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Unlike their counterparts in Asia and Africa, many Latin American human rights scholars have passively accepted the supposed cultural relevance of the liberal discourse of human rights and have limited academic studies to the sphere of legal analysis. Nevertheless, the work of the social sciences in the region has enriched human rights thought and the practices of social movements have enriched human rights practice. This article proposes that the study of human rights in Latin America needs to move beyond the comfortable limits of European liberalism and enter the field of political sociology that studies precisely where violations occur and the construction of hemispheric defense by social movements. This suggests that a truly Latin American notion of human rights would be sociopolitical rather than legal as the major contribution of the region to discourse has been its philosophy of action and the practice of social movements inspired by this philosophy. More specifically, the article proposes a way to conceptualize human rights from a sociopolitical and Latin American perspective in such a way that it recovers the historical legacy of social struggles from a discursive perspective, relying in particular on ideas of genealogy and intertextuality and is based on the thought of Latin American, Asian, and African theorists and philosophers who have moved beyond the confines of liberalism. Adapted from the source document.

Since the 1920s, when scholars first began to specialize in Latin American writing, the subject of Latin American literary studies has grown from a small subset of Spanish and Portuguese literary research and teaching to become the largest field within Hispanism and a significant presence in comparative literature. The expansion of their place in the academic world has often prompted students of Latin American literature to wonder whether, in being swept into the mainstream, their field has not left out of account the historical situations of Latin American nations. These reflections lead critics back to a problem that has troubled Latin American thinkers since Independence: the achievement, or erosion, of cultural autonomy. Though undeniably close to major powers, the Latin American nations are unequal partners in trade and cultural exchange. Corresponding to their uneven and shifting relations with Europe and later the United States, their cultural life evolves following a distinctive historical dynamic. This article considers recent efforts by scholars and essayists to characterize the features that distinguish Latin America from more politically and economically advantaged nations. Special attention goes to those scholars who, drawing on anthropological research, examine communicative and expressive practices of indigenous origin, and those who borrow from economic theory to view Latin America as shaped by its history of dependence on more powerful nations and regions.

Objective
The purpose of this paper is to present the progress and trends of the literature on art as an investment and to outline potential research lines to be developed.


Design/methodology/approach
This work gathers, analyses and critically discusses the attributes of investments in art in general, and in Latin American art in particular.


Findings
Most studies report that art (art in general, and Latin American in particular) has offered relatively low but positive real returns, which have tended to be below those offered by stocks and similar to those realized by bonds. Art has a low correlation with other investments.


Research limitations and implications
The literature on the attributes of Latin American art as an investment is limited and new research would help to close the knowledge gap with respect to this segment of the art market as it continues to grow.


Practical implications
Similarly to the research carried out into other segments of the art market, studies on Latin American art suggest that the works of art are worth more, ceteris paribus: the more renowned the artist, the larger the work, whether they were executed in oil, and if they were auctioned at Sotheby's or Christie's. The paper also details a series of practical implications for those who participate in the art market.


Originality/value
To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first exhaustive review of the literature on the attributes of Latin American art as an investment. The findings of this study are useful for academics, art collectors, auction houses, gallerists and others who take part in the arts market.

This article tests contextual and individual-level explanations of the gender gap in political knowledge in Latin American countries. It suggests that this gap is impacted by political and economic settings through two interrelated mechanisms: gender accessibility (that is, the extent of available opportunities for women to influence the political agenda) and gender-bias signaling (that is, the extent to which women play important roles in the public sphere). Analyzing data from the 2008 Americas Barometer survey, this study shows that the gender gap in political knowledge is smaller among highly educated citizens, in rural areas (where both men and women know little about politics) and in bigger cities (where women's levels of political knowledge are higher). More importantly, the magnitude of the gap varies greatly across countries. Gender differences in income, party system institutionalization and the representation of women in national parliaments are all found to play a particularly important role in explaining the magnitude of the gender gap in political knowledge across Latin America. ; Peer reviewed

The December 2010 issue of Negocios Estrangeiros carried a detailed analytical forecast by Joao Fabio Bertonha, professor of history at the State University of Maringa (Brazil). The very title of Bertonha's article "The End of American Hegemony in South America? Russia, China and the European Union -- New Regional Players?" speaks for itself. The Brazilian historian has provided answers to these questions. Adapted from the source document.

A fines de mayo de 2012, Pilar Calveiro visitó la Universidad de California, Davis en el marco de un seminario de posgrado titulado "Estudios de la memoria direcciones críticas", ofrecido en colaboración con la profesora Marta Cabrera y los estudiantes de la maestría en Estudios Culturales de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana de Bogotá, Colombia. La entrevista fue dirigida desde Davis y contó con la participación de Michael J. Lazzara (UC Davis), María Rosa Olivera-Williams (Universidad de Notre Dame) y Mónica Szurmuk (Universidad de Buenos Aires). Cada entrevistador se ocupó de un área temática central de la obra de la profesora Calveiro. ; Fil: Lazzara, Michael. University of California at Davis; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Olivera Williams, María Rosa. University of Notre Dame; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Szurmuk, Mónica. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina