La tenaz amenaza a la salud, la calidad de vida y el deseo porque el medioambiente se proteja a largo plazo, hace constante la acción social colectiva, que exige a los gobiernos a actuar frente a los flagelos con prontitud. Sectores productivos, industriales y comerciales, equipos multidisciplinarios entre científicos y técnicos trabajan en función de una progresiva toma de conciencia para conjuntar ecología, biología, economía, contaduría, sociología, arquitectura, derecho y muchas otras disciplinas y así involucrarse en la protección y estabilidad del medioambiente del planeta. Es un deseo apremiante en el que todos requerimos respuestas a tantas exigencias ambientales, para disminuir la fricción y la tensión que genera la preocupación, por lo que, de manera especial auditores, contadores y, revisores de la información social, financiera y ambiental, utilizan cualquier medio metodológico para captar, evaluar e interpretar y luego difundir de manera profesional la información socioeconómica ambiental adecuada. Con base en lo expuesto, en este documento se estudian tres componentes para analizar los resultados de una Contabilidad Ambiental: El Sistema de Información Financiera REA (Recursos, Eventos y Agentes) porque maneja los datos contables en forma vinculante, por eventos; las Directrices GRI implementadas por la Global Reporting Iniciative y las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera NIIF. Es un estudio a seguir para conformar una metodología, para que, en lo inmediato, sobre la base de los hallazgos, se definan las políticas y estrategias para que las organizaciones reorienten y/o definan sus cuestiones medioambientales y los interesados tomen las decisiones pertinentes a mejor convenir. Se elabora una metodología para la investigación y presentación de informe al estudiarse el componente ambiental de cualquier entidad, se realiza un desarrollo metodológico, se brindan conclusiones y propuestas. Se concluye que si bien la información estudiada deviene del Sistema de Información Financiero REA, estudiar las Directrices GRI de la Global Reporting Initiative ayuda al profesional, al investigador, auditor, revisor medioambiental a adquirir y a complementar sus conocimientos junto con el tercer componente de este trabajo como lo son las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera cuyo Marco Conceptual despeja la viabilidad para la materia ambiental. ; The tenacious threat to health, quality of life and desire because the environment is protected in the long term, makes collective social action constant, which requires governments to act quickly against scourges. Productive, industrial and commercial sectors, multidisciplinary teams between scientists and technicians work based on a progressive awareness to combine ecology, biology, economics, accounting, sociology, architecture, law and many other disciplines and thus get involved in the protection and stability of the planet's environment. It is a urgent desire in which we all require responses to so many environmental requirements, to reduce the friction and tension generated by the concern, so, especially auditors, accountants and, social, financial and environmental information reviewers, use any methodological means to capture, evaluate and interpret and then professionally disseminate the appropriate environmental socio-economic information. Based on the exposed, in this paper three components are studied to analyze the results of an Environmental Accounting: The REA Financial Information System (Resources, Events and Agents) because it handles the accounting data in a binding manner, by events; the GRI Guidelines implemented by the Global Reporting Initiative and the International Financial Reporting Standards IFRS. It is a study to follow to shape a methodology, so that, immediately, based on the findings, the policies and strategies are defined so that the organizations reorient and / or define their environmental issues and the interested parties make the pertinent decisions to better convenience. A methodology for research and reporting is developed when studying the environmental component of any entity, a methodological development is carried out, conclusions and proposals are provided. It is concluded that although the information studied comes from the REA Financial Information System, studying the GRI Guidelines of the Global Reporting Initiative helps the professional, the researcher, auditor, environmental reviewer to acquire and complement their knowledge together with the third component of this work as are the International Financial Reporting Standards whose Conceptual Framework clears the viability for environmental matters. ; Instituto de Investigaciones y Estudios Contables
The tenacious threat to health, quality of life and desire because the environment is protected in the long term, makes collective social action constant, which requires governments to act quickly against scourges. Productive, industrial and commercial sectors, multidisciplinary teams between scientists and technicians work based on a progressive awareness to combine ecology, biology, economics, accounting, sociology, architecture, law and many other disciplines and thus get involved in the protection and stability of the planet's environment. It is a urgent desire in which we all require responses to so many environmental requirements, to reduce the friction and tension generated by the concern, so, especially auditors, accountants and, social, financial and environmental information reviewers, use any methodological means to capture, evaluate and interpret and then professionally disseminate the appropriate environmental socio-economic information. Based on the exposed, in this paper three components are studied to analyze the results of an Environmental Accounting: The REA Financial Information System (Resources, Events and Agents) because it handles the accounting data in a binding manner, by events; the GRI Guidelines implemented by the Global Reporting