Suchergebnisse

Actualmente se reconoce la actividad física (AF) como estrategia para el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida, en virtud del problema de salud pública que representa el sedentarismo en el ámbito mundial y que se acentúa en el colectivo de personas en situación de discapacidad. Este proyecto se articula desde referentes teóricos relacionados con la AF, la discapacidad y los imaginarios sociales. Tiene como objetivo avanzar en la comprensión de los imaginarios que tienen las personas con discapacidad en torno a la AF, como un elemento fundamental en el diseño de políticas y programas para su fomento y efectiva articulación en la vida cotidiana de estos sujetos. Se parte de un diseño metodológico fenomenológico que permite recontrastar las categorías teóricas analíticas con las obtenidas del grupo objetivo. Se realiza la recolección de datos hasta obtener saturación de la información, mediante la técnica de entrevista individual semiestructurada a personas con discapacidad pertenecientes a diversos grupos en Bogotá. Los resultados de la primera fase permiten identificar como principales categorías, la manera como se entiende la AF (formal y no formal asociada a una visión anatómica del cuerpo), su finalidad (rehabilitación, bienestar y socialización) y las limitaciones para su práctica (accesibilidad, falta de apoyo estatal y exclusión social). Se concluye que las categorías identificadas en el marco teórico, coinciden con las emergentes de los datos obtenidos. ; At the present time physical activity (PA) is recognized as a strategy for life quality improvement, given that sedentarism represents a public health problem worldwide and that it increase disabilities. This project works on theoretical references related with physical activity disabilities and social imaginaries and its objective is to advance in the comprehension of the imaginaries people with disabilities has in regard to PA, as a fundamental element for designing politics and programs for its encouragement and effective articulation in daily life. It begins with a phenomenological and methodological design that enhances analytical theoretical categories of contrast whit the obtained from the object group. Data recollection follows on, up to obtain saturation, through the technique of semistructured individual interview to people whit disabilities that make part of different groups in Bogota, The results of the first phase allows us to identify as principal categories the following: the way how PA is understood (formal and non formal activity associated with body anatomical vision), finality (rehabilitation, welfare, socialization) and limitations for its practice (accessibility, lack of state support and social exclusion). It is concluded that this categories identified within the theoretical frame coincide with the derived from the obtained data.

This study deals with a little known tattooing tradition that was nevertheless practised since the Neolithic. A general definition of this practice is given by comparing anthropological, historical and ethnographical data. In ancient societies where city-state model was the predominant political form, female tattooing was absent. But it was found at their margins over a large portion of the Mediterranean hinterland. As a general rule, female tattooing appears in groups where physiological attributes (gender, age) strongly shape social roles and behaviours. Female tattooing reproduces the designs worn by mothers and grand-mothers. It is normative and, like pottery decoration, put the finishing touches to the physiological development of the girl who is now declared able to play her role of wife and mother. The aniconic, formal designs, deprived of any symbolic grammar, are imbued with aesthetic values related to welfare, the preservation and reproduction of life, eroticism and the performance of the sexual act. ; Dans les sociétés où le tatouage est institué, il est rare qu'il soit paritaire ; on le trouve généralement accordé soit au masculin soit au féminin. Dans le second cas de figure – de loin le plus fréquent – les femmes sont abondamment tatouées (tatouage couvrant) tandis que les hommes ne le sont pas, ou très peu et seulement dans un but thérapeutique ou prophylactique (petits traits ou points isolés). Cette situation a longtemps prévalu sur une large portion du pourtour méditerranéen en dehors (ou aux marges) des sociétés réalisant le modèle de la cité-État. En croisant les données archéologiques, historiques et ethnographiques (anciennes et pré-modernes), il est possible de dégager un certain nombre de caractères communs qui font du tatouage féminin une pratique relativement homogène du point de vue formel, fonctionnel et esthétique. Le décor tatoué est obtenu par répétition et concaténation d'éléments graphiques rudimentaires dans lesquels il n'y a pas lieu de reconnaître les unités d'un langage symbolique articulé. Le tatouage n'a pas la valeur d'un énoncé linguistique, mais il signifie en fonction d'un contexte social déterminé, une fois respectées certaines règles dont les deux principales sont : a) reproduire peu ou prou le décor des mères et des aïeules ; b) avoir reçu l'essentiel de sa parure tatouée avant les fiançailles ou le mariage. Le tatouage est ainsi en mesure de parachever le développement physiologique de la jeune fille en la déclarant prête à jouer son rôle d'épouse et de mère. Pour ce faire, les discours l'investissent de valeurs esthétiques liées au bien-être, à la préservation et à la reproduction de la vie, à l'érotisme et à l'accomplissement de l'acte sexuel.

