Suchergebnisse

Although scholars have been investigating bureaucrats for a long time, mid-level bureaucrats (MLB) have been far less studied in the literature. To fill this gap, this article explores MLBs heterogeneity regarding their profile, professional background and, above all, performance. The main goal is to investigate the determinants of bureaucrats' performance, depicted by two crucial dimensions: the degree of MLBs relationship within public bureaucracy and complexity level of their activities. These skills are valued today with increasing importance in contexts of network governance and bureaucratic responsiveness. First, a descriptive analysis was undertaken of survey data collected in 2014 from federal mid-level bureaucrats in positions filled by appointment. This was followed by formulating synthetic indexes of two dimensions: bureaucrats' activities and their work relationships. Subsequently, multivariate models were employed to explain the determinants of these dimensions. Empirical results show that the mid-level bureaucrats' performance is both affected by the government's structure factors as well as by their own individual characteristics. However, the variables effects vary considerably. The empirical evidence suggests that MLBs tend to be more connected and perform more activities as they hold higher positions filled by appointment, have a higher level of education and capacity to influence decision processes and work directly with policymaking, especially in social policy. ; A pesar de que los académicos han investigado la burocracia por mucho tiempo, los burócratas de nivel medio (BNM) son poco estudiados. Para llenar ese vacío, este artículo explora la cuestión de la heterogeneidad de los BNM en relación con su perfil, experiencia profesional y, principalmente, su performance. El principal objetivo es investigar los determinantes del desempeño de los BNM desde dos dimensiones fundamentales: el grado de relación de los BNM y el nivel de complejidad de sus actividades. Estas habilidades son actualmente más valoradas, teniendo en cuenta el crecimiento de su importancia en contextos de gobernanza y accountability burocrática. En primer lugar, se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los datos de una encuesta realizada en 2014 con funcionarios con cargos comisionados por el gobierno federal. Para ello, se elaboraron índices sintéticos de las dos dimensiones: relación y actividades de la burocracia. Posteriormente, se utilizaron modelos multivariados para explicar sus determinantes. Los resultados empíricos muestran que la performance de los burócratas de nivel medio es afectada tanto por factores estructurales del gobierno como por sus propias características individuales. Sin embargo, los efectos de las variables varían considerablemente. Las evidencias empíricas sugieren que los BNM más conectados y que realizan más actividades son los que ocupan los puestos comisionados más altos. Ellos tienen más estudio y capacidad de influir directamente en las decisiones de los procesos de trabajo, actúan en áreas de terminación de políticas públicas, especialmente en el área social. ; Embora os pesquisadores venham estudando a burocracia há bastante tempo, os burocratas de médio escalão (BME) recebem menos atenção da literatura. Para preencher essa lacuna, o artigo explora a questão da heterogeneidade dos BME em relação ao seu perfil, sua experiên­cia profissional e, principalmente, seu desempenho. O principal objetivo é investigar os determinantes do desempenho dos BME a partir de duas dimensões: o nível de relacionamento dos BME e o nível de complexidade de suas atividades. Essas dimensões são muito valorizadas atualmente, considerando o crescimento da sua importância em contextos de governança em rede e accountability burocrática. Primeiro, realizamos uma análise descritiva dos dados coletados em 2014 junto a servidores federais que ocupavam cargos comissionados. Para tanto, elaboramos índices sintéticos das duas dimensões: relacionamento e atividades da burocracia. Posteriormente, empregamos modelos de análise multivariados para explicar seus determinantes. Os resultados empíricos mostram que o desempenho dos burocratas de médio escalão é afetado tanto por fatores estruturais do governo, como também por suas próprias características individuais. No entanto, os efeitos das variáveis mudam consideravelmente. As evidências empíricas sugerem que os BME mais conectados e que realizam mais atividades são aqueles que ocupam cargos comissionados mais elevados. Eles têm maior nível educacional e mais capacidade de influenciar diretamente as decisões dos processos de trabalho e atuam em áreas finalísticas de políticas públicas, especialmente na área social.

The Government has offered to use technological means to strengthen a high-quality inclusive education system as a bastion of State policies on ICT, ensuring access for all students throughout the national territory. It is therefore necessary to analyze the impact of State policies on ICT in rural areas of the municipality of Tunja. To this end, facilities and barriers for access to communicational and computational infrastructure, the way teachers use the resources they have been given in specific situations, and the assimilation of these technologies in their pedagogical work are addressed. In that regard, this mixed methods research unveiled teachers' latent needs and concerns. Furthermore, based on their experiences, a process for the integration of ICT into rural schools was developed, which includes planning, teacher training, availability and management of resources, maintenance and tracking of incentives. ; Como baluarte de las políticas de Estado en materia de TIC, el gobierno ha ofrecido utilizar los medios tecnológicos en aras de potenciar el sistema educativo incluyente y de calidad, garantizando el acceso de todos los estudiantes del territorio nacional. Por ello, se hace necesario analizar, en el contexto rural del municipio de Tunja, el efecto de las políticas de Estado en materia de TIC, desde un abordaje relacionado con las facilidades o barreras para el acceso a la infraestructura computacional y comunicacional, el uso que los maestros han dado a los recursos con los cuales han podido contar en sus situaciones particulares y el grado de apropiación de estas tecnologías en su quehacer docente. En tal sentido, esta investigación de carácter mixto permitió develar las latentes necesidades y preocupaciones de los maestros. Además se concretó, a partir de la experiencia de los docentes, una secuencia para la incorporación de las TIC para los centros educativos rurales, que incluye la planificación, capacitación de maestros, disposición y gestión de recursos, mantenimiento y seguimiento e incentivos. ; Le Gouvernement a proposé d'utiliser des moyens technologiques en vue de renfoncer un système éducatif inclusif et de qualité comme un bastion de ses politiques nationales en matière de TIC, en garantissant l'accès pour tous les élèves du territoire national. Par conséquent,il est nécessaire d'analyser l'impact des politiques des TIC dans le contexte rural de la municipalité de Tunja, en tenant compte des facilités et des obstacles à l'accès de l'infrastructure computationnelle et communicationnelle, de l'utilisation que les professeurs font des ressources qui leur sont donnés dans des situations particulières, et du degré d'appropriation de ces technologies à leur travail pédagogique. À cet égard, ce projet de recherche par des méthodes mixtes a dévoilé des préoccupations et des besoins latents des enseignants. En outre, sur la base de l'expérience des professeurs, un processus a été développé afin d'intégrer les TIC dans les écoles rurales, ce qui inclut la planification, la formation des enseignants, la disponibilité et la gestion des ressources, la maintenance et le suivi d'incitations. ; Como um baluarte das políticas de Estado em matéria das TIC, o governo tem oferecido utilizar os meios tecnológicos a fim de potencializar o sistema de educação inclusiva e qualidade, garantindo o acesso de todos os alunos do território nacional. Por isto, é necessário analisar, no contexto rural do município de Tunja, o efeito das políticas de Estado na matéria das TIC, desde uma abordagem relacionada com as facilidades ou barreiras para o acesso à infraestrutura de computo e comunicação, o uso que os professores têm dado aos recursos com os quais têm podido contar em suas situações específicas e o nível de apropriação dessas tecnologias no seu trabalho de ensino. Neste sentido, esta pesquisa de caráter misto permitiu revelar as latentes necessidades e preocupações dos professores. Ademais se concretou, a partir da experiência dos professores, uma sequência para a incorporação das TIC para as escolas rurais, incluindo o planejamento, formação de professores, disposição e gestão de recursos, manutenção, monitoramento e incentivos.

This paper discusses how research is evaluated in private institutions of higher education. From the perspective of the production of scientific knowledge, institutional evaluation policy, as implemented by the National Commission for University Evaluation and Accreditation (CONEAU), has influenced the way we perceive research within universities. In this context it is pertinent to ask: What is the status of research in Argentine private universities? How it is evaluated externally? What prospects can estimate about research in private universities? This study entailed a qualitative research design, analyzing content published by CONEAU assessments, and including a select corpus of 12 reports: six belong to institutions founded during the first period (between 55 and 66); three of this group are Catholic Universities; and six universities that were founded in the 1990s. Sustained CONEAU recommendation in its reports was to increase research, aimed at private financing. The results suggest that monitoring CONEAU generates a movement within universities that perceives the system pressures and generates adaptation strategies. In this regard, the assessment seems to have functioned as a tool of indoctrination and homogenization, to which the question of how sustainable this process will be over time. ; En el presente trabajo analizaremos cómo es evaluada la investigación en las instituciones privadas de educación superior. Entendiéndola como producción de conocimiento científico, asumimos que la política de evaluación institucional, puesta en práctica por la Comisión Nacional de Evaluación y Acreditación Universitaria (CONEAU), ha incidido en la forma de percibir la investigación al interior de las universidades. En este marco es pertinente preguntarse ¿Cuál es el estado de la investigación en las universidades privadas argentinas? ¿Cómo es evaluada externamente? ¿Qué perspectivas podemos estimar acerca de la investigación en las universidades privadas? Para esta investigación hemos planteado un diseño cualitativo, realizando un análisis de contenido de evaluaciones publicadas por CONEAU. Hemos seleccionado un corpus de 12 informes: 6 pertenecen a instituciones fundadas durante el primer período desarrollado (entre el 55 y el 66), 3 de este grupo son Universidades Católicas; y 6 a universidades que fueron fundadas en la década del 90. La sostenida recomendación de CONEAU en sus informes es incrementar la investigación, apuntando para ello al financiamiento privado. Los resultados parecen indicar que la supervisión de CONEAU genera un movimiento al interior de las universidades que perciben la presión del sistema y generan estrategias de adaptación al mismo. En este sentido, la evaluación parecería haber funcionado como una herramienta de adoctrinamiento y homogeneización, ante lo cual cabe la pregunta de cuán sostenible será dicho proceso en el tiempo. ; Neste artigo, discutimos como a pesquisa é avaliada em instituições privadas de ensino superior. Nós entendida como produção de conhecimento científico, assumimos que a política de avaliação institucional, executado pela Comissão Nacional de Avaliação e Credenciamento Universitário (CONEAU), influenciou a maneira como percebemos a pesquisa dentro das universidades. Neste contexto, é pertinente perguntar Qual é o status de pesquisa em universidades privadas argentinas? Como ele é avaliado externamente? Que perspectivas podem estimar sobre a pesquisa em universidades privadas? Para esta pesquisa, propusemos um projeto qualitativo, analisando o conteúdo publicado por avaliações CONEAU. Nós selecionamos um corpus de 12 relatórios: 6 pertencem a instituições fundadas durante o primeiro período desenvolvidos (entre 55 e 66), 3 deste grupo são as Universidades Católicas; e 6 universidades que foram fundadas na década de 90 recomendação CONEAU Sustentada nos seus relatórios é aumentar a pesquisa, com o objetivo para que o financiamento privado. Os resultados sugerem que o monitoramento CONEAU gera um movimento dentro das universidades perceber a pressão do sistema e gerar estratégias de adaptação. A este respeito, a avaliação parece ter funcionado como uma ferramenta de doutrinação e homogeneização, para as quais existe a questão de como é sustentável deste processo no tempo.