Initiative and the International Financial Reporting Standards IFRS. It is a study to follow to shape a methodology, so that, immediately, based on the findings, the policies and strategies are defined so that the organizations reorient and / or define their environmental issues and the interested parties make the pertinent decisions to better convenience. A methodology for research and reporting is developed when studying the environmental component of any entity, a methodological development is carried out, conclusions and proposals are provided. It is concluded that although the information studied comes from the REA Financial Information System, studying the GRI Guidelines of the Global Reporting Initiative helps the professional, the researcher, auditor, environmental reviewer to acquire and complement their knowledge together with the third component of this work as are the International Financial Reporting Standards whose Conceptual Framework clears the viability for environmental matters. ; La tenaz amenaza a la salud, la calidad de vida y el deseo porque el medioambiente se proteja a largo plazo, hace constante la acción social colectiva, que exige a los gobiernos a actuar frente a los flagelos con prontitud. Sectores productivos, industriales y comerciales, equipos multidisciplinarios entre científicos y técnicos trabajan en función de una progresiva toma de conciencia para conjuntar ecología, biología, economía, contaduría, sociología, arquitectura, derecho y muchas otras disciplinas y así involucrarse en la protección y estabilidad del medioambiente del planeta. Es un deseo apremiante en el que todos requerimos respuestas a tantas exigencias ambientales, para disminuir la fricción y la tensión que genera la preocupación, por lo que, de manera especial auditores, contadores y, revisores de la información social, financiera y ambiental, utilizan cualquier medio metodológico para captar, evaluar e interpretar y luego difundir de manera profesional la información socioeconómica ambiental adecuada. Con base en lo expuesto, en este documento se estudian tres componentes para analizar los resultados de una Contabilidad Ambiental: El Sistema de Información Financiera REA (Recursos, Eventos y Agentes) porque maneja los datos contables en forma vinculante, por eventos; las Directrices GRI implementadas por la Global Reporting Iniciative y las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera NIIF. Es un estudio a seguir para conformar una metodología, para que, en lo inmediato, sobre la base de los hallazgos, se definan las políticas y estrategias para que las organizaciones reorienten y/o definan sus cuestiones medioambientales y los interesados tomen las decisiones pertinentes a mejor convenir. Se elabora una metodología para la investigación y presentación de informe al estudiarse el componente ambiental de cualquier entidad, se realiza un desarrollo metodológico, se brindan conclusiones y propuestas. Se concluye que si bien la información estudiada deviene del Sistema de Información Financiero REA, estudiar las Directrices GRI de la Global Reporting Initiative ayuda al profesional, al investigador, auditor, revisor medioambiental a adquirir y a complementar sus conocimientos junto con el tercer componente de este trabajo como lo son las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera cuyo Marco Conceptual despeja la viabilidad para la materia ambiental.
International audience ; The literature on the right to the city, which has seen a major resurgence in recent years, focuses primarily on two subjects, which specifically interrogate the relationship of city-dwellers to the State: social movements/urban citizenship. In order that the claim of a right to the city might be codified, whether overtly or implicitly, numerous works (Purcell, Kyumulu, etc.) also emphasize the extent to which the right to the city manifests in widely diverse "questions", any of which may well contradict or be in competition with any other.In the framework of a comparative research program (DALVAA "Rethinking the right to the city from the Southern cities – perspectives on sub Saharan Africa/Latin America) we distance ourselves from these uses of the idea of right to the city and their emancipatory political ambitions. We put forth the right to the city as an exploratory notion that interrogates the processes of organization and normalization of postcolonial urban societies, from which we posit the hypothesis that they are partly marked by neoliberal rationalities currently under construction. The goal is to shift the analytical focus from an anti-establishment social group, politically constructed in conflict, to the subject ("the individual in socialization" to use Henri Lefebvre's phrase), understood through his social and spatial practices. Through this shifting of focus, we aim to reveal the modes of control and the exercise of power in the city. Analyzing on the micro level, we attempt to interrogate the processes of the construction of norms through the prism of the position of subjects in the practices of control of public space. In Cape Town and Lomé, forms of resistance and of production of counter-rationalities in ordinary, and not conflictual or post-crisis, space-time will be analyzed using qualitative field data.In Cape Town, we will analyze the control of a central historic square, which has been heritage-ized and "beautified" in the framework of a politics of neoliberal urban regeneration, the Greenmarket Square. This square is occupied by an "African" market, where artisanal items are sold, whose place in this urban project was renegotiated and redefined at the time of the FIFA World Cup (2010). Five years after this moment of crisis, we wonder about the functioning of spatial control through the new routines that were then established and the evolution of the individual and collective entrepreneurial subjectivities of the merchants in the square. In Lomé, our reflection will begin with the post-flight spaces, in particular