Books reviewed in this article:Churchill, Craig (Hrsg.). Protecting the poor: A microinsurance compendium.Cornia, Giovanni Andrea (Hrsg.); Vereinigte Nationen, Research Institute for Social Development. Pro‐poor macroeconimics; potential and limitations.Agénor, Pierre‐Richard; Izquierdo, Alejandro; Tarp Jensen, Henning (Hrsg.). Adjustment policies, Poverty, and unemployment: The IMMPA frame work.Knöpfel, Carlo; Kehrli, Christin. Handbuch Armut in der Schweiz.Meyer, Bettina; Gneupel, Daniel. Armut und Sozialhilfe: die Ursachen der zunehmenden Belastung der Sozialhilfe und die Auswirkungen auf deren Arbeitsweise.Maxwell, Nan L. The working life: The labor market for workers in low‐skilled jobs.Sadigh, Elie. Délocalisation, chômage: les remédes.Baillod, Jürg. Travailler à temps partiel: une chance pour les femmes et les homes: arguments et matériaux destinés aux responsables des resources humaines.Gleason, Sandra E. (Hrsg.). The shadow workforce: Perspectives on contingent work in the United States, Japan and Europe.Rubin, Boris. Assurance‐chômage: droit fédéral, survol des mesures cantonales, procédure.Brown, Hilary, et al. Droits de l'homme, handicap, enfants: vers des dispositions internationales pour les droits des per‐sonnes handicapées: le cas particulier des enfants handicapés.Watermeyer, Brian, et al. Disability and social change: A south African agenda.Damon, Julien. Les politiques familiales.Hutchens, Robert; Cabrera, Natasha J.; Peters, H. Elizabeth (Hrsg.). From welfare to childcare: What hap pens to young children when moth ers ex change wel fare for work?Backes, Gertrud M.; Lasch, Vera; Reimann, Katja (Hrsg.). Gender, health and ageing: European perspectives on life course, health issues and social challenges.Galasso, Vincenzo. The political future of social security in aging societies.Emanuel, Han. Ageing and the labour market: Issues and solutions: Or are there?Munnell, Alicia H.: Sass Steven A. Social Security and the stock market: How the pursuit of market magic shapes the system.Europäische Kommission. Generaldirektion Beschäftigung, soziale Angelegenheiten und Chancengleichheit. Adequate and sustainable pension: Synthesis report, 2006.Frankreich. Conseil d'orientation des retraites. Retraites: dorits individuels et droits familiaux, la recherche de l'égalité entre homes et femmes.Lestrade, Brigitte (Hrsg.). L'emploi des seniors: les sociétés européennes face au vieillissement de la population active.Schulz, James H,; Binstock, Robert H. Aging nation: The economics and politics of growing older in America.Blackburn, Robin. Age shock and pension power: How finance is failing us.Mackenzie, George A. Annuity markets and pension reform.Montagne, Sabine. Les fonds de pension: entre protection sociale et spéculation financeère.Post, Thomas. Optimale Altersversorgungs‐strategien: eine Lebenszyklusanalyse.Giddens, Anthony. Europe in the global age.Giddens, Anthony; Diamond, Patrick; Liddle, Roger (Hrsg.). Global Europe, social Europe.Blanpain, Roger; Colucci, Michele; Sica, Salvatore (Hrsg.). The European social model.Fontanel‐Lassalle, Marie; Grivel, Nicolas; Saintoyant, Valérie. Le modèle social français.Pennings, Frans (Hrsg.). Between soft and hard law: The impact of international social security standards on national social security law.Busse, Reinhard; Schlette, Sophia; Zentner, Annette (Hrsg.). Focus on public‐private mix, patient safety, public health.Tudor Hart, Julian. The political economy of health care: A clinical perspective.Jacob, Rüdiger. Sozial‐ und Gesundheits ‐berichterstattung: Hintergründe, Defizite, Möglichkeiten.