Resumen:El presente ensayo tiene como objetivo analizar de qué manera es posible construir una utopía liberal con base en el giro narrativo que propone Rorty, indicando la importancia de la novela en la construcción de una sociedad liberal basada en el respeto a la diversidad de estilos de vida y así como mostrar algunas objeciones que tal propuesta suscita. La primera tiene que ver con la ausencia de una clara conexión entre ética y estética en la propuesta de Rorty, esto es, con la casi nula aclaración por parte de Rorty del nexo entre educación sentimental y literatura, dado que no es obvio que la narrativa asegure una sociedad más solidaria. Incluso suponiendo que sí lo hace, es importante reflexionar sobre la eficacia causal de la novela en los sentimientos morales de los agentes morales que asegure un incremento de su solidaridad, como claramente lo require la utopía liberal rortiana. La segunda objeción a la propuesta de Rorty intenta mostrar que lo que llamo la utopía detrás de la utopía de Rorty, a saber, la urgente necesidad de asegurar que la imaginación literaria es infinita (pues, sin este elemento la utopía política de Rorty no es viable) puede verse seriamente amenazada por la creciente banalidad de la literatura actual, señalada por Kundera. Palabras clave: Utopía liberal, solidaridad, tolerancia, inclusión, giro narrativo, sentimientos morales, cultura literaria, banalidad, imaginación literaria, verdad, democracia.Resumo:O presente ensaio tem como objetivo analisar de que maneira é possível construir uma utopia liberal baseada no giro narrativo que propõe Rorty, indicando a importância do romance na construção deuma sociedade liberal baseada no respeito à diversidade de estilos de vida, assim como apresentar algumas objeções que tal proposta suscita. A primeira tem a ver com a ausência de uma clara conexãoentre ética e estética na proposta de Rorty, ou seja, na quase inexistente aclaração por parte de Rorty do nexo entre educação sentimental e literatura, dado que não é obvio que a narrativa garanta uma sociedade mais solidária. Ainda supondo que assim seja, é importante refletir sobre a eficácia causal do romance nos sentimentos morais dos agentes morais que garanta um incremento da solidariedade, como claramente o requer a utopia liberal rortiana. A segunda objeção à proposta de Rorty tenta mostrar que o que chamo de utopia trás da utopia de Rorty, isto é, a urgente necessidade de garantir que a imaginação literária é infinita (dado que sem esse elemento a utopia política de Rorty não é viável) pode verse seriamente ameaçada pela crescente banalidade da literatura atual, sinalizada por Kundera. Palavras chave: Utopia liberal, solidariedade, tolerância, inclusão, giro narrativo, sentimentos morais, cultura literária, banalidade, imaginação literária, verdade, democracia.Abstract:This essay aims at analyzing in what way it is possible to construct a liberal utopia based on the narrative turn proposed by Rorty showing the importance of the novel in the construction of a liberal society that respects diversity in life styles, as well as at signaling some objection that such a proposal arises. The first objection regards the lack of a clear connection between ethics and aesthetics in Rorty's proposal, that is, the almost null explanation of the link emotional education-literature, as it is not obvious that literature ensures more solidarity in society. Even if thought it did, it is important to reflect about the causal efficacy of the novel on moral feelings of social agents that makes sure an increase of their solidarity, as clearly the liberal Rortian utopia requires. The second objection tries to show that what I call Rorty's utopia behind utopia, that is, the urgent need to state that literary imagination is infinite-as without it, Rorty's political utopia is unfeasible- can be seriously threatened by today's growing emptiness of literature highlighted by Kundera. Keywords: liberal utopia; solidarity; tolerance; inclusion; narrative turn: moral feelings; literary culture; emptiness; literary imagination; truth; democracy

Using Kentucky as a case study, the research described in this paper examines efforts to provide equality of educational opportunity. Standards based educational reform has produced myriad data on student achievement that are used by educators, policy analysts, legislators, and researchers to discern progress. This research makes use of multiple sources of data(CATS index, reading proficiency, math proficiency) in an attempt to more thoroughly consider progress in attempts to ameliorate gaps in student achievement that have been found to exist as related to local wealth. Findings from the study show mixed results. Although local wealth has decreased as a predictor of student achievement in reading, it is still a significant predictor of achievement in math. Gaps are closing more rapidly at the elementary school level which suggests the need to study the process of education at the secondary level. Lastly, student demographics, especially students qualifying for free and reduced lunch continue to be a significant predictor of student achievement. We conclude that changes to state accountability systems that move the unit of analysis from the school to the student level offer the best opportunity to utilize emerging research methodologies that will enable practitioners and analysts to better analyze educational process. ; Usando de Kentucky como caso de estudio, la investigacin descrita en este artculo examina los esfuerzos para proporcionar igualdad de oportunidad educativa. La reforma educativa basada en estndares se han producido una variedad de datos sobre el desempeo de los estudiantes que son utilizados por los educadores, analistas polticos, los legisladores y los investigadores que tratan de detectar el progreso. Esta investigacin utiliza mltiples fuentes de datos (ndice de CATS, el dominio de la lectura, habilidad matemtica) para investigar los avances ms plenamente con el fin de minimizar las brechas en logros de los estudiantes en relacin a la riqueza local. Los resultados muestran resultados mixtos. A pesar de la riqueza local se ha reducido como un indicador de rendimiento de los estudiantes en lectura, sigue siendo un indicador de rendimiento en matemticas. Las brechas se estn cerrando ms rpido en el nivel de la escuela primaria, lo que sugiere la necesidad de estudiar el proceso educativo en el nivel secundario. Por ltimo, los datos demogrficos de los estudiantes, especialmente a los estudiantes matriculados para el almuerzo gratis o reducido sigue siendo un indicador significativo del rendimiento estudiantil. La conclusin de que los cambios en los sistemas estatales de rendicin de cuentas que se mueve la unidad de anlisis del nivel de la escuela hacia el nivel del estudiante ofrece la mejor oportunidad de utilizar nuevas metodologas de investigacin que permitir a los profesionales y analistas para analizar mejor el proceso educativo. ; Usando o Kentucky como estudo de caso, a pesquisa descrita neste artigo examina os esforos para se oferecer igualdade de oportunidade educacional. Os padres com base na reforma educacional produziram uma variedade de dados sobre o aproveitamento do aluno que so usados por educadores, analistas de polticas, legisladores e pesquisadores na tentativa de detectar progresso. Esta pesquisa faz uso de mltiplas fontes de dados (ndice CATS, proficincia em leitura, proficincia em matemtica) para investigar o progresso de forma mais completa a fim de minimizar as lacunas encontradas no aproveitamento do aluno em relao riqueza local. Os resultados do estudo mostram resultados misturados. Embora a riqueza local tenha diminudo como um indicador de aproveitamento do aluno em leitura, ele ainda um indicador de aproveitamento em matemtica. As lacunas esto se fechando mais rapidamente no nvel da escola elementar, o que sugere a necessidade de se estudar o processo educacional no nvel secundrio. Finalizando, os dados demogrficos dos alunos, especialmente os alunos inscritos para almoo gratuito e reduzido continuam a ser um indicador significativo do aproveitamento do aluno. Conclumos que as mudanas para sistemas estatais de accountability que movimentam a unidade de anlise do nvel escolar em direo ao nvel do aluno oferece a melhor oportunidade de usar metodologias de pesquisas emergentes que iro possibilitar a profissionais e analistas analisar melhor o processo educacional.

Since 1921 on the territories of ex-Russian empire that according to the conditions of the Treaty of Rome was a part of Rzeczpospolita (Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) and since 1922 in eastern Galicia the government of the country started general call to military service. The aim of this article is to define and analyze the principle factors that determined the attitude of Ukrainian servicemen to military service in Polish army, to look into and describe how units' commanders characterized Ukrainian recruits, and to clarify who were Ukrainians in Polish army "ours" or "alien". The first calls of Ukrainians to military service in Polish army took place at the time of the biggest tensions in the bilateral relations caused by the defeat of West Ukrainian People's Republic (ZUNR), uncertain Public Legal Status of Eastern Galicia, increase in dissatisfaction with government's reform, particularly with the agrarian one. In routine life the level of tension/hostility depended on the level of engagement of Polish/Ukrainians/others in recent military and political battles, changes that happened/ were happening in the life of people resulted from social, economic and political transformations. These factors strengthened by the stereotypes that formed during previous decades/centuries influenced the relations among the officers and Ukrainian recruits. Although the representatives of national minority were considered to be the citizens of the country that had to perform their military duty, suspicion and sometimes the persuasion in their anti-state moods or tendency to perceive and spread anti-Polish slogans was really strong.Showing excessive and groundless suspicion became numerous but not system facts of intolerant and sometimes even hostile attitude from the officers to Ukrainian recruits. That was one of the reasons for desertion of the latter and deepening their distrust towards the commanding staff of the army unit. General headquarters acknowledged the existence of abuse and made some efforts to provide healthy work environment in the army. It was successful to some extend as during the interwar period there were no obvious conflicts based on national or religious beliefs.The suspicions of military political leadership of Rzeczpospolita in political disloyalty of Ukrainian servicemen were mainly groundless and exaggerated. Based on the archival material analysis we can state that the recruits with low level of education or illiterate at all, with a weak sense of national consciousness and not engaged into military competition of 1918–1919 were considered in the army as good/capable soldiers and politically loyal citizens. One can say about such servicemen that they performed their military duty as they were persuaded that "the law/order of the government must be obeyed" but not with the sense of duty to the country. At the same time people who were elleducated,with the strong sense of national consciousness, active in social and political life, participants of armed Polish-Ukrainian standoff were suspected in disloyalty and were considered as potentially dangerous elements in the army. Not paying attention to the suspicions the latter, with the exception of some minor cases, didn't run anti-state political campaign in the army, they tried to develop skill in military affairs and to be exemplary soldiers. This group wasn't numerous and made up only a small percentage of the total amount of Ukrainians. Due to the distribution to different units these people were not dangerous for the army. This way we can state that the usage of the term "alien" by military and political leadership of Poland for indicating people of other nationality than Polish in the army was contingent and it didn't correspond to its direct meaning. Non-polish soldiers were not considered to be hostile elements in the army, but rather "not ours" among "ours". However, according to the archival documents the state government had strong doubts concerning the readiness of representatives from other nationalities to defend the country in case of war actions. ; У результаті закінчення Першої світової війни, невдачі національно-визвольних змагань українців і укладення низки міжнародно-правових угод, більшість західноукраїнських земель були включені до складу Польщі. Українці, згідно з польським законодавством, вважалися громадянами держави і підлягали призову на строкову службу. Перша спроба призвати представників непольської національності на військову службу під час польсько-більшовицької війни з об'єктивних причин зазнала невдачі. Втім, починаючи з 1921 р., на теренах колишньої Російської імперії, що за умовами Ризького договору увійшли до складу Речі Посполитої, а з 1922 р. і в Східній Галичині, керівництво країни почало проводити загальний призов. Як наслідок, у війську різко зросла чисельність українців, які по різному були налаштовані до Польської держави. Ця обставина змушувала військово-політичне керівництво країни враховувати важливість національного чинника у збройних силах.

The impact on the human psyche, body and emotions in those who endure major traumatic events is well documented, regardless of whether trauma is human induced or the result of natural disasters. In particular, symptoms leading to depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been linked to traumatic events. PTSD was developed in the United States initially following the documentation of traumatic symptoms in Vietnam veterans after they returned home from the war. Similarly, the diagnosis of PTSD is widely used across Asian countries, and in Cambodia specifically. PTSD diagnoses are reinforced in medical, clinical and academic training programmes, as well as in research designs and outcomes. More profoundly, the diagnosis of PTSD was highlighted by foreign experts after their psychiatric, forensic evaluation of survivors of the Khmer Rouge genocide; their findings underscored testimonies during hearings in the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC). This study set out initially to determine the discrepancy between descriptive analyses of PTSD, and lived experiences of Cambodian survivors of the Khmer Rouge. Despite studies on idioms of distress in non-Western cultures, few ethno-cultural studies capture fully the trauma response set of symptoms in the context of Cambodians' postgenocide history. Given the dearth of assessment infrastructure for the Cambodian context, this study was designed with three objectives: 1) to explore the meaning of trauma and the ethnocultural range of responses to distress, including baksbat (broken courage) for those living inside Cambodia; 2) to develop and validate an inventory to measure ethno-cultural conditions and expressions of baksbat; and 3) to increase the cultural competency in particular on baksbat to local and foreign mental health workers who are practicing and researching in Cambodia. This study used a progression of qualitative and quantitative mixed-methods that started with ethnographic interviews and focus groups in order to unfold the ethno-cultural meaning of trauma; validation of the inventory followed. The focus group discussions were conducted with 53 experts in order to understand the baksbat domain from their overlapping and individual perspectives of context, content, and process. Thematic analysis of the interview data assisted the item development of the first inventory designed to measure the baksbat complex. That inventory for baksbat was administered to a clinical sample inside Cambodia in order to validate the clustering of items. Cambodian psychiatric research is validated mostly on former refugee populations residing outside Cambodia, so a baseline sample taken from inside the country was essential to its cultural reliability. From these objectives, the author published three related articles in peer reviewed journals that are attached inside the thesis. The first article was about the understanding and the analysis of the ethno-cultural concept of baksbat from a social, historical, political, medical and etymological perspective. The author also compared the overlapping symptoms between baksbat and PTSD in terms of symptomatology, causation, and treatment. The second article described the development and validation of the baksbat inventory using statistical measures, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to explore the factor loading, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to confirm the validity of the inventory. This article establishes the development and validation of the baksbat inventory. The third article was written about the application of baksbat as an ethno-cultural condition. Herein, its use offered real practice potential in forensic, clinical, research, and education about transcultural trauma in Cambodia. The author cautioned that foreign experts used PTSD criteria to support their forensic evidence, but because of the lack of cultural sensitivity of PTSD criteria, it may have failed to capture trauma symptoms among survivors. In his third article, the author recommends the use of baksbat together with PTSD criteria in giving forensic evidence; also, the author demonstrated its use when testifying as an expert witness on psychological trauma on survivors of the Khmer Rouge regime at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) on the 4th and 5th June 2013. The three published articles presented in this thesis correspond to the three broad aims of this study. This study was exploratory and confirmatory, as there have been no prior systematic and in depth studies conducted on this topic among the Khmer population in Cambodia. The findings show that PTSD and baksbat criteria combined represent better Cambodian survivors descriptive symptoms of trauma. This ethno-cultural syndrome, baksbat provides new knowledge for application on cultural aspects of trauma and mental health in Cambodia. In addition, there is broad scope for other former Cambodian refugees who are living abroad, and for others living in non-Western or Buddhist contexts. These findings bring us another step closer to representing human experience more fully in this long journey across the fields of transcultural psychiatry and traumatic studies.

Abstract only Full text available ; This tracer study was conducted to gather relevant information as to the employment of CPU College of Arts and Sciences graduates from 2000 to 2004. Specifically, this tracer study aimed to (1) describe the graduates in terms of civil status, sex, age and residence; (2) determine the educational profile of the graduates in terms of educational attainment, professional skills, professional examinations passed, and reasons for taking the course/pursuing the degree; (3) determine the trainings/advance studies attended by the graduates after finishing college; (4) gather employment data of the graduates; and (5) gather feedback from the graduates of their experiences during college. This study was limited to all the graduates of the Central Philippine University College of Arts and Sciences from 2000 to 2004. The descriptive research design, a combination of qualitative and quantitative descriptive research approaches was used in this study. The variable included in this study was the respondents' civil status, sex, age and residence. This study included educational profile of the graduates in terms of educational attainment, professional skills, professional examinations passed, and reasons for taking the course/pursuing the degree, the trainings/advance studies attended by the graduates after finishing college, employment data of the graduates and feedback from the graduates of their experiences their college. Data were collected through a self- administered questionnaire among 109 out of 262 (41.6%) computed sample size of the graduates of the College of Arts and Sciences from 2001 - 2004. The survey revealed that the respondents were mostly single, female, 25 - 26 years old, from Region 6, dominantly from Iloilo Province. Almost equal proportion of respondents included in the study resided in cities and municipalities. The respondents with higher proportion were graduates of the degree Bachelor of Arts major in Political Science and Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology. Only four out of 91 respondents included in this study graduated Cum laude and one was a Dean's Lister. The major reasons why respondents took the course at CPU College of Arts and Sciences were strong passion for the profession, good grades in high school, influence of parents or relatives, prospect for immediate employment, inspired by models, prospect of career advancement, opportunity for employment abroad, peer influence, high grades in the subject area, availability of course offering, affordable for the family, and status or prestige of the profession. The major reasons why respondents pursued advance studies were professional development, and both promotion and professional development. Majority of the respondents were generally employed and had regular or permanent status. The major reason why there were respondents not yet employed was for advance or further studies. A higher percentage of the graduates from the College of Arts and Sciences employed as professionals were in education, health and social work. Generally, the respondents were locally employed. Two for every five respondents claimed that their present job was their first job after college. Those who remained in their first job after college did so because of salaries and benefits, career challenge, related to special skills, proximity to residence and family influence. For those whose present job was their first job, majority claimed that their job was related to their course. Respondents accepted job not related to their course due to the following reasons: for better salaries and benefits and career challenge. The major reasons cited why respondents changed their jobs were career challenge, salaries and benefits, related to special skills and proximity to residence. Respondents who changed jobs had stayed in their first job for one to six months. Most of the respondents landed in their first job because they were either recommended by someone, walk-in applicants, informed by friends, and responded to an advertisement. Most of the respondents got their first job in less than a month, and in one to six months. Most of the respondents occupied rank or clerical position in their first job, but later were promoted to professional/technical/supervisor, received initial gross monthly income of P5, 000.00 to less than P10, 000.00 in their first job. Majority of the respondents who were employed admitted that their college curriculum was relevant to their job. Majority claimed that what they had learned in college that were useful and relevant in their first job were, namely: communication skills, human relation skills, critical thinking skills and problem solving skills. In general, the respondents did not make any suggestion to improve the curriculum and the program of the college, although there were some suggestions that should be looked into to improve curriculum of the program. Significant comments of the respondents on the different areas or components of the program should be likewise considered, such as upgrade or improve curriculum, conduct more enhancement training/on the job trainings and educational trips for students, improve hiring professors, improve teaching methods and modernization of laboratory facilities. ; Includes bibliographical references

Author's IntroductionOver the last 25 years, the environmental justice movement has emerged from its earliest focus on US social movements combating environmental racism to an influential global phenomenon. Environmental justice research has also undergone spectacular growth and diffusion in the last two decades. From its earliest roots in sociology, the field is now firmly entrenched in several different academic disciplines including geography, urban planning, public health, law, ethnic studies, and public policy. Environmental justice refers simultaneously to a vibrant and growing academic research field, a system of social movements aimed at addressing various environmental and social inequalities, and public policies crafted to ameliorate conditions of environmental and social injustice. Academia is responding to this social problem by offering courses under various rubrics, such as 'Race, Poverty and the Environment, Environmental Racism, Environmental Justice', 'Urban Planning, Public Health And Environmental Justice', and so on. Courses on environmental justice offer students opportunities to critically and reflexively explore issues of race and racism, social inequality, social movements, public/environmental health, public policy and law, and intersections of science and policy. Integrating modules on environmental justice can help professors engage students in action research, service learning, and more broadly, critical pedagogy.This article offers an overview of the current state of the field and offers a range of resources for teaching concepts of environmental racism, inequality and injustice in the classroom.Author recommendsPellow, D. and R. Brulle 2005. Power, Justice and the Environment : a Critical Appraisal of the Environmental Justice Movement. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.The primary focus of this edited collection is to offer a 'Critical Appraisal' of the environmental justice movement. The articles in this book are strong, focused on broad areas of: critical assessment, new strategies, and the challenge of globalization.Downey, L. and B. Hawkins 2008. 'Race, Income, and Environmental Inequality in the United States.'Sociological Perspectives51: 759–81.This article is an effective overview of the current sociological literature on environmental inequality using quantitative methods.L. Cole and S. Foster 2001. From the Ground Up: Environmental Racism and the Ris of the Environmental Justice Movement. New York: New York University PressThe primary focus of this book is an overview of the US Environmental Justice Movement. Unique in itself, the authors, an activist lawyer and law professor, offer a well‐written overview of the movement.Taylor, Dorceta E. 2000. 'The Rise of the Environmental Justice Paradigm: Injustice Framing and the Social Construction of Environmental Discourses.'American Behavioral Scientist43: 508–80.A leading environmental justice scholar discusses the issue of injustice framing.Morello‐Frosch, R. A. 2002. 'Discrimination and the Political Economy of Environmental Inequality.'Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 20(2002): 477–96.In a critique that focuses on the political economy of place, geography, and ethnic studies, Morello‐Frosch integrates relevant social and legal theories with a spatialized economic critique to formulate a more supple theory of environmental discrimination that focuses on historical patterns of industrial development and racialized labor markets, suburbanization and segregation, and economic restructuring.Pastor, Manuel, Rachel Morello‐Frosch, James Sadd, Carlos Porras and Michele Prichard 2005. 'Citizens, Science, and Data Judo: Leveraging Secondary Data Analysis to Build a Community‐Academic Collaborative for Environmental Justice in Southern California,' in Methods For Conducting Community‐Based Participatory Research For Health, edited by Barbara A. Israel, Eugenia Eng, Amy J. Schulz and Edith A. Parker. San Francisco, CA: Jossey‐Bass.Exemplary reflexive analysis of the power of research as intervention in environmental justice struggles.Online materials

 25 stories from the Central Valley: http://twentyfive.ucdavis.edu
 Environmental Justice Resource Center at Clark Atlanta: http://www.ejrc.cau.edu/
 US EPA Environmental Justice: http://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/
 Environmental Justice of Field Studies: University of Michigan: http://sitemaker.umich.edu/environmentaljusticefieldstudies/home
 Center on Race, Poverty and the Environment: http://www.crpe‐ej.org/
 National Black Environmental Justice Network: http://www.nbejn.org/
 Environmental Justice and Climate Change Initiative: http://www.ejcc.org/
 Environmental Justice Project: http://ej.ucdavis.edu/

Sample syllabus





Ethnic Studies 103: Environmental Racism


Fall 2008


Instructor: Traci Brynne Voyles


Contact Information:
tvoyles@ucsd.edu


Office Hours: Monday, Wednesday 11:00‐12:30, SSB 240 and by appointment


Purpose: This course is designed to explore issues germane to environmental racism and environmental injustice, particularly focusing on the theoretical and material implications of social constructions of identity (race, class, gender, sexuality, etc.) and nature that lead to the degradation of racialized environments, bodies, and communities. In this course, we will explore case studies of environmental injustice, theories of body, space, nation, and colonialism; and think through possibilities for resistance, sovereignty, and environmental justice. The course materials are derived from ethnic studies, environmental justice studies, and feminist theory to provide multiple interdisciplinary perspectives on the state of race, inequality, and environment.


Logistics: You can reach me by email, in my office hours, or by appointment at any time during the quarter. I respond to students' emails by 10 am every weekday; I do not answer students' emails on weekends.


 I do not accept late assignments or assignments submitted electronically.


 This syllabus is subject to change; any changes will be announced well in advance in class or by email.


 Please refer to the UCSD Principles of Community (http://www.ucsd.edu/principles) for guidelines on standards of conduct and respect in the classroom. I reserve the right to excuse anyone from my classroom at any time for violating these principles.


Required Texts


1. Luke Cole and Sheila Foster, From the Ground Up: Environmental Racism and the Rise of the Environmental Justice Movement, NYU Press, 2000.


2. Andrea Smith, Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide, South End Press, 2005.


3. Rachel Stein, Ed., New Perspectives on Environmental Justice: Gender, Sexuality, and Activism, Rutgers University Press, 2004.


4. Al Gedicks, Resource Rebels: Native Challenges to Mining and Oil Corporations, South End Press, 2001.


5. Ana Castillo, So Far from God, Tandem Library Books, 1994.


These texts are available on campus at Groundwork Books.


Assignments and Evaluation


 30 points: Attendance and reading responses


 20 points: Unit 1 Case Study Project and Paper


 20 points: Unit 2 Paper


 10 points: The View from UCSD Project


 20 points: Unit 3 Paper


Unit 1 Project For this project, you will work both in a group (4 people MAX) and individually. Ten points will be earned by doing a group presentation of your assigned case, explaining to the class in 4–6 minutes the who, what, when, where, and how of your case. Your group will produce a 1 page, bullet‐pointed informative analysis of the case in a style that could or would be distributed publicly. NO POWERPOINTS OR MEDIA THAT DOES NOT FIT ONTO THE 1 PAGE—on the 1 page, however, you can use graphics to convey major points about the case.


 The remaining 10 points will be earned by turning in a 500‐word paper that links this case to the course readings and lectures. A prompt for this paper will be distributed one week before it is due.


Unit 2 Paper (1000–1250 words) The prompt for this paper will be distributed one week before it is due. The prompt will require you to critically analyze course readings, lectures, and discussions from Unit 2.


The View from UCSD For this project, you will present a creative project of your choosing that explores themes of environmental racism and injustice from your viewpoint – that is, of a UCSD student. What is the relationship of UCSD as an academic institution to environmental injustice? How can (or how have) UCSD students contest and resist the perpetuation or funding of environmental injustices by their academic institutions? This project can be poetry, visual art, activist literature (i.e. brochures, web sites, pamphlets, etc.), political cartoons, activist alert bulletins, journalistic articles or photographic essays, etc.


Unit 3 Paper (1000‐1250 words) The prompt for this paper will be distributed one week before it is due. The prompt will require you to think cumulatively about the course and apply materials and key themes from Units 1 and 2 to the readings, lectures, and discussions from Unit 3.


Unit 1: What's the Problem Here? Case Studies in Environmental Racism and Environmental Injustice In this unit, we will explore cases of environmental injustice through four major frameworks that will be used throughout the course:


 1. The social construction of identity and power (of race/racism, gender/patriarchy, sexuality/heteronormativity, etc.);


 2. The intersectionality of identity and power;


 3. The relationality of privilege and inequality; and


 4. The transnational or global nature of modern political–economic structures


9/26 Fri: 1st DAY – Introductions


 No reading due


Week 1 ER Frameworks: Race, Gender, Sexuality, and Nation


9/29 Mon:


 Cole and Foster, pp. 1–33


10/1 Wed:


 Cole and Foster, pp. 34–53


10/3 Fri:


 Cole and Foster, pp. 54–79


Week 2 Relationality and Globalization


10/6 Mon:


 Cole and Foster, pp. 80–102


10/8 Wed:


 Cole and Foster, pp. 103–133


10/10 Fri:


 Cole and Foster, pp. 134–166


Week 3


10/13 Mon: Environmental Racism Case Studies


 Due: Unit 1 case study project and paper


Unit 2: A User's Guide to Environmental Justice Studies: Analytic Frameworks and Theoretical Possibilities This unit moves us from the material effects of environmental racism and injustice to the analytic frameworks and theoretical possibilities of environmental justice studies. In this unit, we will read, discuss, and develop theories about how racialization and naturalization work together, what role the environment plays in colonial encounters, and how to re‐imagine what we mean by 'nature', 'race', and 'body'.


10/15 Wed:


 Stein, pp. xiii‐20


10/17 Fri: ss


 Stein, pp. 21–62


Week 4 Ecocriticism


10/20 Mon:


 Stein, pp. 63–77


10/22 Wed:


 Stein, pp. 78–108


10/24 Fri:


 Stein, pp. 109–138


Week 5 Colonialism


10/27 Mon:


 Stein, pp. 225–248


10/29 Wed:


 Smith, pp. ix‐34


10/31 Fri:


 Smith, pp. 55–78


Week 6 Indigeneity and Sovereignty


11/3 Mon:


 Smith, pp. 137–176


11/5 Wed:


 Smith, pp. 177–192


11/7 Fri:


 Due: Unit 2 paper


UNIT 3: Decolonize This! Modes of Resistance to Environmental Injustice This unit is dedicated to the all‐important question of where to go from here? Now that we understand the material and theoretical ins and outs of environmental racism and injustice, how can and how is it being contested, resisted, and undone?


Week 7 Social Movements


11/10 Mon:


 Geddicks, pp. vi‐14


11/12 Wed:


 Geddicks, pp. 15–40


11/14 Fri:


 Geddicks, pp. 127–158


Week 8 The Politics and Poetics of EJ Resistance


11/17 Mon:


 Geddicks, pp. 159–180


11/19 Wed:


 Geddicks, pp. 181–202


11/21 Fri:


 Castillo, pp. TBA


Week 9 Poetics


11/24 Mon:


 Castillo, pp. TBA


11/26 Wed: NO CLASS


11/28 Fri: NO CLASS


Week 10 Conclusions and EJ Futures


12/1 Mon:


 Castillo, pp. TBA


12/3 Wed:


 Castillo, pp. TBA


12/5 Fri: LAST DAY—Conclusions


 Due: View from UCSD Project



Unit 3 Paper due on or before Tuesday, December 9, at 11am, in my office (SSB 240)



Guidelines for written assignments:


*Please note: more specific requirements for content, quality, and style will be included with each prompt.


The three papers required for this course must be:


 –Typed


 –Stapled


 –Submitted on time


Please include a header with:


 –Your name


 –The name of the assignment (e.g. 'Unit 2 Paper')


 –A word count


Please do not include:


 –A title


 –The assignment prompt


Majoring or Minoring in Ethnic Studies at UCSD


Many students take an Ethnic Studies course because the topic is of great interest or because of a need to fulfill a social science, non‐contiguous, or other college requirement. Often students have taken three or four classes out of 'interest' yet have no information about the major or minor and don't realize how close they are to a major, a minor, or even a double major. An Ethnic Studies major is excellent preparation for a career in law, public policy, government and politics, journalism, education, public health, social work, international relations, and many other careers. If you would like information about the Ethnic Studies major or minor at UCSD, please contact Yolanda Escamilla, Ethnic Studies Department Undergraduate Advisor, at 858‐534‐3277 or yescamilla@ucsd.edu.




OptionalFocus questions

 What are the roots of environmental inequality? What are the major policy debates within the field of environmental justice?
 How has environmental justice academic writing and environmental justice activism changed since the 1980s? What accounts for these changes?
 What are the relationships between academic research, environmental justice, and the politics of knowledge production, more broadly? How are these relationships complicated by factors such as race, class, and gender?
 What challenges do researchers interested in environmental justice face and why?
 What are the challenges faced by environmental justice activists that can be informed by EJ research?

Seminar/project idea25 Stories Project: Teaching Tools available in the Summer 2009 http://www.twentyfive.ucdavis.edu Use these teaching tools to introduce the environmental justice movement in classroom settings. Tools may be used individually or in combination with one another.Below, you will see that we have organized the tools by the intended purpose of the activity. In considering which to use, it may be helpful to look over the 'Why Do It' section of the directions for the tool you are looking at for an indication of how this activity might fit within your course material.






Purpose
Teaching tool




Getting to know the group's experience of the environment
Share squares
Environmental experience in pictures
Circles of my self


Defining environmental justice
Where is the environment and what do people do there? Environmental justice defined


Researching your place in the environment
Mapping your community
My town, your town
Data detective


Learning from the life‐stories of others
Environmental justice stories
Circles of my self




Combining tools for lesson planningEach teaching tool fits into one (or more) of the categories above. Combine tools from different categories to create lesson plans for your class or workshop.For example, in a 50‐min class session you could combine the following tools:

Help the group get to know each other with 'Share squares'.
Explore various understandings of the environment with 'Where is the environment and what do people do there?' and then
Analyze women's real‐life experiences with stories and questions relevant to your class with 'Environmental Justice Stories'.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Timmapur-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 501 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 84 per cent is covered by soils, 14 per cent by rock outcrops and 2 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 21 soil phases (management units) and 5 Land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 43 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface and 41 per cent loamy soils at the surface.  About 13 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (0.75%) in organic carbon.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in about 71 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in about 13 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 65 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (320 ppm) in 11 per cent soils.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 83 per cent area and 4.5 ppm) in the entire area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 42 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 160 (32) Sapota - 19 (4) Maize - 159 (32) Pomegranate - 78 (15) Bajra - 200 (40) Musambi - 78 (15) Groundnut - 107 (21) Lime - 78 (15) Sunflower - 75 (15) Amla - 237 (47) Red gram - 66 (13) Cashew - 36 (7) Bengalgram - 176 (35) Jackfruit - 19 (4) Cotton - 160 (32) Jamun - 69 (14) Chilli - 101 (20) Custard apple - 237 (47) Tomato - 101 (20) Tamarind - 66 (13) Brinjal 16 (3) 135 (27) Mulberry - 113 (23) Onion 16 (3) 62 (12) Marigold - 159 (32) Bhendi 16 (3) 120 (24) Chrysanthemum - 159 (32) Drumstick - 93 (18) Jasmine - 101 (20) Mango - 16 (3) Crossandra - 110 (22) Guava - 19 (4) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY  The results indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Timmapur-2 microwatershed among them 4 (11.43%) were marginal farmers, 14 (40%) were small farmers, 8 (22.86 %) were semi medium farmers, 4 (11.43%) were medium farmers and 5 (14.29%) landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The data indicated that there were 191 population households were there in the studied micro watershed. Among them 106 (55.50%) men and 85 (44.50 %) were women. The average family size of landless was 6, marginal farmer was 4, small and semi medium farmers were 5 and medium farmers were 7. On an average the family size was 5.  The data indicated that 40 (20.94%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 91 (47.64 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 47 (24.61 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 13 (6.81%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Timmapur-2 had 37.17 per cent illiterates, 35.08 per cent of them had primary school education, 8.38 per cent of them had middle school, 11.52 per cent of them had high school education, 5.76 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.52 had diploma education and 1.05 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 17.14 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were general labour.  The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 45.55 per cent of the household members, 24.61 per cent were agricultural labourers, 4.71 per cent were general labours and 23.56 per cent of them were students. In case of landless farmers 54.84 per cent of them were agriculture labours, 29.03 per cent of them were general labour and 12.90 per cent of them were students.  The results indicated that, in case of marginal farmers 58.82 per cent of them were doing agriculture, 17.65 per cent of them were agriculture labour and 23.53 per cent of them were students. In small farmers 51.35 per cent of them were doing agriculture, 20.27 per cent of them were agriculture labour and 28.38 per cent of them were student. In case of semi medium farmers, 76. 92 per cent of them were agriculturist, 10.26 per cent of them were agriculture labour and students. In medium farmers 30 per cent of them were agriculturist, 26.67 per cent of them were agricultural labour and 40 per cent of them were students.  The results showed that 100 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicated that 45.71 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 42.86 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 11.43 per cent of the households possess Pucca house. 2  The results showed that, 100 per cent of the households possess TV, 91.43 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 42.86 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 37.14 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 97.14 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results showed that the average value of television was Rs. 6800, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1656, bicycle was Rs.1750, motor cycle was Rs.29230 and mobile phone was Rs.1544.  The data showed that about 28.57 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 45.71 per cent of them possess plough, 2.86 per cent of the households possess tractor, 25.71 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 94.29 per cent of the households possess weeder and 11.43 per cent of the households possess chaff cutter.  The results showed that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.16800; the average value of plough was Rs. 910, the average value of tractor was Rs. 500000, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 3500, the average value of weeder was Rs. 59 and the average value of chaff cutter was Rs. 2325.  The results indicated that, 45.71 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 28.57 per cent of the households possess local cow. In case of marginal farmers, 25 per cent of the households possess bullock. In case of small farmers, 50 per cent of households possess bullock and 28.57 per cent possess local cow. In case of semi medium farmers, 62.50 per cent of the households possess bullock and 50 per cent of the households possess local cow. 75 medium farmers possess bullock and 50 farmers possess local.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.13, average own labour (women) available was 1.65, average hired labour (men) available was 8.35 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.16.  The results indicated that, in case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 2, average own labour (women) was also 1.25, average hired labour (men) was 6.50 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.25. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 2, average own labour (women) was 1.71, average hired labour (men) was 9.71 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.21. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 2.38, average own labour (women) was 1.50, average hired labour (men) was 9.13 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.50. In medium farmers average own labour men available was 2.25, average own labour (women) was 2, average hired labour (men) was 6 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.50.  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the household opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicated that, households of the Timmapur-2 microwatershed possess 20.72 ha (45.57%) of dry land and 24.75 ha (54.43%) of irrigated land. Marginal 3 farmers possess 2.51 ha (86.11%) of dry land and 0.40 ha (13.89%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 16.19 ha (86.21 %) of dry land and 2.59 ha (13.79 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 0.81 ha (6.97 %) of dry land and 10.81 ha (93.03%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 1.21 ha (9.98%) of dry land and 10.95 ha (90.02%) irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 390,761.72 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 501,592.55. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 597,580.64 for dry land and Rs. 1,976,000 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 333,450 for dry land Rs. 810,468.74 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 741,000 for dry land and Rs. 573,558.06 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 494,000 for dry land and Rs. 303,045.09 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 19 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 54.29 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 45.37 meters.  The results indicated that, in case of marginal farmers there was 0.40 per cent of irrigated land, in case of small farmers there was 2.59 ha of irrigated land, in case of semi medium farmers there was 12.02 ha of irrigated land and medium farmers were having 6.11 ha of irrigated land. On an average there were 21.13 ha of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, farmers have grown bajra (4.45 ha), chilly (1.21 ha), cotton (2.91 ha), groundnut (8.22 ha), horsegram (1.21 ha), maize (14.40 ha), paddy (4.57 ha), sesamum (0.81 ha), sorghum (1.21 ha), sunflower (0.81 ha) and tomato (1.21 ha) in kharif season. Marginal farmers have grown groundnut, maize and sesamum. Small farmers have grown bajra, cotton, groundnut, horsegram, maize and sorghum. Semi medium farmers have grown chilly, cotton, groundnut, maize, paddy and tomato. Medium farmers have grown cotton, groundnut, maize, paddy and sunflower.  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Timmapur-2 microwatershed was found to be 98.07 per cent. In case of marginal farmers, small farmers and medium farmers it was 100 per cent and in semi medium farmers it was 93.03 per cent.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households have bank account and 48.57 per cent of the households have savings. 60per cent of the landless farmers have bank account. In marginal farmers 100 per cent of them have bank account and 50 per cent of them had savings. In case of small farmers 100 per cent of them had bank account and 71.43 per cent possess savings. In case of semi medium farmers, 4 100 per cent of possess bank account and 62.50 per cent farmer's savings. In Medium farmers, 100 per cent of farmers possess bank account.  The results indicated that 54.29 per cent of the farmers have borrowed credit from different sources which includes 75 per cent of marginal, 57.14 per cent of small, 75 per cent of semi medium and 50 per cent of medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 31.58 per cent have availed loan in commercial bank, 15.79 per cent have availed loan in cooperative Bank, 5.26 per cent have availed loan from friends/relatives, 89.47 per cent have availed loan in Grameena bank, 42.11per cent have availed loan from money lender and 10.53 per cent have availed loan in SHGs/CBOs.  The results indicated that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium have availed Rs. 55,000, Rs. 110,062.50, Rs. 74,166.67 and Rs, 195,000 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed was Rs. 108,447.37.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture production.  The results indicated that, 27.27 per cent of the household's barrowed private credit for agriculture production which includes 40 per cent of the small and 50 per cent of the semi medium farmers.  Results indicated that 19.23 per cent of households were partially paid their loan, 61.54 per cent of households were unpaid their loan and 19.23 per cent of households were fully paid their loan.  Results indicated that 63.64 per cent of the households have partially paid their loan, 27.27 per cent have unpaid their private credit and 9.09 per cent of the households have fully paid their loan.  The results indicated that 30.77 per cent of the households were opined that helped to perform timely agricultural operations, 46.15 per cent of the households were opined that higher rate of interest, 7.69 per cent of the households were opined that they were forced to sell the produce at low price to repay loan in time .  The results indicated that, 9.09 per cent of the households were opined that helped to perform timely agricultural operations and higher rate of interest and 36.36 per cent of the households were not given any opinion.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 27597.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 29830.49. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 2232.71. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.08.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 61186.58. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 75699.47. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 14512.89. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.24. 5  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 62877.74. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 73035.07. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 10157.34. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.16.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 17933.64. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 25454.72. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 7521.08. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.42.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 28537.03. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 103740. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. 75202.97. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.64.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for horsegram was Rs. 11451.45. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 26840.67. The net income from horsegram cultivation was Rs. 15389.22. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.34.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 28542.16. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 71784.37. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 43242.21. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.52.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 34933.39. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 63232. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 28298.61. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.81.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for chilly was Rs. 23059.20. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 181133.33. The net income from chilly cultivation was Rs. 158074.14. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:7.86.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 13146.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 34382.40. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 21235.90. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.62.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for sesamum was Rs. 15380.78. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 21612.50. The net income from sesamum cultivation was Rs. 6231.72. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.41.  The results indicated that, 62.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 34.29 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The table indicated that, in landless farmers, the average income from wage was Rs. 26000. In marginal farmers the average income from wage was Rs. 26071.43 and agriculture was Rs. 37600. In small farmers the average income from wage was Rs. 6 26071.43, agriculture was Rs. 49050 and dairy farm was Rs. 2112.14. In semi medium farmers the average income from wage was Rs. 14,375, agriculture was Rs. 117,562.50 and dairy farm was Rs.625. In medium farmers the average income from wage was Rs. 15000, agriculture was Rs. 71500 and dairy farm was Rs. 750.  The results indicated that, in landless farmers, the average expenditure from wage was Rs. 13000, in marginal farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs.5666.67 and agriculture was Rs.14750. In case of small farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs. 11111.11, agriculture was Rs. 23285.71 and dairy farm was Rs. 10,000. In case of semi medium farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs. 5750, agriculture was Rs. 47875 and dairy farm was Rs.1000. In case of medium farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs. 3,000 and agriculture was Rs. 35,000.  The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 20 coconut and 49 mango trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have planted 50 neem, 6 tarmind, 1 banyan and 1 peeple trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs.2257.14 for land development, Rs. 1171.43 in irrigation facility, Rs.1314.29 for improved crop production, Rs.600 for improved livestock management and Rs.142.86 for subsidiary enterprises.  The data showed that Marginal households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2500 for land development, Rs. 1500 for irrigation facility and Rs.1250 for improved crop production. Small farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2357.14 for land development, Rs. 785.71 in irrigation facility, Rs.1642.86 for improved crop production and Rs.357.14 for improved livestock management. Semi medium farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2000 for land development, Rs. 1750 in irrigation facility, Rs.1250 for improved crop production and Rs.750 for improved livestock management. Medium farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5000 for land development, Rs. 2500 for irrigation facility, Rs.2000 for improved crop production, Rs.2500 for improved livestock management and Rs.1250 for subsidiary enterprises.  The results indicated that, for land development, 20 per cent were depending on loan from the bank and 2.86 per cent of the households were depending on soft loan. For irrigation facility 5.71 per cent of the households were dependent on loan from bank and 11.43 per cent were depending on soft loan. Similarly for improved crop production, 5.71 per cent of the households were dependent on loan from the bank, 2.86 per cent were dependent on their own funds and 14.29 per cent of the households were depending on soft loan. For improved livestock management 2.86 per cent were dependent on own funds and 11.43 per cent were dependent on soft loan. For subsidiary enterprises 2.86 per cent of the households were dependent on soft loan. 7  The results indicated that, chilli, cotton, horsegram, sesamum, sorghum, sunflower and tomato crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Bajra, groundnut, maize and paddy were sold to the extent of 85.71 per cent, 96.27 per cent, 97.23 per cent and 94.33 per cent respectively.  The results indicated that, 62.86 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchant, 31.43 percent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets and 14.29 percent of the households sold their produce in cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that 11.43 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transport, 57.14 per cent of them have used tractor and 40 per cent have used truck as a mode of transport.  The results indicated that, 42.86 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 50 percent of marginal farmers, 42.86 per cent of small farmers, 37.50 per cent of semi medium farmers and 100 percent of medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing including 100 per cent of marginal farmers, small farmers and medium farmers and 87.50 per cent of the semi medium farmers respectively.  The results indicated that, 100 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel and 2.86 per cent of the households used LPG.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 82.86 per cent of the households and 17.14 per cents of the households were using bore well for drinking water.  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 31.43 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 20 per cent of landless, 100 per cent of marginal, 21.43 per cent of small, 25 per cent of semi medium and 25 per cent of medium farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 42.86 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 60 per cent of the landless, 100 percent of the marginal, 21.43 per cent of the small, 12.50 per cent of the semi medium and 100 percent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, milk, egg and meat were adequate for 94.29 per cent, 60 per cent, 5.71 per cent, 85.71 per cent, 80 per cent, and 65.71 per cent respectively. Vegetables and fruits were adequate for 48.57 per cent of the households. 8  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseed, vegetables, fruits, milk, egg and meat were inadequate for 5.71 per cent, 40 per cent, 80 per cent, 42.86 per cent, 40 per cent, 5.71 per cent, 17.14 per cent and 31.43 per cent respectively.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field was experienced by 74.29 per cent of the households, frequent incidence of pest and diseases was experienced by 65.71 per cent of the farmers, inadequacy of irrigation water was experienced by 42.86 per cent of the households, high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals was experienced by 65.71 per cent of the households, high rate of interest on credit was experienced by 60 per cent of the farmers, low price for the agricultural commodities was experienced by 60 per cent of the farmers, lack of marketing facilities in the area was experienced 65.71 per cent of the households, inadequate of extension services experienced by 65.71 per cent of the households, lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market was experienced by 74.29 per cent of the households and less rainfall was experienced by 25.71 per cent of the farmers. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