in Djagblé (on the northeast edge of Grand Lomé), where citizens who fled due to the creation of the Grand highway bypass of Lomé between 2011 and 2014 were relocated. This large urban project, mostly financed by Chinese investors and with the strong support of the government, is a showcase for the modernization of the capital. The seizure of the necessary real estate for the creation of this large road (particularly to the east of the Tsévié road) led to the destruction of multiple places of residence and to the displacement of the commercial activities previously practiced there. The initial terms were negotiated by the CII (Interministerial Indemnity Committee) and varied widely from case to case. The responsible parties at the CII effectively compensated families differently while relying on certain residents to relate the politics of displacement in a way that might be acceptable to those affected. Meanwhile at the relocation sites, major conflicts over real estate arose between the original occupants and the residents affected by the urban project. How do these power dynamics create an alliance with or an opposition to the Ministry of Urbanization and the urban authorities tasked with taking action in the area on the outer edges of Grand Lomé? What can we learn from the practices of those affected, as well as from those citizens of the transformed site, about the acceptance of a new order and a new norm in the outer neighborhoods? In areas affected by forced removals, routine practices prevail while very little contestation to the urban project is observed, the differential treatment and the powerful coercion that accompanied the departure of those affected being rarely condemned.
International audience ; The literature on the right to the city, which has seen a major resurgence in recent years, focuses primarily on two subjects, which specifically interrogate the relationship of city-dwellers to the State: social movements/urban citizenship. In order that the claim of a right to the city might be codified, whether overtly or implicitly, numerous works (Purcell, Kyumulu, etc.) also emphasize the extent to which the right to the city manifests in widely diverse "questions", any of which may well contradict or be in competition with any other.In the framework of a comparative research program (DALVAA "Rethinking the right to the city from the Southern cities – perspectives on sub Saharan Africa/Latin America) we distance ourselves from these uses of the idea of right to the city and their emancipatory political ambitions. We put forth the right to the city as an exploratory notion that interrogates the processes of organization and normalization of postcolonial urban societies, from which we posit the hypothesis that they are partly marked by neoliberal rationalities currently under construction. The goal is to shift the analytical focus from an anti-establishment social group, politically constructed in conflict, to the subject ("the individual in socialization" to use Henri Lefebvre's phrase), understood through his social and spatial practices. Through this shifting of focus, we aim to reveal the modes of control and the exercise of power in the city. Analyzing on the micro level, we attempt to interrogate the processes of the construction of norms through the prism of the position of subjects in the practices of control of public space. In Cape Town and Lomé, forms of resistance and of production of counter-rationalities in ordinary, and not conflictual or post-crisis, space-time will be analyzed using qualitative field data.In Cape Town, we will analyze the control of a central historic square, which has been heritage-ized and "beautified" in the framework of a politics of neoliberal urban regeneration, the Greenmarket Square. This square is occupied by an "African" market, where artisanal items are sold, whose place in this urban project was renegotiated and redefined at the time of the FIFA World Cup (2010). Five years after this moment of crisis, we wonder about the functioning of spatial control through the new routines that were then established and the evolution of the individual and collective entrepreneurial subjectivities of the merchants in the square. In Lomé, our reflection will begin with the post-flight spaces, in particular in Djagblé (on the northeast edge of Grand Lomé), where citizens who fled due to the creation of the Grand highway bypass of Lomé between 2011 and 2014 were relocated. This large urban project, mostly financed by Chinese investors and with the strong support of the government, is a showcase for the modernization of the capital. The seizure of the necessary real estate for the creation of this large road (particularly to the east of the Tsévié road) led to the destruction of multiple places of residence and to the displacement of the commercial activities previously practiced there. The initial terms were negotiated by the CII (Interministerial Indemnity Committee) and varied widely from case to case. The responsible parties at the CII effectively compensated families differently while relying on certain residents to relate the politics of displacement in a way that might be acceptable to those affected. Meanwhile at the relocation sites, major conflicts over real estate arose between the original occupants and the residents affected by the urban project. How do these power dynamics create an alliance with or an opposition to the Ministry of Urbanization and the urban authorities tasked with taking action in the area on the outer edges of Grand Lomé? What can we learn from the practices of those affected, as well as from those citizens of the transformed site, about the acceptance of a new order and a new norm in the outer neighborhoods? In areas affected by forced removals, routine practices prevail while very little contestation to the urban project is observed, the differential treatment and the powerful coercion that accompanied the departure of those affected being rarely condemned.
El estudio de las prácticas políticas transnacionales de los migrantes ha tenido diversos niveles de participación en el amplio campo de las migraciones internacionales, y ha sido una preocupación relativamente reciente en Europa y América Latina, donde está menos desarrollado que en Estados Unidos. En consecuencia, son escasos los trabajos que abordan el transnacionalismo político de colombianos, lo cual contrasta con el número de investigaciones que abordan el desplazamiento forzado y la migración colombiana.De los trabajos existentes, en Estados Unidos, resaltan especialmente las investigaciones comparativas entre grupos de inmigrantes, desde metodologías cuantitativas y bajo el enfoque analítico de las redes sociales; mientras que, en Europa, se destaca el estudio de casos específicos, que articulan la teoría de la acción colectiva y la teoría de los factores push-pull, bajo metodologías cualitativas. En todos los casos, las investigaciones que se preguntan por las prácticas políticas de los colombianos con respecto al contexto de salida, homeland politics, son aquellas que mayor atención han tenido a nivel general.El transnacionalismo político es un campo de estudios relativamente nuevo, y conviene resaltar su importancia en tanto que busca atender a la dimensión política de la migración, en este caso de colombianos, no solo como causa —pues al respecto existe un patrimonio importante de investigaciones—, sino como práctica política de participación de estos migrantes en otras latitudes.En este orden de ideas, el objetivo de esta investigación no es hacer teoría de las migraciones internacionales, sino aproximarme a describir las diferentes perspectivas desde las cuales ha sido abordado el transnacionalismo político de los colombianos. Para esto, trabajé desde el paradigma histórico hermenéutico, que me permitió hacer un rastreo comprensivo del fenómeno social a través del estado del arte; dicho paradigma se entiende como investigación de la investigación, en tanto que busca establecer un panorama del patrimonio investigativo existente sobre un tema, para derivar en nuevas reflexiones, preguntas y abordajes sobre este. Dicho esto mi objetivo en este trabajo no es hacer teoría de las migraciones internacionales, sino aproximarme a describir las diferentes perspectivas analíticas desde las que ha sido abordado el trasnacionalismo político de los colombianos, reconociendo que es un campo relativamente nuevo dentro de los estudios migratorios. En este sentido, organizaré la presentación así: primero, presentaré el abordaje metodológico que sustenta el estado de la cuestión; segundo daré cuenta de las investigaciones enfocadas a las prácticas de los inmigrantes con respecto al país de origen; tercero presentaré los trabajos que enfatizan en las prácticas políticas en el contexto de recepción con respecto a su situación de inmigrantes; cuarto presentaré los trabajos que triangulan "Inmigrant politics" y "homeland politics"; y quinto, daré mis conclusiones frente al campo de estudios y el panorama del transnacionalismo político de los colombianos.Para efectos de esta investigación trabajé desde el paradigma histórico hermenéutico, puesto que me permite hacer un rastreo comprensivo del fenómeno social bajo la perspectiva del estado del arte. Los estados del arte son entendidos como "investigación de la investigación". en tanto buscan establecer un panorama del patrimonio investigativo existente sobre un tema, para derivar en nuevas reflexiones, preguntas y abordajes del mismo.Palabras claves: transnacionalismo político, migración, colombianos, organizaciones sociales, participación política. ; The study of the transnational political practices of migrants has featured different levels of participation in the broad field of international migrations, and it is a relatively recent concern in Europe and Latin America, where it is less developed than in the United States. Consequently, there are few works that address the transnationalism of Colombians, a fact that contrasts with the number of research studies that address forced displacement and Colombian migration. The works that stand out in the United States are comparative studies of immigrant groups, using quantitative methodologies and social networks as an analytical approach. In Europe, on the other hand, those that stand out are study of specific cases, articulating the theory of collective action and that of push-pull factors and using qualitative methodologies. In all cases, the issue that has received the most attention in general is that of homeland politics, or the political practices of Colombians in their context of origin.Political transnationalism is a relatively new field of study, whose importance deserves to be highlighted since it deals with the political aspect of migration, in this case of Colombians, not merely as a cause —since there is abundant research in that respect—, but as a political practice of participation of the migrants in other geographies.In this order of ideas, the objective of this research is not to develop a theory of international migrations, but to describe the different perspectives from which the political transnationalism of Colombians has been addressed. To that effect, I based my work on the hermeneutic historical paradigm, which allowed me to comprehensively track that social phenomenon in the state of the art. This paradigm is understood as research of research, insofar as it seeks to provide an overview of the existing repertoire of research regarding a particular topic, in order to lay the ground for new reflections, questions, and approaches on the matter. Having said that, my objective in this work is not to make international migrations theory, but to approach to describe the different analytical perspectives from which the political transnationalism of Colombians has been addressed, recognizing that it is a relatively new field within the migratory studies. In this sense, I will organize the presentation as follows: first, I will present the methodological approach that supports the state of the question; second, I will give an account of the research focused on the practices of immigrants with respect to the country of origin; third, I will present the papers that emphasize the political practices in the context of reception with respect to their situation as immigrants; fourth I will present the works that triangulate "Inmigrant politics" and "homeland politics"; and fifth, I will give my conclusions in front of the field of studies and the panorama of the political transnationalism of the Colombians.For the purposes of this research, I worked from the historical hermeneutical paradigm, since it allows me to make a comprehensive tracking of the social phenomenon from the perspective of the state of the art. The states of art are understood as "research of the investigation". while they seek to establish a panorama of the existing research heritage on a topic, to derive new reflections, questions and approaches from it. ; O estudo das práticas políticas transnacionais dos migrantes vem tendo diversos níveis de participação no amplo campo das migrações internacionais, sendo uma preocupação relativamente recente na Europa e na América Latina, onde está menos desenvolvido do que nos Estados Unidos. Por consequência, são escassos os trabalhos que abordam o transnacionalismo político de colombianos, o que contrasta com o número de pesquisas que abordam o deslocamento forçado e a migração colombiana. Dos trabalhos existentes, nos Estados Unidos, ressaltam especialmente as pesquisas comparativas entre grupos de imigrantes, a partir de metodologias quantitativas e sob a abordagem analítica das redes sociais; enquanto, na Europa, é destacado o estudo de casos específicos que articulam a teoria da ação coletiva e a teoria dos fatores push-pull, com base em metodologias qualitativas. Em todos os casos, as pesquisas sobre as práticas políticas dos colombianos a respeito do contexto de saída, homeland politics, são as que mais atenção têm recebido em geral. O transnacionalismo político é um campo de estudos relativamente novo e convém ressaltar sua importância não somente como causa — visto que, a respeito, existe um patrimônio importante de pesquisas —, mas sim como prática política de participação desses migrantes em outras latitudes. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desta pesquisa não é fazer teoria das migrações internacionais, mas sim se aproximar da descrição das diferentes perspectivas a partir das quais o transnacionalismo político dos colombianos vem sendo abordado. Para isso, trabalhei sob o paradigma histórico-hermenêutico, que me permitiu fazer um rastreamento compreensivo do fenômeno social por meio do estado da arte; esse paradigma é entendido como pesquisa da pesquisa, pois busca estabelecer um panorama do patrimônio de pesquisa existente sobre um tema para derivar em novas reflexões, perguntas e abordagens. Tendo dito que o meu objetivo neste papel não é teoria da migração internacional, mas para aproximar descrever as diferentes perspectivas de análise a partir do qual foi abordada transnacionalismo político dos colombianos, reconhecendo que é um campo relativamente novo nos estudos de migração. Nesse sentido, organizarei a apresentação da seguinte maneira: primeiro, apresentarei a abordagem metodológica que sustenta o estado da questão; em segundo lugar, apresentarei um relato da pesquisa centrada nas práticas dos imigrantes em relação ao país de origem; terceiro, apresentarei os artigos que enfatizam as práticas políticas no contexto da recepção com relação à sua situação como imigrantes; quarta, apresentarei as obras que triangulam "política imigrante" e "política interna"; e quinto, vou dar minhas conclusões diante do campo de estudos e do panorama do transnacionalismo político dos colombianos.Para os propósitos desta pesquisa, trabalhei a partir do paradigma hermenêutico histórico, uma vez que me permite fazer um acompanhamento abrangente do fenômeno social a partir da perspectiva do estado da arte. Os estados de arte são entendidos como "pesquisa da investigação". enquanto eles buscam estabelecer um panorama do patrimônio de pesquisa existente sobre um tópico, para derivar novas reflexões, questões e abordagens a partir dele.Palavras-chave: transnacionalismo político, migração, colombianos, organizações sociais, participação política.