The problem of real estate price bubble is analysed in relation to the development and growth of the economy of Lithuania. By evaluating theoretical and practical-historical aspects of formation of the housing prices' bubble, as well as the opinion of renown experts of the country, the formation of the present situation is substantiated by specifying economic and psychological reasons (it is accentuated that these factors tendentiously influence the market of real estate in Lithuania). More than once the historical guidelines of many countries had disclosed the threat of real estate prices' fluctuation to the harmonious development of a national economy. In 2003, when Lithuania became one of the most rapidly developing economies, began an unprecedented growth of housing prices. Encouragements of experts to resist euphoria came short of living standards' growth and the psychological impulse that followed the tendency of price growth. Hence it became possible to state that the real estate price bubble was taking shape and might threaten the national economy. The perception of external signs, with reference to assumptions of economic growth and the interpretation of different factors' interface, enabled to display the influence of the real estate market on the economy and welfare of the country. The estimation of economics growth, which in this article is based on fundamental factors and psychological motives, has displayed the complicated and often difficult to forecast influence of real estate market development on vital processes in economics. By generating insights and future prospects, a possible scenario of factors' development is given in association with presumptive dates of the national currency replacement with Euro. This event is one of the most important economic factors that have laid foundations for causeless psychological motives in the real estate market. When in 2006 Lithuania didn't accomplish the requirements of convergence and therefore couldn't replace its currency with the common currency of European Union, Euro, the growth of real estate prices got slower and influenced the psychological motives of potential customers in the context of the new currency. It is very likely that years 2010–2012 (the presumptive time when the national currency might be replaced with Euro) will enable the participants of the market to come to more rational decisions with reference to the recent past; however, it might be impossible to avoid short-term fluctuations that might be not so threatful. However, when the foundations are rocked, some part of shivers will be absorbed by the insurance sector which will level the negative consequences for people, business and the country, as well as prevent from destroying the productive results of the rapid development.

The problem of real estate price bubble is analysed in relation to the development and growth of the economy of Lithuania. By evaluating theoretical and practical-historical aspects of formation of the housing prices' bubble, as well as the opinion of renown experts of the country, the formation of the present situation is substantiated by specifying economic and psychological reasons (it is accentuated that these factors tendentiously influence the market of real estate in Lithuania). More than once the historical guidelines of many countries had disclosed the threat of real estate prices' fluctuation to the harmonious development of a national economy. In 2003, when Lithuania became one of the most rapidly developing economies, began an unprecedented growth of housing prices. Encouragements of experts to resist euphoria came short of living standards' growth and the psychological impulse that followed the tendency of price growth. Hence it became possible to state that the real estate price bubble was taking shape and might threaten the national economy. The perception of external signs, with reference to assumptions of economic growth and the interpretation of different factors' interface, enabled to display the influence of the real estate market on the economy and welfare of the country. The estimation of economics growth, which in this article is based on fundamental factors and psychological motives, has displayed the complicated and often difficult to forecast influence of real estate market development on vital processes in economics. By generating insights and future prospects, a possible scenario of factors' development is given in association with presumptive dates of the national currency replacement with Euro. This event is one of the most important economic factors that have laid foundations for causeless psychological motives in the real estate market. When in 2006 Lithuania didn't accomplish the requirements of convergence and therefore couldn't replace its currency with the common currency of European Union, Euro, the growth of real estate prices got slower and influenced the psychological motives of potential customers in the context of the new currency. It is very likely that years 2010–2012 (the presumptive time when the national currency might be replaced with Euro) will enable the participants of the market to come to more rational decisions with reference to the recent past; however, it might be impossible to avoid short-term fluctuations that might be not so threatful. However, when the foundations are rocked, some part of shivers will be absorbed by the insurance sector which will level the negative consequences for people, business and the country, as well as prevent from destroying the productive results of the rapid development.

