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Introduction /Lise Nelson,Joni Seager --PART I. CONTEXTS --Situating gender /Liz Bondi,Joyce Davidson --Anti-racist feminism in geogrpahy: an agenda for social action /Audrey Kobayashi --A bodily notion of research: power, difference, and specificity in feminist methodology /Pamela Moss --Transnational mobilities and challenges /Brenda S.A. Yeoh --PART II. WORK --Feminist analyses of work: rethinking the boundaries, gendering, and spatiality of work /Kim England,Victoria Lawson --Shea Butter, globalization, and women of Burkina Faso /Marlène Elias,Judith Carney --Working on the global assembly line /Altha J. Cravey --From migrant to immigrant: domestic workers settle in Vancouver, Canada /Geraldine Pratt in collaboration with the Philippine Women Centre --Borders, embodiment, and mobility: feminist migration studies in geography /Rachel Silvey --The changing roles of female labor in economic expansion and decline: the case of the Istanbul clothing industry /Ayda Eraydin,Asuman Turkun-Erendil --Female labor in sex trafficking: a darker side of globalization /Vidyamali Samarasinghe --Changing the gender of entrepreneurship /Susan Hanson,Megan Blake --Gender and empowerment: creating "Thus far and no further" supportive structures. A case from India /Saraswati Raju --PART III. CITY --Feminist geographies of the "city": multiple voices, multiple meanings /Valerie Preston,Ebru Ustundag --Spaces of change: gender, information technology, and new geographies of mobility and fixity in the early twentieth-century information economy /Kate Boyer --Gender and the city: the different formations of belonging /Tovi Fenster --Urban space in plural: elastic, tamed, suppressed /Hille Koskela --Daycare services provision for working women in Japan /Kamiya Hiroo --Organizing from the margins: grappling with "empowerment" in India and South Africa /Richa Nagar,Amanda Lock Swarr --Moving beyond "gender and GIS" to a feminist perspective on information technologies: the impact of welfare reform on women's IT needs /Melissa R. Gilbert,Michele Masucci --Women outdoors: destabilizing the public/private dichotomy /Phil Hubbard --PART IV. BODY --Situating bodies /Robyn Longhurst --Bodies, state discipline, and the performance of gender in a South African women's prison /Teresa Dirsuweit --HIV/AIDS interventions and the politics of the African woman's body /Kawango Agot --British Pakistani Muslim women: marking the body, marking the nation /Robina Mohammad --Transversal circuits: transnational sexualities and Trinidad /Jasbir Kaur Puar --PART V. ENVIRONMENT --Listening to the landscapes of Mama Tingo: from the "Woman question" in sustainable development to feminist political ecology in Zambrana-Chacuey, Dominican Republic /Dianne Rocheleu --Gender relations beyond farm fences: reframing the spatial context of local forest livelihoods /Anoja Wickramasinghe --The new species of capitalism: an ecofeminist comment on animal biotechnology /Jody Emel,Julie Urbanik --Siren songs: gendered discourses of concern for sea creatures /Jennifer Wolch,Jin Zhang --Geographic information and women's empowerment: a breast cancer example /Sara McLafferty --Performing a "global sense of place": women's actions for environmental justice /Giovanna Di Chiro --PART IV. STATE/NATION --Feminist political geographies /Eleonore Kofman --Gender, race, and nationalism: American identity and economic imperialism at the turn of the twentieth century /Mona Domosh --Virility and violation in the US "War on Terrorism" /Matthew G. Hannah --Feminist geopolitics and September 11 /Jennifer Hyndman --Love for sale: marketing gay male p/leisure space in contemporary Cape Town, South Africa /Glen S. Elder --Women's struggles for sustainable peace in post-conflict Peru: a feminist analysis of violence and change /Maureen Hays-Mitchell.

Relevance of the research topic. In the conditions of economic transformations the financial strategy acts as the important economic lever of influence of public administration bodies on social and economic development of the country. The assessment of the mechanism of financial regulation in Ukraine indicates the need to develop the components of the financial system in conjunction with the transformational economic processes and the development of a sound financial strategy in accordance with the goals and objectives of social development. Formulation of the problem. The importance of developing a financial strategy in the context of economic transformation is due to the need to take into account the impact of internal and external challenges in the financial and economic environment, economic fluctuations due to the spread of the coronavirus pandemic. At the same time, the choice of financial strategy tools should be made taking into account the level of economic development of the country. Analysis of recent research and publications. The issue of developing a financial strategy is quite common in research. These are the works of famous domestic and foreign scientists: J. Keynes, P. Samuelson, J. Stiglitz, W. Tanzi, S. Kucherenko, L. Lysyak, L. Levaeva, I. Lukyanenko, V. Makohon, M. Pasichny, I. Chugunov and others. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. The above issues are relevant in connection with the deepening of economic transformation, the adverse impact of the Crown virus pandemic on the financial sector, which requires a number of specific tasks related to the development of financial strategy. Problem statement, research goals. The objectives of the study are: to reveal the role of financial strategy in the regulation of socio-economic processes, to substantiate the peculiarities of the development of the components of the financial system. The purpose of the study is to reveal the directions of financial strategy in the context of economic transformation. Method or methodology of the study. The article uses a set of research methods: a systematic approach, statistical analysis, structuring, analysis, synthesis, etc. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The role of financial strategy in the regulation of socio-economic processes is revealed, the peculiarities of formation and implementation of financial strategy are substantiated. The directions of financial strategy in the conditions of economic transformations are substantiated. Field of application of results. The results of the study can be used in the process of formation and implementation of financial policy of Ukraine, reforming the domestic financial system and its components. Conclusions in accordance with the article. The qualitative level of formation and implementation of financial strategy is determined by the system of financial institutions, the state of their development in a particular country aimed at ensuring economic growth and welfare of citizens. The functional purpose of financial strategy is the result of the evolution of the role and importance of state functions in socio-economic development. Depending on the dynamics of socio-economic processes, the tasks of the financial strategy and the tools for its implementation should be adjusted. The financial strategy in the conditions of economic transformations should be directed on formation of long-term potential of economic growth and increase of well-being of the population taking into account demographic tendencies and indicators of the macroeconomic forecast of social and economic development of the country.