The paper aims to analyse the determinants of international migration among the Croatian population in the recent period following Croatia's entry into the European Union in 2013, with a special focus on the increased immigration to Croatia. The fundamental assumption is that, in addition to emigration from Croatia, the immigration of foreign workers to Croatia is also on the rise. This influx is primarily from economically less developed Asian and African countries. Meanwhile, immigration from the traditional workforce pool, the area of Southeastern Europe, is decreasing significantly. However, this region remains relatively the dominant source of migrants. Workforce immigration to Croatia has been singled out as a separate research unit, which not only examines the scale and basic characteristics of "foreigners" in Croatia but also provides an overview of the factors conditioning the existing relations within the labour market in Croatia. Demographic trends at the state level have significantly affected changes in the working-age and active population in Croatia. This includes a reduction in the work potential of the resident population. In addition to these established changes, other challenges in the labour market, primarily educational and profile-related, can be singled out. In addition to the reduction in the number of the working-age population, there is a structural mismatch between the current supply and demand for jobs. This mismatch results in either a shortage or a surplus of workers in certain industries, consequently contributing to the overall increase in general unemployment among the resident population and/or the need to compensate for the lack of labour through "import". In 2015, Croatia experienced a very high unemployment rate, close to 43%, among young people up to the age of 25. This figure was twice as high as the average for EU member states. Additionally, there was a significant number of young people in Croatia who were not active in the labour market. Despite having no obstacles and not being included in the education and/ or training system, these individuals were not actively seeking employment either (Obadić, 2017). The total number of persons who immigrated to Croatia from 2016 to 2022 slightly exceeds 220,000, with 70% of them being foreigners. Furthermore, a much faster relative increase in the immigration of foreign citizens was observed compared to the immigration of Croatian citizens, especially in 2021 and 2022. The relative share of 84% of immigrants of working age confirms the assumption that it is primarily a question of workforce migration. This statistical evidence suggests that the arrival of foreigners to work in Croatia constitutes a significant portion of this migration. According to the total number of foreigners who immigrated to Croatia and their country of origin, three geographical areas stand out: other European countries (countries outside the EEA) with almost 67%, Asian countries (14,35%) and European Union countries with 13,66%. The largest relative increase in immigration was registered from Asia. However, in absolute terms, more than 105,000 foreigners immigrated to Croatia from other European countries, primarily from BiH, Serbia, Albania, Kosovo, North Macedonia, etc. (2016–2022). The analysis of external migration from 2016 to today indicates a number of changes in migration processes, including their character, nature, volume, etc. They will affect the main sources of foreign labour in Croatia, signalling the beginning of the substitution of the traditional, regional labour pool with new emitting areas, i.e. workers from economically disadvantaged Asian and African countries. In 2021, the majority of foreigners, accounting for 35%, immigrated to the City of Zagreb and Zagreb County, while 37% chose the six "Adriatic" counties, mostly Split-Dalmatia, Istria, and Primorje-Gorski Kotar County. Although foreign immigration is significantly lower in other counties, the noteworthy achievement of a positive migration balance "with foreigners" in all counties in 2021 confirms the assumption that this determinant will increasingly impact the total balance of counties with foreign countries. In the last three years, slightly more than 31,000 requests from citizens of EEA member states for temporary residence in Croatia were approved. However, based on the purpose of stay, only 7,000 requests were approved for work in Croatia. From 2017 to 2020, 26,500 people met the conditions for permanent residence in Croatia, predominantly Germans, Slovenians, Italians and Austrians of retirement age who are extensively investing in real estate along the Adriatic. In conclusion, it should be noted how the two characteristic processes of increased immigration to Croatia in the last 5 years differ. The immigration of foreigners from non-European countries is primarily related to labour force migration, which is still in its early stages. On the other hand, there is the specific immigration of citizens of EU member states who, in their retirement age, immigrate to Croatia without work potential. The absolute and relative relations between these two groups will ultimately affect the total migration balance of "foreigners"