The problem of real estate price bubble is analysed in relation to the development and growth of the economy of Lithuania. By evaluating theoretical and practical-historical aspects of formation of the housing prices' bubble, as well as the opinion of renown experts of the country, the formation of the present situation is substantiated by specifying economic and psychological reasons (it is accentuated that these factors tendentiously influence the market of real estate in Lithuania). More than once the historical guidelines of many countries had disclosed the threat of real estate prices' fluctuation to the harmonious development of a national economy. In 2003, when Lithuania became one of the most rapidly developing economies, began an unprecedented growth of housing prices. Encouragements of experts to resist euphoria came short of living standards' growth and the psychological impulse that followed the tendency of price growth. Hence it became possible to state that the real estate price bubble was taking shape and might threaten the national economy. The perception of external signs, with reference to assumptions of economic growth and the interpretation of different factors' interface, enabled to display the influence of the real estate market on the economy and welfare of the country. The estimation of economics growth, which in this article is based on fundamental factors and psychological motives, has displayed the complicated and often difficult to forecast influence of real estate market development on vital processes in economics. By generating insights and future prospects, a possible scenario of factors' development is given in association with presumptive dates of the national currency replacement with Euro. This event is one of the most important economic factors that have laid foundations for causeless psychological motives in the real estate market. When in 2006 Lithuania didn't accomplish the requirements of convergence and therefore couldn't replace its currency with the common currency of European Union, Euro, the growth of real estate prices got slower and influenced the psychological motives of potential customers in the context of the new currency. It is very likely that years 2010–2012 (the presumptive time when the national currency might be replaced with Euro) will enable the participants of the market to come to more rational decisions with reference to the recent past; however, it might be impossible to avoid short-term fluctuations that might be not so threatful. However, when the foundations are rocked, some part of shivers will be absorbed by the insurance sector which will level the negative consequences for people, business and the country, as well as prevent from destroying the productive results of the rapid development.

The problem of real estate price bubble is analysed in relation to the development and growth of the economy of Lithuania. By evaluating theoretical and practical-historical aspects of formation of the housing prices' bubble, as well as the opinion of renown experts of the country, the formation of the present situation is substantiated by specifying economic and psychological reasons (it is accentuated that these factors tendentiously influence the market of real estate in Lithuania). More than once the historical guidelines of many countries had disclosed the threat of real estate prices' fluctuation to the harmonious development of a national economy. In 2003, when Lithuania became one of the most rapidly developing economies, began an unprecedented growth of housing prices. Encouragements of experts to resist euphoria came short of living standards' growth and the psychological impulse that followed the tendency of price growth. Hence it became possible to state that the real estate price bubble was taking shape and might threaten the national economy. The perception of external signs, with reference to assumptions of economic growth and the interpretation of different factors' interface, enabled to display the influence of the real estate market on the economy and welfare of the country. The estimation of economics growth, which in this article is based on fundamental factors and psychological motives, has displayed the complicated and often difficult to forecast influence of real estate market development on vital processes in economics. By generating insights and future prospects, a possible scenario of factors' development is given in association with presumptive dates of the national currency replacement with Euro. This event is one of the most important economic factors that have laid foundations for causeless psychological motives in the real estate market. When in 2006 Lithuania didn't accomplish the requirements of convergence and therefore couldn't replace its currency with the common currency of European Union, Euro, the growth of real estate prices got slower and influenced the psychological motives of potential customers in the context of the new currency. It is very likely that years 2010–2012 (the presumptive time when the national currency might be replaced with Euro) will enable the participants of the market to come to more rational decisions with reference to the recent past; however, it might be impossible to avoid short-term fluctuations that might be not so threatful. However, when the foundations are rocked, some part of shivers will be absorbed by the insurance sector which will level the negative consequences for people, business and the country, as well as prevent from destroying the productive results of the rapid development.

The choice of profession is the most topical problem, which is the key to every person's welfare. It is very important that the first pupil's decision would be aware and purposeful, and youngster would understand that adaptation in the world of job and individuality depends on the right decision. Nowadays, when everybody more and more integrates in European Union, the youth has larger opportunities to choose the profession, though, the individual competence and responsibility is large as well. V. Stanišauskienė in her article "Education for career at school: how to help the pupils to gain the up-to-date career competence" states, that teachers need the up-to-date career competence, which could help to develop their own career and give enough knowledge, useful to educate pupils for their career. Therefore, if we want to change the methods and forms of professional counseling, which will help to find the most suitable professional decision, the teachers must be acquainted with the possibilities of work in the nowadays world, career competences and how these competences could be used in the self-help process. In this study, using research methods was found, that professional counselling, information and consulting in the secondary school is very relevant and has great influence on pupil's professional career, because most of them have no right decision about future profession; and teachers are not informed in this area, too. It is very important, that school would pay more attention to teachers' qualification, would be the mediator between pupils, parents, employers and different educating institutions and services; school should take responsibility and help every pupil to make an individual career plan, which would help him or her to reach the aims of the life. The management model of professional counselling, consulting and information is suggested in this study and it describes close cooperation of all institutions. Organizing professional counselling and consulting at school, it is necessary to organize all institutions, which could help and give pupils more information about the possibilities in the world of jobs and their matter. The professional counselling and consulting should be implemented by all staff of school: heads of school, class teachers, career advisers, psychologists and social educator. It should be professionally organized and controlled. All involved people should have great amount of knowledge about professional counselling in this area. It is thought, that system of control and reporting should help to achieve better results. Consistently organized action, analyses of results, distribution of functions, systematical cooperation with parents and control are the main elements which are necessary in organizing the professional counselling at school.

