands unprecedented solidarity and international cooperation. If we are to build a more just and resilient world post- COVID- 19, we need to understand, debate and chart the issues involved and what effective responses are.

Background: Lumbosacral radicular pain (commonly called sciatica) is a syndrome involving patients who report radiating leg pain. Epidural corticosteroid injections deliver a corticosteroid dose into the epidural space, with the aim of reducing the local inflammatory process and, consequently, relieving the symptoms of lumbosacral radicular pain. This Cochrane Review is an update of a review published in Annals of Internal Medicine in 2012. Some placebo-controlled trials have been published recently, which highlights the importance of updating the previous review. Objectives: To investigate the efficacy and safety of epidural corticosteroid injections compared with placebo injection on pain and disability in patients with lumbosacral radicular pain. Search methods: We searched the following databases without language limitations up to 25 September 2019: Cochrane Back and Neck group trial register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and two trial registers. We also performed citation tracking of included studies and relevant systematic reviews in the field. Selection criteria: We included studies that compared epidural corticosteroid injections of any corticosteroid drug to placebo injections in patients with lumbosacral radicular pain. We accepted all three anatomical approaches (caudal, interlaminar, and transforaminal) to delivering corticosteroids into the epidural space. We considered trials that included a placebo treatment as delivery of an inert substance (i.e. one with no pharmacologic activity), an innocuous substance (e.g. normal saline solution), or a pharmacologically active substance but not one considered to provide sustained benefit (e.g. local anaesthetic), either into the epidural space (i.e. to mimic epidural corticosteroid injection) or adjacent spinal tissue (i.e. subcutaneous, intramuscular, or interspinous tissue). We also included trials in which a local anaesthetic with a short duration of action was used as a placebo and injected together with corticosteroid in the intervention group. Data collection and analysis: Two authors independently performed the screening, data extraction, and 'Risk of bias' assessments. In case of insufficient information, we contacted the authors of the original studies or estimated the data. We grouped the outcome data into four time points of assessment: immediate (≤ 2 weeks), short term (> 2 weeks but ≤ 3 months), intermediate term (> 3 months but < 12 months), and long term (≥ 12 months). We assessed the overall quality of evidence for each outcome and time point using the GRADE approach. Main results: We included 25 clinical trials (from 29 publications) investigating the effects of epidural corticosteroid injections compared to placebo in patients with lumbosacral radicular pain. The included studies provided data for a total of 2470 participants with a mean age ranging from 37.3 to 52.8 years. Seventeen studies included participants with lumbosacral radicular pain with a diagnosis based on clinical assessment and 15 studies included participants with mixed duration of symptoms. The included studies were conducted mainly in North America and Europe. Fifteen studies did not report funding sources, five studies reported not receiving funding, and five reported receiving funding from a non-profit or government source. Eight trials reported data on pain intensity, 12 reported data on disability, and eight studies reported data on adverse events. The duration of the follow-up assessments ranged from 12 hours to 1 year. We considered eight trials to be of high quality because we judged them as having low risk of bias in four out of the five bias domains. We identified one ongoing trial in a trial registry. Epidural corticosteroid injections were probably slightly more effective compared to placebo in reducing leg pain at short-term follow-up (mean difference (MD) −4.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) −8.77 to –1.09 on a 0 to 100 scale; 8 trials, n = 949; moderate-quality evidence (downgraded for risk of bias)). For disability, epidural corticosteroid injections were probably slightly more effective compared to placebo in reducing disability at short-term follow-up (MD −4.18, 95% CI −6.04 to −2.17, on a 0 to 100 scale; 12 trials, n = 1367; moderate-quality evidence (downgraded for risk of bias)). The treatment effects are small, however, and may not be considered clinically important by patients and clinicians (i.e. MD lower than 10%). Most trials provided insufficient information on how or when adverse events were assessed (immediate or short-term follow-up) and only reported adverse drug reactions — that is, adverse events that the trialists attributed to the study treatment. We are very uncertain that epidural corticosteroid injections make no difference compared to placebo injection in the frequency of minor adverse events (risk ratio (RR) 