The article provides a scientific and theoretical analysis of EU legislation, ukrainian legislation and legal doctrine in the field of agricultural waste management. Particular attention is paid to establishing features in the legal regulation of such activities. The author concludes that today, taking into account the need to implement EU legislation, there is a process of gradual formation of agricultural legislation aimed at solving problems related to agricultural waste management. It is based on the Laws of Ukraine of June 25, 1992 «On Veterinary Medicine», «On animal by-products not intended for human consumption», of May 18, 2017 «On state control over compliance with legislation on food, feed, animal by-products, animal health and welfare», of December 23, 1997 «On the basic principles and requirements for food safety and quality».In addition, the expediency of defining at the legislative level the concept of agricultural waste, understanding it as substances, materials and objects formed in the process of human agricultural activity, as well as plant and animal life, which completely or partially lost their consumer properties and have no further use (other than organic fertilizers) at the place of formation or detection and which the owner must dispose of by disposal or disposal.The article proposes to make changes to the Waste Classifier SC 005-96 «Waste Classifier», approved by the order of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine of February 29, 1996. № 89, by supplementing group 01 with forestry wastes (excluding wastes from forest processing, production of panels and furniture, pulp, paper and board) and fisheries.Keywords: waste, agricultural waste, forestry, environmentе, pesticides, waste management, fisheries, agriculture ; У статті здійснено науково-теоретичний аналіз законодавства ЄС, вітчизняного законодавства, а також правової доктрини у сфері поводження з відходами сільського господарства. Окрема увага приділяється встановленню особливостей у правовому регулюванні такої діяльності. Автор доходить висновку, що на сьогоднішній день, з урахуванням необхідності імплементації законодавства ЄС, відбувається процес поступового формування аграрного законодавства, спрямованого на вирішення проблем, пов'язаних із поводженням з відходами сільського господарства. Його основу складають Закони України від 25 червня 1992 р. «Про ветеринарну медицину», «Про побічні продукти тваринного походження, не призначених для споживання людиною», від 18 травня 2017 р. «Про державний контроль за дотриманням законодавства про харчові продукти, корми, побічні продукти тваринного походження, здоров'я та благополуччя тварин», від 23 грудня 1997 р. «Про основні принципи та вимоги до безпечності та якості харчових продуктів».Крім того, обґрунтовується доцільність визначення на законодавчому рівні поняття відходів сільського господарства, розуміючи під ним речовини, матеріали і предмети, що утворюються у процесі сільськогосподарської діяльності людини, а також життєдіяльності рослин і тварин, які повністю або частково втратили свої споживчі властивості і не мають подальшого використання (окрім органічних добрив) за місцем утворення чи виявлення та яких їх власник має позбутися шляхом утилізації чи видалення.В статті пропонується внести зміни до Класифікатора відходів. ДК 005-96 «Класифікатор відходів», затвердженого наказом Держстату України від 29 лютого 1996р. № 89, шляхом доповнення групи 01відходами лісового господарства (за виключенням відходів переробки лісу, виробництва панелей та меблів, целюлози, паперу і картону) та рибальства. Ключові слова: відходи, відходи сільського господарства, лісове господарство, навколишнє середовище, пестициди, поводження з відходами, рибне господарство, сільське господарство

Cities' efforts to use zoning laws to ban fossil fuel infrastructure demonstrates zoning's potential viability in the fight against climate change. These efforts already have, and will continue to, inspire other climate-minded cities to imitate these actions. Indeed, a vice president of the Conservation Law Foundation of Maine suggested that the South Portland ordinance could be used as "a model for other communities to protect local interests from those who seek to do harm." However, while courts have concluded that more traditional safety concerns are legitimate justifications for zoning laws hostile to fossil fuel infrastructure, they have yet to decide whether a zoning ordinance—hostile to fossil fuels and justified on climate change mitigation alone—would be upheld. This Note refers to such a hypothetical local ordinance, a potential model for climate-minded cities, as a "zoning out" ordinance. A "zoning out" ordinance is a local ordinance that prohibits expansion of fossil fuel operations and infrastructure (e.g., export terminals, pipelines) within the local jurisdiction, and is justified not by traditional safety concerns, but solely as a means to mitigate climate change. The question of whether climate change mitigation is a sufficient justification for local zoning law and whether such a "zoning out" ordinance can survive legal challenge is the focus of this Note. Three considerations motivate this focus on a hypothetical "zoning out" ordinance premised on climate change alone. First, some cities may want to pass such ordinances but may not be able to persuade a court that the prohibited fossil fuel infrastructure would pose traditional health and safety risks. Second, a related point, fossil fuel companies may adapt their technologies and practices to mitigate their contribution to traditional health and safety risks, like particulate air pollution, to avoid challenges based on these traditional concerns. Third, and most importantly, it remains an open question whether courts will consider climate change an appropriate target of local zoning power. Ultimately, this Note argues that municipalities can likely pass valid "zoning out" ordinances because climate change is a threat to a municipality's health, safety, and welfare, which are interests traditionally protected by local zoning. Municipalities may, however, face nontrivial difficulty demonstrating that the ordinances are substantially related to their climate change mitigation goal because of the disparate scale of global climate change and the effects of an ordinance's prohibitions. This Note also argues that these "zoning out" ordinances are not likely to offend the Dormant Commerce Clause because they will generally operate even-handedly with respect to similarly situated in-state and out-of-state actors, and although they incidentally burden interstate commerce, they will do so in a manner that advances a legitimate local interest (i.e., climate change mitigation) and only marginally affects the interstate fossil fuel market. These ordinances are not likely to be preempted by federal law. Finally, this Note argues that, given the history of land use as a traditional local power, the lack of federal climate change policy, and the current oil transportation regime, Congress should not preempt "zoning out" ordinances. However, if a patchwork of ordinances were to substantially threaten the interstate energy market, then the federal government should pass legislation regulating local zoning prohibitions on fossil fuel infrastructure.