The choice of profession is the most topical problem, which is the key to every person's welfare. It is very important that the first pupil's decision would be aware and purposeful, and youngster would understand that adaptation in the world of job and individuality depends on the right decision. Nowadays, when everybody more and more integrates in European Union, the youth has larger opportunities to choose the profession, though, the individual competence and responsibility is large as well. V. Stanišauskienė in her article "Education for career at school: how to help the pupils to gain the up-to-date career competence" states, that teachers need the up-to-date career competence, which could help to develop their own career and give enough knowledge, useful to educate pupils for their career. Therefore, if we want to change the methods and forms of professional counseling, which will help to find the most suitable professional decision, the teachers must be acquainted with the possibilities of work in the nowadays world, career competences and how these competences could be used in the self-help process. In this study, using research methods was found, that professional counselling, information and consulting in the secondary school is very relevant and has great influence on pupil's professional career, because most of them have no right decision about future profession; and teachers are not informed in this area, too. It is very important, that school would pay more attention to teachers' qualification, would be the mediator between pupils, parents, employers and different educating institutions and services; school should take responsibility and help every pupil to make an individual career plan, which would help him or her to reach the aims of the life. The management model of professional counselling, consulting and information is suggested in this study and it describes close cooperation of all institutions. Organizing professional counselling and consulting at school, it is necessary to organize all institutions, which could help and give pupils more information about the possibilities in the world of jobs and their matter. The professional counselling and consulting should be implemented by all staff of school: heads of school, class teachers, career advisers, psychologists and social educator. It should be professionally organized and controlled. All involved people should have great amount of knowledge about professional counselling in this area. It is thought, that system of control and reporting should help to achieve better results. Consistently organized action, analyses of results, distribution of functions, systematical cooperation with parents and control are the main elements which are necessary in organizing the professional counselling at school.

En Europe, l'élaboration de la législation concernant le bien-être animal est le fait de deux organisations qui sont le Conseil de l'Europe et l'Union Européenne. Une convention générale concernant toutes les espèces domestiques et par conséquent les oiseaux (1976) ainsi qu'une directive ayant la même portée (98/58/CE, 1998) ont été adoptées, respectivement, par le comité permanent de la Convention européenne (Conseil de l'Europe) et l'Union Européenne. Par ailleurs, l'Union Européenne a adopté une seconde directive spécifique, concernant la poule pondeuse (Gallus gallus) (1999). Des rapports scientifiques concernant respectivement les poules pondeuses (1992-1996), la production de foie gras (1998) et le poulet de chair (2000) ont été rédigés à la demande du comité scientifique vétérinaire (CSV) de l'Union Européenne, remplacé aujourd'hui par l'Autorité Européenne de Sécurité des Aliments (AESA). Parallèlement, le comité permanent du Conseil de l'Europe a adopté six recommandations spécifiques concernant l'espèce Gallus (1986), les ratites (1997), les palmipèdes (trois recommandations en 1999) et la dinde (2001). Conformément à la convention de 1976, toutes ces recommandations doivent êtres révisées dans un délai de cinq ans après leur adoption et peuvent êtres éventuellement amendées. En outre, selon la directive 98/58/CE (Union Européenne 1998), chaque recommandation adoptée doit être ensuite transcrite en droit national par les états membres. En tout état de cause, ces textes nationaux ne peuvent qu'être plus restrictifs. ; In Europe, two organisations control legislation concerning domestic animal welfare: these are the Council of Europe and the European Union. A general convention covering all domestic species (1976) and a comparable directive (98/58/CE, 1998) have been adopted, by the standing committee of the European Convention (Council of Europe) and the European Union, respectively. Both of these texts apply to all domestic species and therefore to domestic birds. Furthermore, in 1999, the European Union adopted a second version of a specific directive concerning the laying hen (Gallus gallus). Scientific reports concerning laying hens (1992, 1996), "foie gras" production (1998) and broiler breeders (2000) have also been commissioned at the request of the scientific veterinary committee (presently European Food Safety Authority [E.F.S.A.]) of the E.U. and a directive concerning the broiler production is under preparation. In the meantime, the standing committee of the European Council has adopted six specific recommendations devoted to laying hens (1986), ratites (1997), waterfowl (3 recommendations in 1999) and turkeys (2001). In accordance with the convention of 1976, all these recommendations should be reviewed within 5 years after their adoption and be amended if appropriate. Furthermore, according to directive 98/58/CE (European Union, 1998), each adopted recommendation should be incorporated in the law of member states and applied. In any case, these texts can only be more restrictive.