Tese no âmbito do Doutoramento em Relações Internacionais - Política Internacional e Resolução de Conflitos apresentada à Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra ; The 2016 Final Peace Agreement signed between the government of Colombia and the guerilla group FARC-EP was a historical moment that put an end to a protracted conflict that lasted more than 50 years. Although the negotiations took place between the two parties during four years (2012-2016), in the picture of the signature of the agreement there were a dozen of indigenous and black representatives that managed to join the negotiations in the very last months. They were in the picture because they managed to negotiate that very same day the inclusion of an Ethnic Chapter that included the respect for all their ethnic-territorial rights historically acquired and secured, and whose implementation would be in line with their notion of autonomy and self-government, namely by consulting with them and also guaranteeing ethnic participation in peace policies and institutions. How did these ethnic identities come into play during the peace agreement and the implementation phase between the government of Colombia and the FARC? Drawing from decolonial and post-structural studies, this thesis looks into how peacemaking and peacebuilding can reproduce (or not) certain power structures that are already in place in post-colonial countries and societies, and in turn how these marginalized peoples' practices of resistance cope, defy, instrumentalize, and even overcome them. Based on the fieldwork conducted in Colombia during fifteen months, this dissertation explores first how these ethnic peoples worked their way into the negotiations by both mobilizing nationally and internationally and, second, to what extent the precepts of the Ethnic Chapter were taken into account during the first two years of the implementation phase. In particular, the thesis focuses on how the Development Programs with a (Ethnic) Territorial-Based Focus (PDET) were designed in the department of Chocó among government agents and ethnic-territorial organizations. This work argues that it was the agency of the ethnic peoples, their historical capacity to resist and mobilize, and their capacity to join forces between black and indigenous peoples what allowed them to pressure the government to invite them to the negotiations and include the Ethnic Chapter. However, that unprecedented moment of the negotiations represented a window of opportunity that was then closed during the implementation phase, as the colonial structures of power, that have historically relegated their identities, knowledges, and ways of being, flourished once again. Despite the fact that ethnic-territorial organizations gained some space within different institutions in charge of the implementation, they were not consulted for the majority of the agreement's subsequent legislation and the centralist logic of the government prevailed. In the design of the PDET in particular, although large segments of the population, including ethnic groups, participated in the assemblies, their worldviews did not transcend from their local realities to the central government of the country; instead, time constraints, technical procedures, and the government agency's know-how have so far dominated the whole process and limited an intercultural dialogue. ; O Acordo Final de Paz de 2016, assinado entre o governo da Colômbia e o grupo guerrilheiro FARC-EP, foi um momento histórico que pôs fim a um conflito prolongado que durou mais de 50 anos. Embora as negociações tenham ocorrido entre as duas partes durante quatro anos (2012-2016), na imagem da assinatura do acordo, havia uma dúzia de representantes indígenas e negros que se conseguiram juntar aos últimos meses das negociações. Aparecem na fotografia porque conseguiram negociar no mesmo dia da assinatura do acordo a inclusão de um capítulo étnico que incluísse o respeito por todos os seus direitos étnico-territoriais adquiridos historicamente e que garantisse que a implementação do acordo estivesse alinhada com o seu entendimento de autonomia e de governo autónomo, consultando-os e envolvendo também a participação étnica em várias políticas e instituições de paz. De que forma é que as identidades étnicas entraram em jogo durante o acordo de paz e a fase de implementação entre o governo da Colômbia e as FARC? Partindo de estudos decoloniais e pós-estruturalistas, a tese analisa como a construção da paz pode (ou não) reproduzir certas estruturas de poder que já existem nos países e sociedades pós-coloniais e, por sua vez, como as práticas de resistência desses povos marginalizados as podem desafiar, instrumentalizar e até superar. Com base no trabalho de campo realizado na Colômbia durante quinze meses, esta dissertação explora primeiro como estes povos étnicos entraram nas negociações, mobilizando-se nacional e internacionalmente e, segundo, até que ponto os preceitos do Capítulo Étnico foram levados em conta durante os primeiros dois anos da fase de implementação. Em particular, a tese explora como os Programas de Desenvolvimento com Foco Territorial (Étnico) foram projetados no departamento de Chocó, entre os agentes governamentais e as organizações étnico-territoriais. Este trabalho argumenta que foi a agência dos povos étnicos, a sua capacidade histórica de resistir e de se mobilizar, e a sua capacidade de unir forças entre povos negros e indígenas, que lhes permitiu pressionar o governo para os convidar para as negociações e incluir o Capítulo Étnico. No entanto, esse momento histórico das negociações representou uma janela de oportunidade que foi fechada durante a fase de implementação, uma vez que as estruturas coloniais de poder que tradicionalmente relegaram as suas identidades, conhecimentos e formas de ser, floresceram novamente. Apesar das organizações étnico-territoriais terem ganho espaço em diferentes instituições encarregadas da implementação, elas não foram consultadas relativamente à maioria da legislação relacionada com o acordo e a lógica centralista do governo prevaleceu. Na concepção do PDET, em particular, apesar de grandes segmentos da população, incluindo os grupos étnicos, participarem das assembleias, as suas cosmovisões não transcenderam das suas realidades locais para o governo central do país e para a sociedade em geral; em vez disso, as restrições de tempo, procedimentos técnicos e know-how da agência governamental dominaram, até agora, todo o processo e limitaram um diálogo intercultural.