1.14, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.42; 8 trials, n = 877; very low quality evidence (downgraded for risk of bias, inconsistency and imprecision)). Minor adverse events included increased pain during or after the injection, non-specific headache, post-dural puncture headache, irregular periods, accidental dural puncture, thoracic pain, non-local rash, sinusitis, vasovagal response, hypotension, nausea, and tinnitus. One study reported a major drug reaction for one patient on anticoagulant therapy who had a retroperitoneal haematoma as a complication of the corticosteroid injection. Authors' conclusions: This study found that epidural corticosteroid injections probably slightly reduced leg pain and disability at short-term follow-up in people with lumbosacral radicular pain. In addition, no minor or major adverse events were reported at short-term follow-up after epidural corticosteroid injections or placebo injection. Although the current review identified additional clinical trials, the available evidence still provides only limited support for the use of epidural corticosteroid injections in people with lumbosacral radicular pain as the treatment effects are small, mainly evident at short-term follow-up and may not be considered clinically important by patients and clinicians (i.e. mean difference lower than 10%). According to GRADE, the quality of the evidence ranged from very low to moderate, suggesting that further studies are likely to play an important role in clarifying the efficacy and tolerability of this treatment. We recommend that further trials should attend to methodological features such as appropriate allocation concealment and blinding of care providers to minimise the potential for biased estimates of treatment and harmful effects.

This article is devoted to the certain aspects of protection of liberty of thought, conscience and religion in the meaning of Art. 9 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. We have studied the complexity of the key concepts interpretation, the essence of which is guaranteed by the Convention, due to the lack of extensive practice of the European Commission on Human Rights and the Human Rights Court. It is noted that for a long time in a significant number of complaints the Convention body has come to the conclusion that the issues raised in the complaints, might be considered through the prism or Art. 10, as they concerned freedom of expression, or fell within the limits of Art. 11 of the Convention, which guarantees freedom of assembly and association. At the same time, the values protected by Art. 9 are related to those ones, which are provided in Art. 8 and demand the respect for privacy. It is also closely linked to the right of parents to provide such education and training as it is consistent with their religious and ideological beliefs, as guaranteed by Art. 2 of the First Protocol to the Convention.This article illustrates the fact that the conventional understanding of these complex, deep and multifaceted concepts at the present stage is formed with the development of the case law of the European Human Rights Court, which in its activities is guided by the principle of effective and dynamic interpretation of conventions and other related principles, which ensures the protective mechanism effectiveness. As the time is extended, the Court case-law has developed an approach that allows to assess the views that the petitioners plan to benefit from the protection of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Such views in the meaning of Art. 9 must, first of all, be to some extent "convincing, serious, holistic and meaningful" and, secondly, be "compatible with human dignity".Taking into consideration the compiled content of the right guaranteed by Art. 9, viz. that it contains two aspects such as forum internum (internal) and forum externum (external), the article notes that regulation can be involved only in the case of forum externum. As long as liberty of thought, conscience and religion remains within a human being, this right is considered to be absolute. The state has a negative obligation not to interfere in such a right.In the framework of this article, the author considers it appropriate to state the position of the European Union on the attitude and ways to effectively address these issues. As the subject of international law and one of the most influential international organizations based on the values of human dignity, freedom, equality and respect for human rights (Art. 2 of the Treaty on European Union), the EU advocates for their real protection, which requires the development of specific legal instruments.Therefore, both the EU internal and international activities are based on the principles that underlie its creation. It is the foreign policy aspect of the EU human rights activities that is the subject of our article that is reflected in the "European Union Guiding Principles on the Promotion and Protection of Religious Freedom or Belief".The article draws a number of conclusions. First of all, the right of liberty of thought, conscience and