Suchergebnisse

Considers the role of voluntary associations in connecting citizens & the political system, arguing that their relevance in generating attitudinal dimensions of social capital is overstated. At issue is why participating in such organizations should impact political trust. Official statistics & survey data gathered in France are drawn on to discuss the relationship between association membership & various trust indicators at the aggregate & individual levels. Focus is on the level of participation in French voluntary associations & the link between such participation, trust, & civicness. Findings indicate that participation & trust do not evolve jointly or in the same way. Social capital, ie, political & generalized trust, is also found to be declining while active membership in voluntary associations is on the rise. Further, voluntary associations are not more civic but are more politicized. Attention turns to the nature of political trust, subjecting the consistency of public opinion as determined via computer-assisted telephone interviews to the "Coleman" experiment, finding that people seem less inclined to trust an investigation run by the government. It is concluded that members of associations are not automatically trusting of the political system, although voluntary associations do intermediate between public & private. 5 Tables, 1 Figure, 55 References. J. Zendejas

Considers the role of voluntary associations in connecting citizens & the political system, arguing that their relevance in generating attitudinal dimensions of social capital is overstated. At issue is why participating in such organizations should impact political trust. Official statistics & survey data gathered in France are drawn on to discuss the relationship between association membership & various trust indicators at the aggregate & individual levels. Focus is on the level of participation in French voluntary associations & the link between such participation, trust, & civicness. Findings indicate that participation & trust do not evolve jointly or in the same way. Social capital, ie, political & generalized trust, is also found to be declining while active membership in voluntary associations is on the rise. Further, voluntary associations are not more civic but are more politicized. Attention turns to the nature of political trust, subjecting the consistency of public opinion as determined via computer-assisted telephone interviews to the "Coleman" experiment, finding that people seem less inclined to trust an investigation run by the government. It is concluded that members of associations are not automatically trusting of the political system, although voluntary associations do intermediate between public & private. 5 Tables, 1 Figure, 55 References. J. Zendejas

The study estimates the economic issues related to tobacco. Cigarette and bidi production in Bangladesh have been increasing since 1980. Imports and exports have fluctuated, but there is a persistent negative trade balance in tobacco and tobacco products. Recent prevalence trends are not clear, but remain over 40% among men. National statistics put smoking among women at 4-5%, but tobacco chewing is common among women, and undocumented. Prevalence is much higher for men with lower incomes and education. Policies to reduce tobacco use are summarized, they have been relatively weak, but would be greatly enhanced if proposed legislation is enacted. Money spent on tobacco products by poor people could do much to reduce malnutrition if it were spent on food instead. Real prices of cigarettes have fallen, and incomes have risen, stimulating consumption. Real price increases would help reduce demand, by 3% for every 10 real price increase. Taxes are relatively low (even for the highest priced, most taxed brands, only 55% of the retail price, plus a 15% value-added tax). Higher taxes would increase total revenues, already 7% of total government revenues. Inadequate data exist to estimate the health care costs attributable to tobacco use in Bangladesh.

Girls constitute invisible casualties of war. This is an invisibility that is actively constructed by those who enact this violence, or who benefit from it in some way; it is an invisibility that takes on cultural dynamics when a dearth of statistics, accounts, and accountability perpetuate a tradition of "not-seeing" these forms of violence in the world. If silence is political, "not-knowing" is at the core of power and its abuses. In-depth ethnographic explorations of girl's lives on the frontlines demonstrate that they constitute a considerable percentage of war's victims. But this article shows the violence they face is far greater than traditional definitions of war indicate. Girls are at risk of being raped, maimed and killed in torture and battles. But as well, they are often subjected to violence within their own communities. Some of this violence is organized: international profiteering, for example, reaps billions of dollars of profits by forcing girls in warzones into illegal labor and sex industries. These analyses raise the question of the very definitions and distinctions between war and peace, of the power and profit that adheres to both, and to the very constructions of invisibility that render violence and global profiteering possible.