This paper analyzes how competition works in mobile telecommuncations markets and, bases on this analysis, we discuss whether regulatory intervention in mobile telephone markets is justified from an economic perspective. Starting point of our analysis is the observation that an evaluation of regulatory interventions into mobile telecommunications markets cannot be made without a deeper understanding for competitive processes in mobile telephony. What is of decisive relevance for understanding competition in mobile telephony, is the fact that building a mobile telephone network requires highly specific investments, which take place under significant uncertainty, as investments in 3G networks such as UMTS illustrate. An inevitable consequence of specific investments are sunk costs. Hence, one can only expect firms to extensively invest and innovate if firms can hold a justified expectation to work profitably after they have invested. To cover their capital costs, which are largely fixed and not avoidable, firms need to follow a pricing policy that involves prices above incremental costs. Hence, a key determinant for mobile operators' price policy lies in their cost structure, which is characterized by high fixed and common costs that are also sunk and relatively low incremental costs. In such situations, efficiency demands so-called Ramsey pricing structures, which involves different mark-ups for different services. In contrast, a situation with uniform mark-ups will generally be inefficient. Instead, services with an inelastic demand should carry relatively high prices, while services, for which the demand is rather elastic, should be priced close to marginal costs. Exactly such a pricing structure results when unregualted firms are left to maximize their profits. Hence, the factor that prices and mark-ups differ between different services and markets is an efficiency imperative and not a sign for market failure. Nevertheless the necessity of interconnection and fixed-to-mobile termination may give rise to competition problems. As we argue in this paper, closer analysis shows that these problems do not automatically imply that sector specific regulation is warranted. The same hold for the question of regulated mobile number portability. Instead, an ex post introduction of sector specific reguation can be regarded as a brech of the implict regulatory contract by the State. This Government hold-up socializes and redistributes operators' profits, while the operators carried the initial investment risk. Such a Government hold-up reduces firms' incentives for investment and innovation and, thereby, also harms consumers in the long run. In addtion, there is a real risk of regulatory failure, as empirical evidence demonstrates. Based on these considerations, this paper fiercely advises against sector specific regulation of mobile telephone markets. The social welfare loss that would arise from such regulations are estimated to be enormous.

This paper analyzes how competition works in mobile telecommuncations markets and, bases on this analysis, we discuss whether regulatory intervention in mobile telephone markets is justified from an economic perspective. Starting point of our analysis is the observation that an evaluation of regulatory interventions into mobile telecommunications markets cannot be made without a deeper understanding for competitive processes in mobile telephony. What is of decisive relevance for understanding competition in mobile telephony, is the fact that building a mobile telephone network requires highly specific investments, which take place under significant uncertainty, as investments in 3G networks such as UMTS illustrate. An inevitable consequence of specific investments are sunk costs. Hence, one can only expect firms to extensively invest and innovate if firms can hold a justified expectation to work profitably after they have invested. To cover their capital costs, which are largely fixed and not avoidable, firms need to follow a pricing policy that involves prices above incremental costs. Hence, a key determinant for mobile operators' price policy lies in their cost structure, which is characterized by high fixed and common costs that are also sunk and relatively low incremental costs. In such situations, efficiency demands so-called Ramsey pricing structures, which involves different mark-ups for different services. In contrast, a situation with uniform mark-ups will generally be inefficient. Instead, services with an inelastic demand should carry relatively high prices, while services, for which the demand is rather elastic, should be priced close to marginal costs. Exactly such a pricing structure results when unregualted firms are left to maximize their profits. Hence, the factor that prices and mark-ups differ between different services and markets is an efficiency imperative and not a sign for market failure. Nevertheless the necessity of interconnection and fixed-to-mobile termination may give rise to competition problems. As we argue in this paper, closer analysis shows that these problems do not automatically imply that sector specific regulation is warranted. The same hold for the question of regulated mobile number portability. Instead, an ex post introduction of sector specific reguation can be regarded as a brech of the implict regulatory contract by the State. This Government hold-up socializes and redistributes operators' profits, while the operators carried the initial investment risk. Such a Government hold-up reduces firms' incentives for investment and innovation and, thereby, also harms consumers in the long run. In addtion, there is a real risk of regulatory failure, as empirical evidence demonstrates. Based on these considerations, this paper fiercely advises against sector specific regulation of mobile telephone markets. The social welfare loss that would arise from such regulations are estimated to be enormous.