The article concerns some social problems in rural areas with particular emphasis on education and the situation of people in rural areas. The intent was also to show the living conditions and the difficulties faced by inhabitants of rural areas. With a wide range of rights Wincenty Witos devoted much attention to education. The most conscious part of the rural population understood that one of the causes of social impairment peasants was their little access to education. Therefore, programs of peasant political parties resounded loudly demands the democratization of education be free education and support for young people who wants to educate the indigent. Poland received the legacy of a large number of illiterates. According to the census in 1921, illiteracy concerned about 38% of the rural population, sources of the political thought of Witos were centered around several reasons. First, this was due to the situation peasants and rural Poland were in. Second, education played a significant role in socio-political transformations. This provided people with a chance for social advancement and has sparked national consciousness and a sense of nationality. With the democratization of education, peasants could consciously participate in the life of the state, educate the young generation in the spirit of patriotism and citizenship. Witos considered education and culture as the basis for the strength of the state and welfare of its citizens. This enabled an impact on the political affairs of the country and the implementation of obligations to the homeland. ; Artykuł dotyczy niektórych problemów społecznych na obszarach wiejskich, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem edukacji i sytuacji ludzi na obszarach wiejskich. Chodziło także o pokazanie warunków życia i trudności, jakie napotykali ludzie mieszkający na obszarach wiejskich. Dzięki szerokiemu zakresowi praw Wincenty Witos poświęcił wiele uwagi edukacji. Najbardziej świadoma część ludności wiejskiej rozumiała, że jedną z przyczyn upośledzenia społecznego chłopów był ich niewielki dostęp do edukacji. Edukacja odegrała bardzo dużą rolę w przemianach społeczno-politycznych. Ludzie mieli szansę na awans społeczny, a także stopniowo wzrastała ich świadomość narodowa. Dzięki edukacji chłopi mogli świadomie uczestniczyć w życiu narodowym, wychowywać młode pokolenie w duchu patriotyzmu. Edukację i kulturę Witos uważał za podstawę siły państwa i dobrobytu jego obywateli. Działania państwa w zakresie edukacji doprowadziły do ukształtowania się obywatela o głębokim poczuciu patriotyzmu, świadomego i aktywnego uczestnika życia zbiorowego, zdolnego do wypełnienia obowiązków osobistych, rodzinnych i zawodowych oraz wzięcia odpowiedzialności za los państwa. ; В статье рассматриваются некоторые социальные проблемы в сельских регионах, с акцентом на образовании и позиции людей в сельской местности. Речь шла также о показе условий жизни и трудностей, с которыми сталкиваются люди, живущие в сельской местности. Благодаря широкому спектру прав Винсенты Витос уделяет большое внимание образованию. Наиболее осведомленная часть сельского населения понимала, что одной из причин социаль- ной отсталости крестьян был их низкий доступ к образованию. Образование сыграло очень важную роль в общественно-политических изменениях. У людей был шанс на социальное развитие, и их национальная осведомленность постепенно увеличивалась. Благодаря обра- зованию крестьяне могли сознательно участвовать в народной жизни, воспитывать молодое поколение в духе патриотизма. Витос считал образование и культуру основой силы государ- ства и благосостояния его граждан. Деятельность государства в сфере образования привела к формированию гражданина с глубоким чувством патриотизма, сознательного и активного участника коллективной жизни, способного выполнять личные, семейные и профессиональные обязанности и брать на себя ответственность за судьбу государства.

Tax is a obligatory payment to the country by a person or company and one of the highest source of income for a country. Amid the increasing role of taxes in this country revenue, raising awareness of Muslims on the role of zakat. This requires the proper management of Zakat and Tax. The government strives to minimize the double obligation by making regulations that can be a solution, namely Law Number 36 of 2008 concerning Income Tax and Law No. 23 of 2011 concerning Management of Zakat. The purpose of this study was to find out the Implementation of Income Zakat as a Deduction of Personal Taxable Income on muzaki in BAZNAS Semarang Regency and the Impact of Implementation of Income Zakat as a Deduction of Taxable Income for State Revenues and Community Welfare. The method used in this study is a field research method conducted with a qualitative approach. The technique of collecting data is done by observation, interviews, and documentation. The descriptive analytical analysis is used as the method. The results showed that muzaki in BAZNAS Semarang District had implemented the policy even though it was still in a relatively low percentage, this was due to a lack of socialization from BAZNAS and KPP Pratama and a lack of community trust towards zakat management institutions. The policy has an impact on increasing the amount of zakat even though state revenues are reduced. The amount of zakat paid by muzaki can be used to assist the Government in alleviating poverty, because besides being distributed to 8 ashnaf, the funds can be used for empowerment programs that include Semarang Care, Semarang Healthy, Semarang Clever and Semarang Prosper.==================================================Pajak adalah kontribusi wajib kepada negara oleh pribadi atau badan yang bersifat memaksa dan merupakan sumber penerimaan tertinggi bagi suatu negara. Ditengah menguatnya peranan pajak dalam penerimaan negara ini, secara bersamaan muncul kesadaran umat Islam akan peranan zakat. Dengan adanya hal ini menuntut pengelolaan yang tepat antara Zakat dan Pajak. Pemerintah berupaya untuk meminimalkan kewajiban ganda tersebut dengan membuat peraturan yang dapat menjadi solusi yaitu Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun 2008 Tentang Pajak Penghasilan dan Undang - Undang No. 23 Tahun 2011 tentang Pengelolaan Zakat.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui Implementasi dari Zakat Penghasilan sebagai Pengurang Penghasilan Kena Pajak Orang Pribadi pada Muzaki di BAZNAS Kabupaten Semarang dan Dampak Implementasi Zakat Penghasilan sebagai Pengurang Penghasilan Kena Pajak Bagi Penerimaan Negara dan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat.Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian lapangan yang dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah metode analisis deskriptif-analitis.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Muzakki di BAZNAS Kabupaten Semarang sudah menerapkan kebijakan tersebut meskipun masih dalam prosentase yang relatif rendah hal ini terjadi karena kurangnya sosialisasi dari pihak BAZNAS dan KPP Pratama dan kurangnya rasa percaya masyarakat terhadap lembaga pengelola zakat. Kebijakan tersebut berdampak pada meningkatnya jumlah zakat meskipun penerimaan negara berkurang. Jumlah zakat yang dibayarkan muzakki dapat digunakan untuk membantu Pemerintah dalam mengentaskan kemiskinan, karena selain disalurkan kepada 8 ashnaf, dana tersebut dapat digunakan untuk program pemberdayaan yang meliputi Semarang Peduli, Semarang Sehat, Semarang Cerdas dan Semarang Makmur.