Objective. Tied to the notion that faith–related organizations provide a fresh alternative to secular social service nonprofits, the Bush Administration has proposed several controversial initiatives to increase the involvement of faith–based groups in addressing poverty in the United States. However, there is little empirical evidence on how these religious organizations raise or expend their resources or on how they differ from secular providers. Methods. Using descriptive and multivariate statistics, this article aims to add clarity to the debate over faith–based involvement in social service provision by examining the organizational and financial characteristics of more than 2,000 large, religious and secular human service providers. Results. The chief finding is that while faith–related and secular human services group have nearly identical expenditure patterns, they rely on different types of revenue to fund their services. Faith–based groups are significantly more likely than secular nonprofits to depend on donor contributions, while secular groups are substantially more inclined to rely on government grants and contracts. Conclusions. Despite the strong fiscal health of faith–related providers, their heavy dependence on donor contributions raises important questions regarding the utility of faith–based policy initiatives.

The development of screening instruments for the detection of paternal alcoholism is of both clinical and research interest. F-SMAST, an adapted version of the Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (SMAST), has proven to be a reliable and valid instrument for the assessment of an individual's father's drinking history. The present investigation examines the reliability of a German version of the F-SMAST. Internal consistency and test-retest stability (Pearson correlation coefficients on unweighted total scores; ĸ statistics and Yule's Y of the individual items) are evaluated in a sample of undergraduates (n = 202). Internal consistency of the F-SMAST is re-evaluated in a second study by analysing the responses of alcohol-dependent in-patients (n = 205). The German version of the F-SMAST exhibited excellent reliability in terms of internal consistency and test-retest stability of the unweighted total scores. Test-retest agreement of the individual items was in the acceptable range. Taking into account the lifetime prevalence of alcoholism and several background variables (e.g. marital status and number of real children) a cut score of 6 or 7 on the F-SMAST seems appropriate for the detection of paternal alcoholism.

The case study presented here represents the application of social marketing theory and practice to increase the levels of full age-appropriate childhood immunization as part of the Immunise Australia Program. In 1995, an Australian Bureau of Statistics survey found that only 33% of Australian children up to 6 years of age were fully immunized according to the schedule being recommended at the time, and 52% were assessed as being fully immunized according to the previous schedule (ABS, 1996). In response to this situation, the Australian Government formulated the Immunise Australia Program. This program comprised a number of initiatives, including: ▪ improvements to immunization practice and service delivery; ▪ establishment of a National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance; ▪ negotiation with State and Territory Governments to introduce requirements for immunization prior to commencing school; ▪ financial incentives for doctors and parents/guardians; ▪ a national childhood immunization education campaign; and ▪ a specific Measles Control Campaign. While recognizing the key role played by structural and policy reform within the formulation and implementation of a social marketing strategy, this article focuses primarily on the community education components of this program.

International audience ; The article starts from the fact that one billion adults are illiterate world-wide, that more than 100 million children of school age are not schooled, and that the democratisation of the access to education is often only rhetorical. On the basis of available statistics it tackles successively three questions. First, who finances education and how much do they spend? Secondly, what resources or means are devoted to the education of an individual, and how can these data be evaluated. And finally, do the inequalities between individuals, social groups or nations tend to de- or increase with respect to education access. It will be shown that, for example, in developed countries like France, the social inequalities when it comes to education have widely diminished and can appear as relatively minor when compared to those affecting children from the poorest countries. At macro-economic level the 'tendentious reduction of education systems' productivity is not valid. Schools are unequally efficient with the same means. The traditional distinction between developed and developing countries is changing, part of which is due an unequal development of developing nations. The least advanced have remained outside of the race, and the distance is increasing.

International audience ; The article starts from the fact that one billion adults are illiterate world-wide, that more than 100 million children of school age are not schooled, and that the democratisation of the access to education is often only rhetorical. On the basis of available statistics it tackles successively three questions. First, who finances education and how much do they spend? Secondly, what resources or means are devoted to the education of an individual, and how can these data be evaluated. And finally, do the inequalities between individuals, social groups or nations tend to de- or increase with respect to education access. It will be shown that, for example, in developed countries like France, the social inequalities when it comes to education have widely diminished and can appear as relatively minor when compared to those affecting children from the poorest countries. At macro-economic level the 'tendentious reduction of education systems' productivity is not valid. Schools are unequally efficient with the same means. The traditional distinction between developed and developing countries is changing, part of which is due an unequal development of developing nations. The least advanced have remained outside of the race, and the distance is increasing.