religion is one of the key principle of a democratic society and the value in European cultural and historical heritage. The issue of violation of the right to freedom of religion or belief is interrelated with freedom of expression, freedom of assembly and association. The issues of combating various forms of discrimination are not set aside. Additionally, the right, guaranteed by Art. 9, is a fundamental right and one of the democratic society foundations and the value in the law of the European Union. Moreover, the EU identifies problematic issues in the field of protection of liberty of conscience and religion as those ones that require particular attention, and the EU makes efforts to address them not only within its borders, but as well as in the foreign policy relations and initiatives ; Статья посвящена отдельным аспектам защиты свободы мысли, совести и религии в понимании ст. 9 Конвенции о защите прав человека и основных свобод. Исследована сложность толкования ключевых понятий, сущность которых гарантируется Конвенцией. Показано, что конвенциональное понимание этих сложных, глубоких и многогранных понятий на современном этапе формируется с развитием судебной практики Европейского суда по правам человека. Учитывая составленное содержание права, гарантируется ст. 9 Конвенции, а именно то, что оно включает в себя два аспекта - forum internum (внутренний) и forum externum (внешний), в статье отмечено, что регулирование может быть задействовано только в случае forum externum. Пока свобода мысли, совести и религии остается внутри человека, такое право является абсолютным. На государство возложено отрицательное обязательство относительно невмешательства в такое право. Приведена позиция Европейского Союза по рассматриваемых проблем и путей эффективного их решения ; Статтю присвячено окремим аспектам захисту свободи думки, совісті і релігії у розумінні ст. 9 Конвенції про захист прав людини і основоположних свобод. Досліджено складність тлумачення ключових понять, сутність яких гарантується Конвенцією. Показано, що конвенційне розуміння цих складних, глибоких і багатогранних понять на сучасному етапі формується з розвитком судової практики Європейського суду з прав людини. Враховуючи складений зміст права, що гарантується ст. 9 Конвенції, а саме те, що воно містить у собі два аспекти – forum internum (внутрішній) і forum externum (зовнішній), у статті наголошено, що регулювання може бути задіяним тільки у випадку forum externum. Допоки свобода думки, совісті і релігії залишається всередині людини, таке право є абсолютним. На державу покладено негативний обов'язок щодо невтручання в таке право. Наведено позицію Європейського Союзу щодо розглядуваних проблем і шляхів ефективного їх вирішення

In this article, the role of introducing the administrative and legal regime of emergency ecological situation as an organizational and legal tool for counteracting bioterrorism was explored. It is revealed that today there are a number of provisions in the current legislation of Ukraine concerning both general measures to counter bioterrorist manifestations and introduction of administrative and legal regime of emergency environmental situation. It is established that in practice the introduction of administrative and legal regime of emergency environmental situation in Ukraine was carried out in order to neutralize the consequences of catastrophes and accidents of anthropogenic nature. The most notorious can be considered a Chernobyl disaster. In order to implement the introduced regime and to combat the consequences of the accident, a separate package of regulations was adopted. It is de-termined that the administrative regime of the environmental situation involves the introduction of a complex system of rules aimed at neutralizing the consequences of an environmental catastrophe, which is caused by both objective and subjective factors. The act of biological terrorism is subjective, although the strains of viruses used for illegal criminal purposes occur naturally. When establishing the role of the administrative-legal regime through the prism of defining it as an integral part of the life of society, it becomes clear that it is to ensure the functions of the state at the administrative level in the area of emergency environmental regime, ie state regulation. The functions of an administrative and legal regime are determined by the rules it imposes. It was concluded that the importance of the administrative-legal regime for combating biological terrorism was secondary, since its introduction is already a consequence of committing a bioterrorist act, when the relevant strains of viruses have become widespread and cause adverse effects on people's lives and health, ie aimed at combating them. of the crime already committed, but not of the actual struggle and counteraction to the crime itself. The primary role in counteracting the manifestation of biological terrorism is played by measures to prevent, prevent and prevent this phenomenon. In addition, a distinction was made between the categories of "emergency" and "environmental emergency" according to the following