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias, especialista en Desarrollo Rural).- Colegio de Postgraduados, 2019. ; El Estado, a través de políticas públicas debe promover mejores condiciones de vida a los ciudadanos; en el caso mexicano, el gobierno implementó a partir de enero del 2013 una estrategia de inclusión y bienestar social para erradicar el hambre en los municipios más marginados del país; a 5 años de su implementación, las cifras sobre pobreza y marginación no se han podido revertir, por el contrario, siguen en aumento. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar si los efectos de los programas de cuatro dependencias de gobierno federal: Secretaría del Desarrollo Social (SEDESOL), Secretaria del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT), Secretaría de Ganadería Desarrollo Rural y Pesca(SAGARPA) y la Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas (CDI), que forman parte de la Cruzada Nacional Contra el Hambre (CNCH), ha contribuido al aumento de la producción de los alimentos e ingreso de los campesinos; así como, identificar si ha promovido la participación comunitaria para erradicar el hambre en 15 municipios del distrito de Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca. Para alcanzar dicho propósito se realizó trabajo de campo y gabinete que consistió en la aplicación de encuestas semiestructuradas a pequeños productores, que han sido beneficiados con proyectos productivos en los municipios del distrito judicial de Tlaxiaco, estado de Oaxaca. Dentro de los resultados se observa que el monto ejercido por las cuatro dependencias fue de $215,959,868.00 entre el 2013 y 2017. En cuanto al maíz, como principal cultivo, no se logró aumentar su producción, sin embargo, se ha creado una dinámica de cambio de cultivo cuyos rendimientos han dado mejores resultados. Por lo que respecta a la participación, esta ha sido solo un discurso para la política pública. _______________ IMPACT OF THE NATIONAL CRUSADE AGAINST HUNGER THROUGH FOUR DEPENDENCIES OF THE FEDERAL GOVERMENT TO ERADICATE HUNGER IN TLAXIACO, OAXACA, MEXICO. ABSTRACT: The State through public policies must promote better living conditions for citizens; In the Mexican case, the government implemented, as of January 2013, a social inclusion and welfare strategy to eradicate hunger in the most marginalized municipalities of the country; 5 years after its implementation, the figures on poverty and marginalization have not been reversed, on the contrary, they continue to increase. The objective of this study was to analyze whether the effects of the programs of four government agencies (SEDESOL, SEMARNAT, SAGARPA and CDI), which are part of the National Crusade Against Hunger (CNCH), has contributed to the increase in food production and income of the peasants; as well as, identify if it has promoted community participation to eradicate hunger in 15 municipalities in the district of Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca. To achieve this purpose, field and cabinet work was carried out, which consisted in the application of semi-structured surveys to small producers who have benefited from productive projects in the municipalities of the judicial district of Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca state. Within the results it is observed that the amount exercised by the four dependencies was $ 215,959,868.00 between 2013 and 2017. As for the main crop, its production was not able to increase, however, a dynamic of change has been created. culture whose yields have given better results. As far as participation is concerned, this has been just a speech for public policy.

В статье представлена философско-аналитическая позиция А.С. Панарина по те трем ключевым вопросам: 1) о причинах и факторах, которые привели к распаду страны (в этой связи Панарин ставит нетривиальный вопрос о том, кто же потерпел поражение в холодной войне СССР или Россия?); 2) об изоляции России от окружающего мира или, как определяет это феномен Панарин, её глобальное одиночество (здесь Панарин излагает свою оценку отношений России с «сообществом цивилизованных государств», прежде всего в контексте современного ему этапа строительства Европейского дома); 3) о качествах правящей элиты, её интересах и намерениях. Статья представляет собой несколько сокращенный текст одного из последних публичных выступлений Панарина доклада, прочитанного преподавателям и студентам Государственной академии славянской культуры, научного и образовательного центра, в создании которого Панарин принимал самое деятельное участие. Текст подготовлен к печати В.Н. Расторгуевым по стенограмме. ; Electronic Scientific Almanac Space and Time presents Alexander Panarin's article devoted to estimating contemporary political situation around Russia. This is text of one of the latest Panarin's lecture at State Academy of Slavic Culture (this scientific and educational center was established through Panarin's active involvement). In his speech (and in this article respectively), Panarin raises three key problems of understanding the current geopolitical moment and analyzed them based on his civilizational paradigm. The first key problem is causes and factors that led to the disintegration of Soviet Union. In this respect, Panarin asks nontrivial question: who lost in the Cold War, the USSR or Russia? Answering his own question, Panarin criticizes an idea of democracy's victory in its 'uncompromising battle against totalitarianism' (under this approach, communism is one of the most dangerous forms of totalitarianism). The second key theme is the isolation of Russia from the outside world, or as Panarin defines this phenomenon, Russia's global loneliness (this theme run like a golden thread through the last Panarin's books Orthodox Civilization in a Globalized World and Strategic Instability of the Twenty-First Century ). It is impossible to conceal this loneliness from those who penetrate into Russian history and tries to estimate the relationship between Russia and the "community of civilized states", especially at the present stage of the European House construction. Finally, the third theme is an assessment of the quality of ruling elite, its interests and intentions. Panarin conclude the Liberal program was a fiasco. It proved to be utopia, more absurd than the communist one. Liberal presumption of welfare (underlying this program and grounded in aspiration to turn all into owners) is absolutely untenable, even in theory. A liberal society is a society of minorities. Therefore, the main question is how to rehabilitate the poorest majority of the world, how to return to those who are not owners, human dignity and social rights. Panarin emphasizes that the old archetype of Russia (an old Russian idea) is that Russians are with poor, with the oppressed majority. This is an old Russian idea, and our future lies with this idea. Without this idea the world will turn into a new slavery, and it will be new barbarism for Russia. Russian idea, which requires to rehabilitate the weak and to return them human dignity, is a world-historical idea. This idea has no alternative, if humanity does not want to die. Therefore, Russian mission will be demanded, Panarin says. Based on Panarin's lecture verbatim, Prof. Valery N. Rastorguev finalized it for publication.