Обеспечение имущественных взысканий в уголовном процессе Российской Федерации напрямую зависит от эффективной и быстрой работы следователя по розыску похищенного или скрытого имущества. Низкий уровень работы в этом направлении объясняется как определенными недостатками действующего законодательства, так и слабой подготовкой следователей к этой работе. В статье указываются основные ошибки в деятельности по розыску похищенного или скрытого и иной поисковой деятельности. Рекомендации основываются на материале действующего законодательства и практическом опыте. В статье говорится о необходимости финансового стимулирования должностных лиц правоохранительных органов по розыску имущества. ; Within the Russian Federation the problems of providing property recovery" in the criminal proceedings are considered by effective and fast investigation of criminally obtain or concealed goods. As a result conclusions are obtained about the low level of investigative system in the fundamental practical study and forensic statistics in this activity. The article highlights typical mistakes in the investigative and strategic inquiries with the aim of disclosure and retrieval of stolen and concealed goods. The recommendations are given by improvements of active legislation and practice developments. The conclusion concerns the need of active material stimulation of functionary law-enforcement to investigate the criminally obtained and concealed goods.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the cost-effectiveness of the tuberculosis (TB) programme run by the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), which uses community health workers (CHWs), with that of the government TB programme which does not use CHWs. METHODS: TB control statistics and cost data for July 1996 - June 1997 were collected from both government and BRAC thanas (subdistricts) in rural Bangladesh. To measure the cost per patient cured, total costs were divided by the total number of patients cured. FINDINGS: In the BRAC and government areas, respectively, a total of 186 and 185 TB patients were identified over one year, with cure rates among sputum-positive patients of 84% and 82%. However, the cost per patient cured was US$ 64 in the BRAC area compared to US$ 96 in the government area. CONCLUSION: The government programme was 50% more expensive for similar outcomes. Although both the BRAC and government TB control programmes appeared to achieve satisfactory cure rates using DOTS (a five-point strategy), the involvement of CHWs was found to be more cost-effective in rural Bangladesh. With the same budget, the BRAC programme could cure three TB patients for every two in the government programme.

The social conflicts in the police and the gendarmerie at the end of 2001 have revealed the existence of several crises in the field of domestic security. First, a cultural crisis which turned into a social crisis leading the gendarmerie to express its discontent through public demonstrations for the first time in its history. Second, a social crisis, rapidly becoming a structural crisis, undermining the national police force. Third, a diversity of crises which touch magistrates, the prison administration, and customs officers. The entire security chain is therefore affected by major and concomitant troubles. The National Police lives between mythology and reality, without facing or trying to analyze the real nature of crime or to take its mutation into account. Insecurity is no longer just an obsessive fear. Its lived experience complements and relativizes the known statistics. On the other hand, since 1972, the French penal system has drawn the consequences of the enormous number of litigations which are submerging the courts (bad checks, driving offenses). Since then, the law has been weakened through an accumulation of measures such as decriminalization, fines, closing without judgment, alternative or palliative sentences. The time has come to save the public security forces. Adapted from the source document.

In little more than a decade, Italy has become a country characterized by immigration from abroad. This pattern is far removed from what central‐northern European countries experienced during the 1950s and the 1960s.Immigration has not been explicitly demanded by employers, nor has it been ruled by agreements with the immigrants' countries of origin, nor perceived as necessary for the economic system. For all these reasons, immigration has been chaotic and managed in an emergency and approximate way, even though it is deemed useful and is requested by the "informal" as well as the "official" economy.Following presentations of statistics on trends in the phenomenon, three issues are analysed:‐ how immigrants are integrated into a labour market that has not called them and into circumstances characterized by the absence of public policies to help them in their job search.‐ whether it is possible to separate regular immigration involved in the "official" market from irregular immigration in the hidden economy, considering advantages of the first and harmful effects of the second for the Italian socio‐economic system.‐ whether it is appropriate to address complementarity between immigrant labour and the national labour force in a country with 2,500,000 unemployed workers and heavy territorial unbalances.