Auf der dritten Vertragsstaatenkonferenz der Klimarahmenkonvention im November 1997 wurde das Kioto Protokoll verabschiedet, das Industrieländer zur Reduktion ihrer Treibhausgasemissionen für den Zeitraum 2008-2012 verpflichtet und das Instrument des Emissionshandels (EH) einführt. Da die dort eingegangenen Verpflichtung nicht ausreichen werden, um einen anthropogenen Klimawandel wirksam einzuschränken, müssen jenseits 2012 weitere Reduktionsperioden folgen. Langfristig müssen dabei auch die Emissionen der 'Entwicklungsländer' einbezogen werden, da ihre bisher noch niedrigen Emissionsniveaus hohe Wachstumsraten aufweisen. In den meisten Volkswirtschaften der Welt stellen Treibhausgas- und insbes. CO2-Emissionen eine unumgängliche Notwendigkeit für wirtschaftliche Entwicklung dar, so dass bei der Zuteilung von Emissionskontingenten an einzelne Staaten insbesondere die Frage zwischenstaatlicher Gerechtigkeit an Bedeutung gewinnen wird. In dieser Arbeit werden daher Kriterien für die Verteilung von Emissionsrechten im Rahmen eines globalen EH-Systems unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Verteilungsgerechtigkeit untersucht. Anhand von drei Prinzipien distributiver Gerechtigkeit werden Zuteilungskriterien, die in die internationalen Verhandlungen eingebracht wurden, betrachtet. Basierend auf der Analyse dieser Kriterien wird exemplarisch ein Verteilungsszenario dargelegt, dem das 'egalitäre' Kriterium einer strikt bevölkerungsabhängigen Zuteilung zugrunde liegt. Die Ergebnisse einer darauf aufbauenden Kalkulation zeigen, dass eine pro Kopf-Verteilung der Emissionszertifikate den Großteil der 'Entwicklungsländer' zu weitaus höheren Emissionen berechtigen würde, wohingegen die industrialisierte Welt nur noch zu einem Bruchteil ihres gegenwärtigen Emissionsaufkommens berechtigt wäre. Mittels des Instruments des EH könnte aus einer solchen Primärverteilung ein beträchtlicher Finanztransfer von Nord nach Süd resultieren und auf diesem Wege globale Wohlfahrtsdisparitäten vermindern. ; At the third conference of the parties to the UN framework convention on climate change in November 1997 the Kyoto protocol was agreed upon. It commits industrialised countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions during the period 2008-2012 and introduces the instrument of 'emissions trading'. Since the reduction obligation agreed upon in Kyoto will not be sufficient to limit the consequences of (anthropogenic) climate change effectively, further commitment periods must follow beyond 2012. In the long-term, emissions of developing countries must be included in a global emissions trading system, because their emission levels will increase in the future. In most national economies of the world greenhouse gas and, in particular, CO2 emissions are an inevitable necessity for economic development, so that the question of intergovernmental justice will become more and more important distributing emission contingents to individual states. For this reason, criteria for the distribution of emission rights are examined in this paper focussing on aspects of distributive justice. Against the background of three principles of distributive justice several criteria, which were proposed during the international negotiations before Kyoto, are regarded. Based on the analysis of these criteria a distribution scenario is presented, applying the 'egalitarian' criterion of a strictly population-dependent distribution. The results of a calculation on the basis of available and predicted emission and population data show that a per capita distribution of emission certificates will entitle the majority of developing countries to an emission level which is much larger than their recent levels, whereas the industrialised world receives only a fraction of its present emission as certificates. Using the instrument of emissions trading this allocation will lead to a considerable financial transfer from north to south thereby reducing global welfare disparities.