The present dissertation is an exploration of the effect of diversity on social contract formation and the evolution of cooperation. This work stems from the pioneering efforts of economist Arthur Robson, who first explored the role of costless pre-game communication in strategic interactions. When communication is permitted, individuals playing a game can condition their behavior on the signal received from their counterpart. For my purposes, I interpret these signals as racial markers or cultural identifiers, which in turn provides a formal framework to precisely study a number of issues relevant to political and social philosophy.My first chapter, "Diversity, Tolerance and the Social Contract," starts by formalizing the state of nature as a game in which individuals can either choose to remain in the state of nature or attempt to found a social contract. I assume there exists some natural diversity in the population, and that individuals are pre-disposed to behave cooperatively with those who are more similar to themselves. I uncover an interesting relationship between diversity, tolerance and the social contract. Social contract formation is possible but initially comes with a cost for both diversity and tolerance. That is to say, individuals quickly all adopt the same signal and only behave cooperatively with those who send similar signals. This, however, is not a long-term feature of the population. In the long run, individuals slowly become more tolerant, cooperating with those who are quite dissimilar to themselves. The circle of cooperation expands, and soon all can partake in a thriving social contract.My second chapter, "Racists and Minorities in Population Games," focuses on the welfare of racial minorities, as well as explores one means of expunging racist attitudes and behaviors from a population. I show that in a wide range of games, minorities are at a distinct disadvantage. Consider the Nash demand game, a canonical bargaining game in which a resource is to be divided between two individuals. I show that in this game, minority status translates into a bargaining disadvantage. In other words, the population tends to settle on an equilibrium in which individuals from theracial majority receive the bulk of the resource. Interestingly, this minority disadvantage is not due to differential abilities or effort, but is instead simply in virtue of the minority's relative size. Second, I consider one means of reducing racist behavior. If individuals are allowed to send a plastic signal that is independent of their fixed racial signal, then individuals tend to condition their behavior on the plastic signal of their counterpart, which in turn facilitates high levels of cooperation.My final chapter, "The Possibility of Pluralism," explores cooperation and diversity in the context of a liberal pluralistic society. In such a society, many different valid conceptions of the good would exist, and individuals would ideally be tolerant of different moral beliefs and practices. Yet under what conditions is such an arrangement possible? Taking my cue from the political philosopher Gregory Kavka, I investigate how disagreement among individuals with different value systems would be settled. Individuals can either compromise and find some middle ground, or dig their heels in and refuse to concede. Using computer simulations, I identify that conflict is minimized when, among other things, individuals are embedded on a social network and are allowed to employ somewhat sophisticated strategies, such as tit-for-tat.

El artículo versa sobre las medidas europeas de protección de uno de los colectivos más débiles: los menores.Cada vez con más frecuencia deben salir los menores de sus países de origen para intentar ofrecer un mejor futuro a sus familiares. De otra parte, debido a la crisis económica, también globalizada y por tanto mundial, se están rompiendo las estructuras económicas del Estado social de Derecho que protegía a los colectivos más vulnerables. Los niveles prestacionales de carácter social han descendido vertiginosamente en muchos de los Estados de la Unión, sobre todo en los que de manera más feroz están viviéndola, entre ellos España.Ante este difícil panorama, el presente artículo pretende analizar los medios de protección que se proponen desde Europa para proteger a los menores. La normativa europea está muy fragmentada, por ello, se pretende investigar los medios europeos que escapan del valor programático para atender las necesidades básicas de este colectivo.Se repasan los instrumentos intergubernamentales sobre la materia, así como la normativa de Derecho derivado de la Unión. También se analiza los medios más flexibles y los órganos que pretenden adoptar medidas reales y de eficacia inmediata para salvar las vidas de los niños y jóvenes. En este sentido resulta muy relevante la labor que está realizando la UE a través de los diálogos con países ajenos a la Unión.Tras el estudio, se concluye con una visión global sobre el problema de la fragmentación normativa y se realiza una propuesta de homogeneización sobre las principales garantías actuales para la protección y mejora del sistema. ; The article addresses the European measures of protection of one of the most vulnerable community: children. Now, more often than ever, more minors must leave their place of origin in the intent of offering a better future for their families. And, on the other hand, due to the now global and therefore worldwide economic crisis, the economic structures of the social fabric that ensured the right of those more vulnerable are collapsing. Social welfare benefits levels are in a spiraling plunge in many states of the union, even more so in those states that is most vigorously living this, among these Spain. To face this difficult panorama, this article tries to examine the measures of protection proposed all they from Europe for child protection. European law is highly fragmented, for this matter. We intended to investigate the European methods that escape the programmatic value that tend to the basic needs of this collective. Over viewing the governmental instruments on this matter. Reviewing the intergovernmental legal instruments on this matter, as well as the rights regulations derived from the union. We also examine the more flexible mediums and the "organs" that plan to adopt real and more efficient methods to save the lives of children and youth alike. Making in this sense all the more relevant the labor achieved in the UE through the dialogs with countries outside the Union. Through this study, we conclude with a global vision on the law fragmentation of the statute and proposal of homogenization of the current key rights for the protection and improvement of the system