The article is devoted to the study of the legal status of the family, including families with children as a subject of social security relations in the field of state social benefits. Analyzing a number of legislative acts that contain provisions on the procedure for providing social security to families, it was concluded that when it comes to the field of social insurance, the subjects of social security relations is mostly a single family member, and in the field of providing state social benefits legislator distinguishes the family as a collective entity, enshrining its rights and guarantees in the field of social protection. The peculiarities of the legal personality of the data of the participants of social security legal relations are determined and analyzed. The fact of origin of the right and legal capacity of families is established. The legal capacity of the family as a collective subject of social security relations arises from the moment of its creation. Legal facts confirming this action are acts of civil status, such as marriage, adoption of a child, as well as court decisions and a notarized agreement between a man and a woman establishing the existence of family relations (cohabitation, joint management and mutual rights and duties). The legal capacity of families with children arises from the moment of the child's maintenance and upbringing in the family. In turn, the sectoral capacity of such an entity in the field of state social assistance arises from the moment of poverty or legally significant circumstances that are not related to the income received by the family. It is concluded that additional features of the legal personality of families with children are: 1) the presence of children; 2) a legal relationship has been established between the child and the subjects caring for him / her (blood relationship, adoption, establishment of guardianship or custody, transfer of the child to a foster family or family-type orphanages); 3) cohabitation of the child with the persons who take care of him, but the latter criterion is not mandatory for all legal relations. The definition of a family with children as an independent subject of sectoral legal relations, which is a person (at least two) who live together, except for the education of a child under 23 years of age, one of which is a minor or a person under 23 years, as well as an adult who lives with his parents on the basis of the fact of disability, others are persons who care for the child and are in a relevant legal relationship with her. ; Стаття присвячена дослідження правового статусу сім'ї, в т. ч. сім'ї з дітьми як суб'єкта соціально-забезпечувальних правовідносин у сфері надання державних соціальних допомог. Проводячи аналіз ряду законодавчих актів, які містять положення щодо порядку надання соціального забезпечення сім'ям, зроблено висновок, що коли йдеться про сферу соціального страхування, то суб'єктами соціально-забезпечувальних правовідносин виступає здебільшого окремий член сім'ї, а у сфері надання державних соціальних допомог законодавець виділяє сім'ю як колективного суб'єкта, закріплюючи її права та гарантії у сфері соціального захисту. Визначено та проаналізовано особливості право-суб'єктності цих учасників соціально-забезпечувальних правовідносин. Встановлено факт виникнення права та дієздатності сімей. Правоздатність сім'ї як колективного суб'єкта соціального-забезпечуваль-них правовідносин виникає з моменту її створення. Юридичними фактами, які підтверджують цю дію, є акти громадянського стану, наприклад, взяття шлюбу, усиновлення дитини, а також рішення суду та нотаріально посвідчений договір між чоловіком і жінкою, що встановлює факт наявності сімейних правовідносин (спільне проживання, спільне ведення господарства та взаємні права й обов'язки). Правоздатність сімей із дітьми виникає з моменту появи на утриманні та вихованні у сім'ї дитини. У свою чергу, галузева дієздатність такого суб'єкта у сфері надання державних соціальних допомог виникає з моменту настання ма-лозабезпеченості чи юридично значимих обставин, не пов'язаних із отримуваним сім'єю доходом. Зроблено висновок, що додатковими особливостями правосуб'єктності сімей із дітьми є: 1) наявність дітей; 2) встановлений правовий зв'язок між дитиною та суб'єктами, які здійснюють за нею догляд (кровний зв'язок, усиновлення, встановлення опіки чи піклування, передання дитини до прийомної сім'ї чи дитячих будинків сімейного типу); 3) спільне проживання дитини з особами, котрі здійснюють догляд за нею, проте останній критерій не є обов'язковим для всіх правовідносин. Сформульовано дефініцію сім'ї з дітьми як самостійного суб'єкта галузевих правовідносин: особи (мінімум двоє), які спільно проживають, крім випадку навчання дитини до досягнення нею 23 років, однією з яких виступає неповнолітня особа чи особа віком до 23 років, а також повнолітня особа, котра спільно проживає із батьками на підставі факту встановлення інвалідності, інші особи, що здійснюють турботу про дитину та перебувають із нею у відповідному правовому зв'язку.

The article investigates the main directions of activity of the prominent Ukrainian lawyer of beginning of the XX century Volodymyr Starosolskyi. It is found out that the scholar's legal concept formed under the influence of the theories of Neo-Kantians, normativists, theoretical and methodological developments of S. Dnistryansky and G. Jellinek, was based on the sociological concept of law and state. The scientific works of Volodymyr Starosolskyi, his speech as a defender of Ukrainian patriots in Polish courts, pedagogical, political and military activities, speeches at numerous meetings, inspired by relevant ideas, give grounds to speak about the integrity and consistency of his legal concept.It is revealed that his university education, experience of political, military, pedagogical and legal activity made it possible to forecast events. In particular, Volodymyr Starosolskyi drew the attention of his contemporaries to the need for the creation of Ukrainian armed forces, in order to, in his words, put the force on guard of the law of Ukraine with the onset of «iron and blood» time. An important argumentation by Volodymyr Starosolskyi is the need of implementation (realization) of the right to self-determination by all the nations liberated from the domination of the Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires, and a clear and unequivocal denial of the «economic» justification of the alliance of Ukraine and Russia, which was considered an indisputable truth until recently.Developing the idea about the right of nations to self-determination, Volodymyr Starosolskyj argued that the nation could not realize its right differently than through its own statehood. Moreover, the nation cannot waive the right to self-determination, the right to its state will, as well as to J.-J. Rousseau, no one can «deny the will».As a result of the analysis, it becomes clear that the «Principle of the Majority» carries an understanding of many problems in contemporary jurisdiction, and in particular, in international law. In the above-named work, considering the different types of communities, the researcher argues that the communities, based on the «general will», make the decision by a majority vote, whereas assuming that the majority expresses this general will. Based on the concept of Volodymyr Starosolskyj, described in «Das Majoritatsprinzip», we come to the conclusion that international organizations, in particular United Nations, belong to such a type of communities, the base of which includes not the «general will», but amounts to «all wills», and therefore their decisions require unanimity.In communities, where decisions need to be unanimous, a minority, being secured to protect its interests by vetoing the proposals of the majority, should not abuse the law. If there is no unanimity, when voting, the votes are divided; the minority is provided with the right of veto, and the majority continues to seek another appropriate solution. Today this situation has developed on the international scene. In a time when Ukraine is suffering from Russian aggression, and the international community represented by its bodies created «for the maintenance of peace and international security» remain powerless before the state demonstrating the abandonment of the right as a regulator of social relations, which is impossible to force not to abuse the law when applying veto, various proposals for the exit from the crisis appear. One of them is the proposal to change the procedure for the adoption of common decisions in international organizations. However, according to the doctrine of Volodymyr Starosolskyj, the communities that representing the «will of all» (not the «general will»), which, by its legal nature, is the United Nations and its organs, has an appropriate decision-making algorithm for it. Perhaps, countries that pursue aggressive politics, ignore international law, systematically abuse the law, should in fact be devoid of membership in communities whose purpose is to «maintain peace and international security». ; Досліджено основні напрями діяльності видатного українського правника початку XX століття Володимира Старосольського. З'ясовано, що правова концепція вченого, яка фор­мувалася під впливом теорій неокантіанців, нормативістів, теоретично-методологічних напрацювань С. Дністрянського і Ґ. Єлінека, ґрунтувалися на соціологічному розумінні права і держави. Наукова, політична і педагогічна діяльність Володимира Старосольського, проникнута відповідними ідеями, дає підстави говорити про цілісність і несуперечливість його правової концепції.Виявлено, що університетська освіта, досвід політичної, військової, педагогічної та правової діяльності дали змогу прогнозувати події. Зокрема, Володимир Старосольський акцентував увагу своїх сучасників на потребу створення українських збройних сил, аби, за його словами, з настанням часу «заліза і крови» на сторожі права України поставити силу. Важливою є аргументація Володимира Старосольського щодо необхідності реалізації всіма націями, які звільнилися з-під панування імперій, права на самовизначення, а також чітке та однозначне заперечення «економічного» обґрунтування союзу України і Росії, яке ще донедавна вважалося незаперечною істиною.Використовуючи «римську» конструкцію корпорації як уособлення загальної волі, де рішення ухвалюють більшістю голосів, Володимир Старосольський проаналізував також процедуру ухвалення рішень у спільнотах, які ґрунтуються на сумі воль усіх. За своєю правовою природою нині такими спільнотами є ООН та її органи. У сучасних умовах кризи багатьох міжнародних організацій, у тім числі через дії Російської Федерації, ідеї Володи­мира Старосольського знову набувають актуальності.