criteria: different content; different object filling. ; В данной статье были исследованы роль введения административно-правового режима чрезвычайной экологической ситуации как организационно-правового инструмента противодействия биотерроризма. Выяснено, что сегодня в действующем законодательстве Украины существует ряд положений, касающихся как общие меры противодействия биотеррористических проявлениям, так и внедрению административно-правового режима чрезвычайной экологической ситуации. Установлено, что на практике введение административно-правового режима чрезвычайной экологической ситуации в Украине осуществлялось с целью нейтрализации последствий катастроф и аварий техногенного характера. Наиболее печально можно считать катастрофу на Чернобыльской АЭС. С целью реализации введенного режима и борьбу с последствиями аварии было принято отдельный пакет нормативных актов. Определено, что административный режим экологической ситуации предусматривает собой введение сложной системы норм, направленных на нейтрализацию последствий экологической катастрофы, вызванной как объективными так и субъективными факторами. Совершение акта биологического терроризма относится к субъективным факторам, хотя штаммы вирусов, которые используются в противоправных преступных целях, встречающихся в природе. При установлении роли ад-министративно-правового режима через призму определения его как составной части жизнедеятельности общества, становится понятно, что она состоит в обеспечении функций государства на управленческом уровне в зоне действия режима чрезвычайной экологической ситуа-ции, то есть государственного регулирования. Функции того или иного административно-правового режима определяются нормами, которые он вводит. Был сделан вывод о вторичности значение административно-правового режима по противодействию биологическому терроризму, ведь этого условия уже является следствием совершения биотеррористических акта, когда соответ-ствующие штаммы вирусов получили определенное распространение и вызывают неблагоприятные для жизнии здоровья людей последствия, то есть направленный на борьбу с последствиями уже совершенного преступного деяния, чем о реальной борьбы и противодействия совершению самого преступления. Первостепенную роль, по противодействию проявлениям биологического терроризма играют меры предупреждения, предотвращения и профилактики указанного явления. Кроме того, осуществлено разграничение категорий «чрезвычайная ситуация» и «чрезвычайная экологическая ситуация», по критериям: разному содержания; диферентного объектного наполнения. ; В даній статті було досліджено роль запровадження адміністративно-правового режиму надзвичай-ної екологічної ситуації як організаційно-правового інструменту протидії біотероризму. З'ясовано, що сьогодні в чинному законодавстві України існує ряд положень, які стосуються як загальних заходів протидії біотерористичним проявам, так і запровадженню адміністративно-правового режиму надзвичайної екологічної ситуації. Встановлено, що на практиці запровадження адміністративно-правового режиму надзвичайної екологічної ситуації в Україні здійснювалося з метою нейтралізації наслідків катастроф та аварій техногенного характеру. Найбільш сумнозвіс-ною можна вважати катастрофу на Чорнобильській АЕС. З метою реалізації запровадженого режиму та боротьбу з наслідками аварії було прийнято окремий пакет нормативних актів. Визначено, що адміністративний режим екологічної ситуації передбачає собою запровадження складної системи норм, спрямованих на нейтралізацію наслідків екологічної катастрофи, яка спричинена як об'єктивними так і суб'єктивними чинниками. Вчинення акту біологічного тероризму відноситься до суб'єктивних чинників, хоча штами вірусів, які використовуються у протиправних злочинних цілях, трапляються у природі. При встановленні ролі адміністративно-правового режиму через призму визначення його як складової частини життєдіяльності суспільства, стає зрозуміло, що вона полягає в за-безпеченні функцій держави на управлінському рівні у зоні дії режиму надзвичайної екологічної ситуації, тобто державного регулювання. Функції того чи іншого адміністративно-правового режиму визначаються нормами, які він запроваджує. Було зроблено висновок про вторинність значення адміністративно-правового режиму щодо протидії біологічному тероризму, адже його запровадження вже є наслідком вчинення біотерористичного акту, коли відповідні штами вірусів набули певного поширення і спричиняють несприятливі для життя та здоров'я людей наслідки, тобто спрямований на боротьбу з наслідками вже вчиненого злочинного діяння, аніж щодо реальної боротьби та протидії вчиненню самого злочину. Первинну роль, щодо протидії проявам біологічного тероризму відіграють заходи запобігання, попередження та профілактики вказаного явища. Окрім того, здійснено розмежування категорій «надзвичайна ситуація» та «надзвичайна екологічна ситуація», за критеріями: різного змісту; диферентного об'єктного наповнення. Ключові слова: адміністративно-правовий режим, адміністративно-правовий режим надзвичайної екологічної ситуації, біотероризм, зона надзвичайної екологічної ситуації, протидія біотероризму.