ÖZETBu çalışma genel olarak, Balkanlar'da kalıcı bir istikrarın sağlanması için bölgedeki mevcut krizin ardında yatan temel faktörlerin tespit edilmesini ve tarihi gerçekleri de göz önünde bulundurarak uzun vadeli çözüm önerileri sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla ilk olarak, bölgedeki uyuşmazlık ve çatışmaların ardında yatan temel nedenler araştırılarak, sorunların esas itibariyle neden kaynaklandıkları tespit edilmeye çalışılmış ve eski Yugoslavya Federasyonunun dağılmasıyla ortaya çıkan etnik çatışmalar da bir vaka çalışması olarak incelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda, bölgede hassas bir barışın nasıl temin edildiği anlatılmıştır. Tez ayrıca son yıllarda uluslararası toplumun bölgeye ve bölge sorunlarına yönelik yaklaşımındaki değişimi ve bunun ardındaki nedenleri de incelemiştir. Bu bağlamda, batılı devletlerin özellikle, bir bütün olarak Avrupa Birliğinin Balkan ülkelerindeki politik ve ekonomik sorunların çözümüne yönelik uzun vadeli perspektif ve stratejileri, bölge ülkelerindeki istikrarı etkileyen çeşitli faktörler de gözönünde tutularak ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca kalıcı bir çözüm için gereken ön şartlar belirtilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, tez şunu önermektedir: Balkan ülkelerinin tamamında kalıcı bir istikrar ve sürdürülebilir bir barış sağlamanın en iyi yolu, bu ülkelerin Avrupa Birliği ile entegrasyonundan geçmektedir. Çünkü AB ile bütünleşme bu ülkelerde istikrarsızlığı besleyen faktörlerin yok edilmesini kolaylaştıracaktır. Aynı zamanda bu ülkeler üyelik yolunda gerçekleştirmeleri gereken reform ve düzenlemelerle, kendi iç istikrar ve barışları için gereken ön şartları da zaten sağlamış olacaklardır. Diğer bir deyişle, Balkan ülkeleri bir yandan sosyo-politik ve ekonomik yapılanmalarını düzeltip, demokrasilerini ve azınlık haklarını iyileştirerek AB'ye üye olmaya çalışırken, diğer yandan ekonomik ve politik alanda gerçekleştirecekleri bu reformlarla çatışmalara neden olan faktörleri de ortadan kaldırmış olacaklardır. Böylece, ülke içerisinde ihtiyaç duyulan sosyal barışı ve ekonomik refahı da kendiliğinden sağlamış olacaklardır. ABSTRACTThis research mainly aims at analysing the core of the ethnic conflicts in the Balkans by utilising the historical data and considering the violent disintegration of Former Yugoslavia as a case study in order to put forward some long-lasting solutions to 'the Balkans question'. The overall purpose of this thesis is to analyse the origins of the conflicts which broke out all over the Balkans in the last decade and then, to assess the proposals for getting peace and long-term stability in the region.In addition to the origins and evolution of the crisis in the region, this research also includes the assessment of the international dimension of the crisis such as the roles of the UN, NATO, the EU and the US in crisis management during the wars in Bosnia and Kosovo. The thesis further explains why the approaches of the European Powers and international organisations directed towards the region has changed substantially beginning from the midst of 1990s, and why they began to pay more attention to this problematic region of the continent. In this context, considering the main factors behind the ethnic and socio-economic problems of the Balkan states, long-term perspectives of Western Powers towards the whole region and some possible remedies for the solution are explained.As a result, this study assert that the best way for removing the factors contributing to the instability of the region is to ensure social and economic welfare to all of the Balkan nations without any discrimination based on ethnicity or religion. For this reason, simultaneous integration of the Southeast European states to the EU is being proposed as the most appropriate means for realizing this goal.

That crash you heard was Republican Gov. Jeff Landry
throwing a brick through the plate glass window of business-as-usual leftist
populism infecting Louisiana public policy. And not a moment too soon.

Landry gave the state a head start in knowing some
of his policy priorities of when projected inclement weather bumped up his
inauguration a day early (although he would not officially take the reins for
another 19 hours). In his subsequent speech,
he made clear he would come after certain orthodoxies underpinning policy of
his predecessor Democrat Gov. John Bel Edwards and allies.

His overall theme – Louisiana as home, but
welcoming back those who had departed it for presumably greener pastures –
pulled back the curtain on what was to come: leaving implied things were wrong
with the state that could be fixed. He gave in the first part a paean to
Louisianans, interspersed with hints of what was to come with assertions that government
was not to "disenfranchise" people nor to be driven by divisive elite interests,
and spoke of a need to "repair and reform" government.

Around this time, the camera gave a glance at
Edwards, who looked like he had swallowed a sour mouse. Then Landry stopped
pulling punches.

He spoke of a people's agenda where "children be
afforded an education that reflects those wholesome principles, and not an
indoctrination behind their mother's back" that would "honor our teachers by
letting them teach and safeguard our schools from the toxicity of unsuitable
subject matter." He empathized with "the victims of crime whose compelling
voices have gone un-heard for far too long, squelched by the misguided noise of
those who had rather coddle criminals than live in peace."

He pledged to heed "all of the science, not just
the selective slices spoon-fed to us by those seeking to profit, in many cases,
from the taxpayer funded subsidies that disregard the health, the safety, and
the employment security of our citizens; hiding the truth about the real
environmental footprints created by the lust for wealth by a chosen few and
their reckless proposals." And, he vowed, while praising those directly serving
in the industry, to correct the health and welfare of our families from being "politicized
to the point of endangerment and disregard for the dignity of our elderly and
our suffering."

Translation: measures on the way to excise neo-racism
posing as anti-racism in instruction as foundational principles and the steering
of children towards faddish ideas about their identities, even without parental
knowledge, whether in the classroom or elsewhere, in the state's educational
institutions from kindergarten through the university.

Translation: significant reversal of Edwards' criminal
justice changes and installing other reforms to ensure accountability is brought
not just for criminal behavior but also to the justice system to have it protect
first and foremost the law-abiding citizenry.

Translation: sweeping away Edwards' policies and government
infrastructure built around those based on the junk science of climate alarmism
to take an informed and balanced approach towards upkeeping and burnishing the
environment.

Translation: stop leaders from measuring success
in health care delivery by how many people they can put on government insurance
rather than seeking efficiency and giving priority to the most needy and vulnerable,
and instead start concentrating on making sure those in genuine need have meaningful
access to health care with the most vulnerable receiving priority, by spending  more wisely while sidelining special interests
trying to distort the system, whether those be ideologically and/or
economically motivated.