Cette recherche a pour objectif d'éclairer au plan éthique la crise écologique anthropogénique actuelle. Celle-ci peut être définie comme la diminution de la capacité de la Terre à fournir un habitat aux êtres vivants et qui découle des activités ou perturbations écologiques humaines. Cette crise se manifeste notamment par une perte d'habitats à grande échelle, une diminution vertigineuse des populations de nombreuses espèces d'êtres vivants et un taux d'extinction exceptionnel à l'échelle des temps géologiques. Cette réflexion est orientée sur trois axes. Dans un premier temps, un cadre conceptuel s'appuyant sur le concept de culture sera développé pour mettre en évidence la spécificité de l'action écologique humaine. Dans un contexte de changement de paradigme en écologie, cet enjeu de la spécificité écologique humaine a des implications pour l'éthique de l'environnement. La culture comme mode de détermination principal du comportement humain sera analysée comme produisant une instabilité fondamentale dans les rapports de coévolution qui structurent les écosystèmes. Faute de pouvoir analyser en détail l'ensemble des perturbations écologiques multiformes engendrées par Homo sapiens, les implications écologiques de l'exploitation et de la production délibérée de biomasse pour l'alimentation constitueront un fil conducteur pour l'ensemble de cette réflexion. Le second axe de cette recherche concernera la réflexion en éthique de l'environnement par rapport à la crise écologique. Il s'agira d'abord de voir si cette crise écologique constitue bel et bien un problème moral. Ensuite, trois familles de discours en éthique de l'environnement seront analysées de manière critique par rapport à leur pouvoir explicatif respectif quant au problème de la crise écologique. L'anthropocentrisme, le biocentrisme tel que formulé par Paul Taylor, et l'écocentrisme formalisé par J. B. Callicott seront tour à tour considérés. Chacune de ces formulations possédant des implications problématiques, des éléments de réinterprétation de l'écocentrisme seront proposés en s'appuyant sur les acquis de la science écologique afin de fournir de meilleures assises conceptuelles pour faire face à cette crise écologique. La troisième partie de cette recherche portera cette réflexion sur le terrain du politique. D'une part, les intérêts du vivant non-humain et ceux de l'être humain semblent s'opposer dans bien des cas, et d'autre part la relation entre une société et son environnement est aussi influencée par les rapports de pouvoir en son sein et par rapport à d'autres organisations du même ordre. Cette partie visera à réfléchir aux conditions d'organisation sociale qui pourraient favoriser une cohabitation entre l'être humain et le vivant non-humain dans le but de contribuer à l'enraiement de la crise écologique actuelle, tout en maintenant autant que faire se peut une haute qualité de vie pour le premier. Pour ce faire, le rapport à l'espace, tant des êtres humains que du vivant non-humain, sera analysé, entre autres à travers la perspective de la théorie de la biogéographie insulaire. Les implications de cette perspective pour les sociétés humaines seront développées, ce qui permettra en dernier lieu de réfléchir à la façon dont l'être humain conçoit son avenir et sa place sur Terre. ; The goal of this inquiry is to shed some light from an ethical point of view on the ongoing anthropogenic ecological crisis. This phenomenon can be defined as the diminishing ability of Earth's habitat, through human ecological disturbance, to supply adequate conditions for living beings. This crisis is manifested through massive habitat fragmentation and loss, dwindling populations of many living beings, and outright extinctions, whose rate now seems to be many times higher than in the geological past. This inquiry is three-pronged. First, a conceptual framework developed around the notion of culture will enable a better understanding of the human being's ecological specificity. As there has been a paradigm shift in ecology in the last decades, the status of the human ecological disturbance has implications for environmental ethics. Culture as the main behavioral determination mechanism in humans will be analysed as producing a fundamentally unstable relationship with coevolutionary processes structuring ecosystems. Human disturbances have many forms, and all could not be properly analysed in the research. This research will thus narrow focus on human exploitation and production of biomass as food and other resources. The second part of this inquiry will analyse the current crisis through the lens of environmental ethics. We will first try to see if this crisis is actually a moral problem. Then, the explanatory power of three common theoretical outlooks in environmental ethics (anthropocentrism, Paul Taylors's biocentrism and the ecocentrism of Leopold and Callicott) will be considered with regard