This essay analyzes the corruption phenomenon occurred during the President Alberto Fujimori Regime. For this purpose, it uses the tentative hypothesis of "achoramiento", understood as a strategy to achieve social acceptation and upgrade that essentially violates ethnic and juridical norms. lt outlines the great bond and magnitude of these two phenomenons, both, products of the government's desire to monopolize control due to the corrupted political sphere, almost indeed a mafia, dominated an important part of Peruvian society. lt specially focuses on the relationships of "achoramiento" that had the legal advisor of the Servicio de Inteligencia Nacional with a number of well-known businessmen who fell into the trap, to obtain economic and legal welfare. By using this, they lost their citizen condition and transformed in an added expression of social corruption in Peru. lt is well known and sustained that this portion of Peruvian entrepreneurs has historically considered the state as a mean to personal economic profit, leaving privacy and particularity as superior and universal values or aims. Finally, this essay suggests that this behavior is not exclusively to Peruvian society but naturally adjustable to capitalist ideology, system that has deified money in the world, making this object at least in an absolute mean of power capable to corrupt conscience and social order. ; Este ensayo analiza el fenómeno de la corrupción durante el gobierno del presidente Alberto Fujimori. Emplea, para ello, la hipótesis de "achoramiento", entendida como una estrategia de ascenso social esencialmente violatoria de las normas éticas y jurídicas. Destaca la gran compenetración y magnitud de los dos fenómenos, productos ambos del copamiento total del Estado, por parte de una cúpula política convertida en una mafia, que dominó a gran parte de la sociedad peruana. En especial, presta atención a la relación de "achoramiento" que mantuvo el asesor del Servicio de Inteligencia Nacional con un conjunto de connotados empresarios, que cedieron a la corrupción a cambio de beneficios económicos y judiciales. Al aplicar esta estrategia, perdieron su condición de ciudadanos, transformándose en una expresión más del fenómeno de la corrupción. Se sostiene que este sector del empresariado nacional ha visto, históricamente, al Estado bajo la única óptica del beneficio económico personal, elevando lo privado y particular al rango de valor superior y universal. Sugiere, finalmente, que este comportamiento no es exclusivo de la sociedad peruana, sino que es connatural a la ideología profunda del capitalismo. Sistema que ha instalado en el mundo la dictadura del dinero, al hacer de este un culto y medio absoluto de poder, capaz de corromper la conciencia y el orden social.

This essay analyzes the corruption phenomenon occurred during the President Alberto Fujimori Regime. For this purpose, it uses the tentative hypothesis of "achoramiento", understood as a strategy to achieve social acceptation and upgrade that essentially violates ethnic and juridical norms. lt outlines the great bond and magnitude of these two phenomenons, both, products of the government's desire to monopolize control due to the corrupted political sphere, almost indeed a mafia, dominated an important part of Peruvian society. lt specially focuses on the relationships of "achoramiento" that had the legal advisor of the Servicio de Inteligencia Nacional with a number of well-known businessmen who fell into the trap, to obtain economic and legal welfare. By using this, they lost their citizen condition and transformed in an added expression of social corruption in Peru. lt is well known and sustained that this portion of Peruvian entrepreneurs has historically considered the state as a mean to personal economic profit, leaving privacy and particularity as superior and universal values or aims. Finally, this essay suggests that this behavior is not exclusively to Peruvian society but naturally adjustable to capitalist ideology, system that has deified money in the world, making this object at least in an absolute mean of power capable to corrupt conscience and social order. ; Este ensayo analiza el fenómeno de la corrupción durante el gobierno del presidente Alberto Fujimori. Emplea, para ello, la hipótesis de "achoramiento", entendida como una estrategia de ascenso social esencialmente violatoria de las normas éticas y jurídicas. Destaca la gran compenetración y magnitud de los dos fenómenos, productos ambos del copamiento total del Estado, por parte de una cúpula política convertida en una mafia, que dominó a gran parte de la sociedad peruana. En especial, presta atención a la relación de "achoramiento" que mantuvo el asesor del Servicio de Inteligencia Nacional con un conjunto de connotados empresarios, que cedieron a la corrupción a cambio de beneficios económicos y judiciales. Al aplicar esta estrategia, perdieron su condición de ciudadanos, transformándose en una expresión más del fenómeno de la corrupción. Se sostiene que este sector del empresariado nacional ha visto, históricamente, al Estado bajo la única óptica del beneficio económico personal, elevando lo privado y particular al rango de valor superior y universal. Sugiere, finalmente, que este comportamiento no es exclusivo de la sociedad peruana, sino que es connatural a la ideología profunda del capitalismo. Sistema que ha instalado en el mundo la dictadura del dinero, al hacer de este un culto y medio absoluto de poder, capaz de corromper la conciencia y el orden social.