At the ceremony's conclusion, fireworks erupted,
auguring what will come over the next four years on the policy front as Landry
and like-minded legislators try to reverse finally a century of misguided agendas
that veered even more off course over the past eight years. Only that, as the
speech suggested, will bring home Louisianans separated from both state soil physically
by or in morale attitudinally over the wages of that history. Not a moment too
soon, it's morning in Louisiana again.

Abstract. The article deals with the research of the creation of conditions for the socialization of economic relations in modern Ukraine — legal regulation of social entrepreneurship investment. The Ukrainian state actively implements world economic trends and legal standards into national practice. These include social entrepreneurship and its legal support. It is stated that the main priorities of social entrepreneurship today are: development of social innovations, ecology, health care, education, vocational training, employment of people with disabilities, welfare, development of territories, culture, etc. In Ukraine, social entrepreneurship has a somewhat undeveloped character, primarily due to a lack of funds for its development. There is no specific legal regulation of social entrepreneurship in Ukraine. The main form of domestic social entrepreneurship is a charitable activity of public organizations. It is emphasized that the success of projects in the field of social entrepreneurship depends to a large extent on foreign investment. Investor rights in Ukraine are protected by advanced legislation and, despite bureaucratic obstacles, are guaranteed by the state. It is noted that the analysis of domestic economic and legal practice indicates the existence of social and legal prerequisites for successful investment in social entrepreneurship. Among these prerequisites, the following are outlined: public willingness and organizational support of the state, international assistance, presence of interested social groups, and availability of special draft laws that should stimulate the formation, development, and activity of social enterprises as the main form of social entrepreneurship. Attention is drawn to the fact that the draft Law of Ukraine «On Social Enterprise» changes social entrepreneurship ideology from charitable to entrepreneurial activity, which is combined with the implementation of innovation and solution of social problems. In particular, this approach is attractive for both internal and external investors and is the basis for social entrepreneurship's future success. It is concluded that the proposed research can be of interest to both potential investors and investors who are already working in Ukraine and would like to develop or diversify their activities. Keywords: investments, social entrepreneurship, protection of investor rights, economic and legal preconditions for social entrepreneurship. JEL classіfіcatіon E20 G20 O35 K20 Formulas: 0; fig.: 0; tabl.: 0; bibl.: 21. ; Анотація. Присвячено дослідженню створення умов для соціалізації економічних відносин у сучасній Україні — правового забезпечення інвестування соціального підприємництва. Українська держава активно впроваджує в національну практику світові економічні тренди і правові стандарти. Серед них соціальне підприємництво і його правове забезпечення. Констатовано, що основними пріоритетами соціального підприємництва сьогодні є: розвиток соціальних інновацій, екологія, охорона здоров'я, освіта, професійне навчання, працевлаштування людей з обмеженими можливостями, добробут, розвиток територій, культура тощо. Соціальне підприємництво в Україні має дещо нерозвинутий характер через, насамперед, брак коштів на його розвиток. В Україні немає спеціального правового регулювання соціального підприємництва. Основною формою вітчизняного соціального підприємництва є благодійна діяльність громадських організацій. Акцентовано на тому, що успішність реалізації проєктів у площині соціального підприємництва значною мірою залежить від іноземних інвестицій. Права інвестора в Україні захищені розвинутим законодавством і, попри бюрократичні перешкоди, забезпечуються державними гарантіями. Зазначено, що аналіз вітчизняної економічної та правової практики вказує на наявність соціально-правових передумов для успішного інвестування коштів у соціальне підприємництво. Серед цих передумов виділено такі як: готовність суспільства й організаційна підтримка держави, міжнародне сприяння, наявність зацікавлених соціальних груп, наявність проєктів спеціальних законів, що мають стимулювати утворення, розвиток і діяльність соціальних підприємств як основної форми соціального підприємництва. Звернуто увагу на те, що проєкт Закону України «Про соціальне підприємство» змінює ідеологію соціального підприємництва від благодійної до підприємницької діяльність, що поєднана з упровадженням інновацій та розв'язанням соціальних проблем. Саме такий підхід є привабливим для внутрішнього і зовнішнього інвестора та є основою для майбутнього успіху соціального підприємництва. Підсумовано, що запропоноване дослідження може бути цікавим як для потенційних інвесторів, так і для інвесторів, які уже працюють в Україні і хочуть розвинути чи диверсифікувати напрями своєї діяльності. Ключові слова: інвестиції, соціальне підприємництво, забезпечення прав інвестора, економіко-правові передумови соціального підприємництва. Формул: 0; рис.: 0; табл.: 0; бібл.: 21.