This article analyzes the important historical stages of the South Korean historical traditions, from ancient Neolithic times to the present day. Investigated important factors and worldview that took place in the historical formation South Korean society, as a modern leader in world kordynatah development. The role of South Korean society, as custodian of tradition and cultural heritage. An important factor in the development of historical traditions in the Korean peninsula since the Neolithic, is cultural pressure from other countries both East and West. Half a century of colonial rule, the Japanese Empire on the Korean peninsula, despite the violence and repressive policies of the national total for the assimilation of ethnic Koreans, the Japanese failed to destroy the Korean tradition, its vitality dignity has gone through rigorous testing history and showed great maturity Korean people. But that could not do the Mongols and Japanese colonizers managed to make the Communist Korea. National history and many achievements were simply destroyed and then recreated originally given ideological communist regime. In this study, we see that an important mission in preserving historical traditions the Korean people serves society and the state Republic of Korea. Going through difficult times of formation of the South Korean state authoritarianism through military control of South Korea reached the level of a democratic state, showing that their maturity and ability to influence the whole world.February 25, 2008 the President of the Republic of Korea for the next five years was Lee Myung-bak. Its characteristics are: determination, straightforwardness and pragmatic approach to business (founded as saying the «Protestant ethic»). Lee Myung-bak, unlike his predecessors, was the first in the history of Korea's presidency, which made a major breakthrough for its people. Former deacon Protestant churche reached stability and success for their country. The period of his presidency is characterized by important stages, namely: the politics of education. He established the National Scholarship Foundation, which has provided student loans. In addition, the government has maintained a system of «deferred payment» for those hard to pay tuition. Politics in economics «Mbnomics» - a term applied to Lee Myung-bak held macroeconomic policy. The central part of the plan of the Lee Myung-bak's economic recovery plan is his "Korea 7-4-7." Name of the plan consists of goals. Increase GDP by 7% raise per capita income to U.S. $ 40,000, and make Korea the seventh in the list of countries with the most developed economies. Foreign Policy. To resolve the North Korean nuclear issue requires close cooperation between the six-party talks. Strengthening the Union of South Korea and the United States, founded on shared values and mutual benefit, it is important to allow Korea to take appropriate action and have an impact on the situation in North Korea and Northeast Asia.Today inter-Korean relations are transient and tense situation. 2010 - 2012 GG, was busy leading to military conflict between South and North. But overall policy of Lee Myung-bak made a major breakthrough in the history of South Korea and exit to world globalization level.New and modern sixth president of the republic for the first time in the history of South Korea was a woman - Park Hyo KIN. December 19, 2012 she won the election fair and opened a new era in the history and traditional culture is not characteristic of this society, which is based on the Joseon Dynasty. KIN Pak Ho, daughter of the famous President Park Chung Hee, who made a great contribution to the development of the South Korean economy and laid a proper foundation. Pak King He based his economic recovery program has put the country. The process of historical development is irreversible, because in modern South Korea, which is a highly developed industrial country, revive and cultivate the values of traditional culture that emerged in the feudal era, can only artificially, natural way of further development of historical tradition these days is directed toward its deep globalization. The peculiarity of Korean tradition explains the features and patterns of historical development in the Far pockets Confucian civilization. Keeping a creative experience of many generations of Korean people, it is not only his property, but included in the treasury of cultural property of all mankind. ; В статье проанализированы важные исторические этапы формирования южнокорейской исторической традиции, от древнейших времен неолита до наших дней. Исследованы важные факторы и мировоззренческие установки, имевшие место в историческом формировании южнокорейского общества, как современного лидера в мировые координаты развития. Проанализирована роль южнокорейского общества как хранителя традиции и культурного наследия. ; В статті проаналізовано важливі історичні етапи формування південнокорейської історичної традиції, від найдавніших часів неоліту до наших днів. Досліджено важливі чинники та світоглядні настанови які мали місце у історичному формуванні південнокорейського суспільства, як сучасного лідера у світових координатах розвитку. Проаналізовано роль південнокорейського суспільства, як зберігача традиції та культурної спадщини.

This report was developed for the Leslie Harris Centre of Regional Policy and Development at Memorial University to assess the impacts of the Centre's Applied Research Fund (ARF). The evaluation focused on the first three rounds of ARF funding (2005/06, 2006/07 and 2007/08), as 2008/09 projects have not yet been completed, however the latest round of projects are discussed in this report where appropriate. The evaluation was conducted by assessing ARF's impacts through the lens of the Harris Centre Evaluation Framework. Findings were drawn from Harris Centre documents and ARF reports as well as from interviews and discussions with Harris Centre staff, ARF researchers and relevant external stakeholders (i.e. community representatives, including government departments and agencies, community organizations, businesses and business organizations, and individuals). The Harris Centre has a mandate to coordinate and facilitate Memorial University's educational, research and outreach activities in the areas of regional policy and development. The Harris Centre created the Applied Research Fund to stimulate research activities relevant to Newfoundland and Labrador's regional policy and development needs and opportunities by offering funding up to $15,000 to Memorial faculty, students and staff to conduct such research. The Harris Centre also utilizes ARF to encourage researchers to mobilize the findings from their work to stakeholders in the community who can make use of them. ARF has received funding from the NL Department of Innovation, Trade and Rural Development (INTRD) and the Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency (ACOA). In the first four rounds, funding to ARF totalled $100,000 each year. Consistent with the mandates of INTRD and ACOA, the Harris Centre places emphasis on providing ARF funding to projects that seek to contribute to economic and rural development in Newfoundland and Labrador's regions (see Appendix E for project descriptions). Since ARF's inception in 2005, 31 projects have been funded (21 in the first three years; see Appendix D for table of all projects). Two additional projects were awarded funding, but were cancelled due to extraneous circumstances; with permission from the funders, the Harris Centre reallocated these funds to further knowledge mobilization of other ARF projects (Appendix F). There were substantially more projects awarded to males and Memorial faculty than females and staff or students; the large majority of applications were from males and faculty members, which indicates that the Harris Centre should address the marketing of ARF so that it reaches and speaks to the other demographic groups. Gender parity was achieved in the latest round of funding (2008/09), so it appears that marketing has been corrected in this area. ARF funding is filling a valuable need by stimulating research that can assist external stakeholders in making policy and development decisions in Newfoundland and Labrador. ARF provides Memorial researchers with funding for projects that address Newfoundland and Labrador's regional policy and development issues, contributing to understandings of the province's unique context, needs and opportunities. Many projects funded through ARF would not likely have qualified for funding from other traditional academic sources, because other available sources are not likely to support: • NL-specific projects (which many other funders regard as only being of interest to a small readership), • the collection of base-line data (which is crucial in providing context for planning, but may not have direct or immediate impacts in itself), and/or • Research that crosses sectors (which is important for holistic approaches in policy and development). iv ARF also acts as a 'seed fund', in that once projects have received funding from ARF, researchers have been able to leverage much funding from other sources. The fifteen researchers interviewed were awarded a total of $202,950 through ARF. Three of these researchers reported that the funding they received directly led to leveraged funding of $5,215,000 plus in-kind funding, three researchers reported that ARF was helpful to them in obtaining more funding, one researcher reported that other sources took a greater interest in the project once ARF funding was received, and one researcher reported receiving $47,600 from other sources for a follow-up project (see 'Evidence of importance of funding to projects', Evaluation Question 3). The ARF projects funded between 2005/06 – 2007/08, provide context and understanding of Newfoundland and Labrador's unique history, needs and opportunities in regional policy and development. Some projects set out base-line data on which further inquiries can be addressed while other projects investigated assumptions, policies and practices relevant to management decisions. This evaluation categorizes the ARF projects by themes under Evaluation Question 2 and in Appendix E to identify the relevance of projects to Newfoundland and Labrador's regional policy and development issues. The six themes identified were among Newfoundland and Labrador's most pressing needs and opportunities: A) Fisheries B) Renewable energy C) Natural resources D) Economy E) Governance and Community Organization F) Culture Through ARF projects, Memorial researchers have developed expertise in applied regional policy and development research and in maximizing the impacts of their findings by transferring them to external stakeholders who can use them. External stakeholders have also developed expertise through the collaborations stimulated by ARF's emphasis on applied connections to community needs and opportunities. The expertise developed by researchers and external stakeholders were often viewed by interviewees as only incremental to their prior, substantial expertise. ARF had the most impact on developing expertise where researchers had little prior experience in applied research with community relevance and applicability. Overall, both researchers and external stakeholders gained appreciation for the potential for academic / community collaborations and felt optimistic about seeking out future opportunities for collaborations. Findings and reports from ARF projects have been widely communicated to external stakeholders through an array of means. ARF's requirement that applicants develop a Knowledge Mobilization Plan has encouraged researchers to think about how they can deliver their findings to maximize the likelihood of impact. The Harris Centre has provided many opportunities for researchers and external stakeholders to engage in two-way knowledge transfer, but should continue working to maximize dissemination opportunities as outlined in the current Request for Proposals (Appendix C). Directly connecting changes in policy and practices to a singular piece of research can be difficult. Before research is adopted and implemented by external stakeholders with capacity to affect change, there is often a substantial time lag in which knowledge is diffused and previous understandings and approaches in society must be shifted. Despite these difficulties, it is clear that the findings from many ARF projects are reaching external stakeholders who can make use of them – findings from many projects have been taken under advisement by external stakeholders and there is ongoing discussion between researchers and external stakeholders on several projects. Several ARF projects have substantial potential for affecting direct change, and are close to realizing their full impact in economic and regional policy and practices. Appendix E provides a summary of ARF projects (2005/06 – 2007/08) and their potential benefits and impacts. Some of the most notable of these are recapped below: • Dag Friis' design of a hull for a pleasure trawler boat will assist boat builders in Newfoundland & Labrador in adapting to changing market trends, while maintaining a 'home-grown' feel and developing v skills within the province. The Glovertown Shipyard is prepared to begin building the hull once it is ready. (2005/06 ARF project) • James Feehan's report on declining trends of federal government presence within the province (in both employment and decision-making capacity) has been relied on by NL stakeholders (including the provincial government and the City of St. John's) in applying pressure to the federal government to restore and improve levels of federal government presence. (2005/06 ARF project) • Tariq Iqbal designed hybrid energy systems for the northern and remote Labrador communities of Battle Harbour Island (2006/07 ARF project) and Port Hope Simpson and Cartwright (2007/08 ARF project), based on renewable resources available in each. The systems are being reviewed by stakeholders in the communities for feasibility. • Trevor Bell's workshop on the impacts of climate change on Labrador's renewable resources increased stakeholder (including government departments and local communities) understandings of the issues and their capacity to develop strategies for adaptation. (2007/08 ARF project) • Michael Wernerheim's report on the conditions in localities necessary to support industries can inform government on how to maximize the likelihood of economic success through strategic placement of industries within the province. (2005/06 ARF project) • Wade Locke's Atlantic Canadian contribution to the international study conducted by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) on the role of higher education institutions in development brought together all four Atlantic provincial governments, the Atlantic associations of universities and of colleges, the Council of Atlantic Premiers and the Atlantic Provinces Economic Council. Locke's report inspired the Harris Centre to host an international conference on the role of Higher Education Institutions (Knowledge in Motion, Oct 16 – 18, 2008), attended by over 225 participants, from across Newfoundland and Labrador, every province in Canada, the United States, Iceland, Scotland, England, France, Denmark and Australia. (2005/06 ARF project)