The article analyzes the legal regulation of vaccination in different countries and the attitude of the population of these countries to such preventive measures in a pandemic COVID-19. A scientific and theoretical study of the rights of the individual to vaccination as the most important and indispensable measure aimed at eliminating infectious diseases and preventing their spread. It is argued that the situation with the coronary virus pandemic in the world is related to the need for comprehensive measures to counter its spread and requires decisive joint international political, legal and medical measures. It is noted that the delay in adopting such measures is detrimental to the lives of a large part of the population. Thus, the legislation of our state provides for the right of every citizen to receive qualified medical care through preventive measures, including free vaccination against coronavirus COVID-19. It is emphasized that there is no abstract right of citizens to vaccination (separate from the right to health or its protection), it should be noted about the duty. Instead, we should talk about the social right of citizens to receive free preventive measures in the form of vaccinations (in fact, we are talking about free medical services in the form of vaccination) and personal (civil) right of citizens to refuse vaccinations. However, today the ambiguous attitude to modern vaccination of citizens should be considered as a policy of different states and the response of their citizens to decisions made by competent government agencies in this area. The Laws of Ukraine "On Ensuring the Sanitary and Epidemic Welfare of the Population", "On Protection of the Population from Infectious Diseases" were analyzed for the basic provisions on vaccination of the population, taking into account world experience. It was concluded that the right to preventive health measures is enshrined in the European Charter of Patients' Rights, which states that "everyone has the right to adequate medical care aimed at preventing the disease". In 2018, as part of the European Immunization Week, it was determined that vaccination is both a human right and a collective duty. ; У статті проаналізовано правове регулювання вакцинації в різних країнах світу і ставлення населення цих країн до проведення подібних профілактичних заходів за умов пандемії COVID-19. Проведено науково-теоре­тичне дослідження прав особи на вакцинацію як найважливішого та незамінного заходу, спрямованого на лікві­дацію інфекційних хвороб і попередження їх поширення. Аргументовано, що ситуація з пандемією коронавірусу пов'язана з необхідністю проведення комплексних заходів для протидії її поширенню та вимагає вжиття рішучих спільних міжнародних політико-правових і медичних заходів. Зазначено, що зволікання в ухваленні таких заходів йде на шкоду збереження життів значної частини населення. Таким чином, за законодавством нашої держави передбачене право кожного громадянина на отри­мання кваліфікованої медичної допомоги шляхом профілактичних заходів, які включають безкоштовну вакцина­цію від коронавірусу COVID-19. Наголошено на тому, що не існує абстрактного права громадян на щеплення (окремого від права на здо­ров'я або його охорону), так само, як і обов'язку. Замість цього слід говорити про соціальне право громадян на проведення щодо них безкоштовних профілактичних заходів у вигляді щеплень (по суті, йдеться про безкоштовні медичні послуги у вигляді вакцинації) й особистого (цивільного) права громадян на відмову від щеплень, однак сьогодні неоднозначне ставлення до сучасної вакцинації громадян слід розглядати як політику різних держав і реагування громадян на рішення, що приймаються компетентними державними структурами у цій сфері. Проаналізовано Закони України «Про забезпечення санітарного та епідемічного благополуччя населення», «Про захист населення від інфекційних хвороб» на предмет основних положень щодо вакцинації населення з урахуванням світового досвіду. Зроблено висновок, що право на медичні профілактичні заходи закріплено в Європейській хартії прав паці­єнтів, де зазначено, що «кожна людина має право на належне медичне обслуговування, спрямоване на попере­дження захворювання». У 2018 р. в рамках Європейського тижня імунізації було визначено, що вакцинація - це одночасно право кожної людини та колективний обов'язок.

Abstract. The article deals with the research of the creation of conditions for the socialization of economic relations in modern Ukraine — legal regulation of social entrepreneurship investment. The Ukrainian state actively implements world economic trends and legal standards into national practice. These include social entrepreneurship and its legal support. It is stated that the main priorities of social entrepreneurship today are: development of social innovations, ecology, health care, education, vocational training, employment of people with disabilities, welfare, development of territories, culture, etc. In Ukraine, social entrepreneurship has a somewhat undeveloped character, primarily due to a lack of funds for its development. There is no specific legal regulation of social entrepreneurship in Ukraine. The main form of domestic social entrepreneurship is a charitable activity of public organizations. It is emphasized that the success of projects in the field of social entrepreneurship depends to a large extent on foreign investment. Investor rights in Ukraine are protected by advanced legislation and, despite bureaucratic obstacles, are guaranteed by the state. It is noted that the analysis of domestic economic and legal practice indicates the existence of social and legal prerequisites for successful investment in social entrepreneurship. Among these prerequisites, the following are outlined: public willingness and organizational support of the state, international assistance, presence of interested social groups, and availability of special draft laws that should stimulate the formation, development, and activity of social enterprises as the main form of social entrepreneurship. Attention is drawn to the fact that the draft Law of Ukraine «On Social Enterprise» changes social entrepreneurship ideology from charitable to entrepreneurial activity, which is combined with the implementation of innovation and solution of social problems. In particular, this approach is attractive for both internal and external investors and is the basis for social entrepreneurship's future success. It is concluded that the proposed research can be of interest to both potential investors and investors who are already working in Ukraine and would like to develop or diversify their activities. Keywords: investments, social entrepreneurship, protection of investor rights, economic and legal preconditions for social entrepreneurship. JEL classіfіcatіon E20 G20 O35 K20 Formulas: 0; fig.: 0; tabl.: 0; bibl.: 21. ; Анотація. Присвячено дослідженню створення умов для соціалізації економічних відносин у сучасній Україні — правового забезпечення інвестування соціального підприємництва. Українська держава активно впроваджує в національну практику світові економічні тренди і правові стандарти. Серед них соціальне підприємництво і його правове забезпечення. Констатовано, що основними пріоритетами соціального підприємництва сьогодні є: розвиток соціальних інновацій, екологія, охорона здоров'я, освіта, професійне навчання, працевлаштування людей з обмеженими можливостями, добробут, розвиток територій, культура тощо. Соціальне підприємництво в Україні має дещо нерозвинутий характер через, насамперед, брак коштів на його розвиток. В Україні немає спеціального правового регулювання соціального підприємництва. Основною формою вітчизняного соціального підприємництва є благодійна діяльність громадських організацій. Акцентовано на тому, що успішність реалізації проєктів у площині соціального підприємництва значною мірою залежить від іноземних інвестицій. Права інвестора в Україні захищені розвинутим законодавством і, попри бюрократичні перешкоди, забезпечуються державними гарантіями. Зазначено, що аналіз вітчизняної економічної та правової практики вказує на наявність соціально-правових передумов для успішного інвестування коштів у соціальне підприємництво. Серед цих передумов виділено такі як: готовність суспільства й організаційна підтримка держави, міжнародне сприяння, наявність зацікавлених соціальних груп, наявність проєктів спеціальних законів, що мають стимулювати утворення, розвиток і діяльність соціальних підприємств як основної форми соціального підприємництва. Звернуто увагу на те, що проєкт Закону України «Про соціальне підприємство» змінює ідеологію соціального підприємництва від благодійної до підприємницької діяльність, що поєднана з упровадженням інновацій та розв'язанням соціальних проблем. Саме такий підхід є привабливим для внутрішнього і зовнішнього інвестора та є основою для майбутнього успіху соціального підприємництва. Підсумовано, що запропоноване дослідження може бути цікавим як для потенційних інвесторів, так і для інвесторів, які уже працюють в Україні і хочуть розвинути чи диверсифікувати напрями своєї діяльності. Ключові слова: інвестиції, соціальне підприємництво, забезпечення прав інвестора, економіко-правові передумови соціального підприємництва. Формул: 0; рис.: 0; табл.: 0; бібл.: 21.