to the current crisis. Because these three outlooks all have problematic implications, elements for a reinterpretation of ecocentrism resting on the recent developments of ecology will be put forward in order to supply a better ethical framework to think this crisis. The third part of this inquiry will bring these issues in environmental ethics in the political realm. On the one hand, human and non-human interest often seems to oppose each other, and, on the other hand, the way a relationship between a society and its ecological background is shaped is also influenced by political power struggle within society and with similar organizations. This last part will focus on how societies could further cohabitation between humans and non-humans in order to halt the anthropogenic ecological crisis, while maintaining as far as possible high standards of quality of life for humans. In order to achieve this, the way human and non-human living beings occupy space will be analysed, mainly through the lens of the theory of island biogeography in ecology. The implications of this theoretical outlook for human societies will be developed, which will enable in the last stretch of this inquiry a reflection on the place of Man on Earth and its future.
The object of research is the management of practical issues of the implementation of fiscal policy in the functioning of the budget system of different countries. One of the most problematic places is the implementation of a coordinated policy on education and the use of budgetary funds with the implementation of the threat of stopping the work of the government and forced leave of employees.The analysis of the modern system of procedures for resolving contradictions between the top leadership of the country and the highest legislative body of the state is carried out. It is found that stopping the work of the government caused significant damage to the economy. The state bears the real costs, as the contractors raise their prices to minimize the risks that arise. Permanent closure and opening of government work require additional costs for reviewing and evaluating the functioning of the programs included in the budget of each institution. In addition, violations of the existing work cycle makes it difficult to plan and launch future projects and require specialists to have additional time to revise work plans each time budget assignments change. In addition, many tax charges are not collected during a government shutdown. It is determined that, through blackmail and threats and other measures, various decisions are taken in the implementation of budget policies that affect social, political and economic issues.The study used methods of chronological analysis of the budget process, stopping the work of the government and forced vacations of employees. The connection of the decisions made with the budget process and the work of both houses of Congress has been determined. A comparative analysis with similar interruptions of the government's work in other countries shows that it is perfectly acceptable to solve the problems of fiscal policy without interrupting the work of the government and without sending employees on forced leave. This ensures the ability to effectively manage the practical issues of the implementation of fiscal policy. Compared to more aggressive methods, democratic procedures for the normal organization of the budget process allow for a coordinated policy on education and the use of budget funds without devastating consequences for the economy. ; Объектом исследования является управление практическими вопросами осуществления фискальной политики в области функционирования бюджетной системы разных стран. Одним из наиболее проблемных мест является осуществление согласованной политики по образованию и использованию бюджетных средств с осуществлением угрозы остановки работы правительства и вынужденными отпусками сотрудников. Проведен анализ современной системы процедур проблемного разрешения противоречий между высшим руководством страны и высшим законодательным органом государства. Установлено, что остановки работы правительства приносят значительный ущерб для экономики. Государство несет реальные издержки, так как подрядчики повышают свои расценки, чтобы минимизировать возникающие риски. Постоянные закрытия и открытия работы правительства требуют дополнительных затрат на рассмотрение и оценку функционирования программ, включенных в бюджет каждого учреждения. Кроме того, нарушения сложившегося цикла работы затрудняет планирование и запуск будущих проектов и требует от специалистов дополнительно времени на пересмотр планов работы каждый раз, когда изменяются бюджетные назначения. Помимо этого, многие налоговые сборы не собираются во время остановки работы правительства. Определено, что путем шантажа и угроз и других мероприятий принимаются различные решения при осуществлении бюджетной политики, затрагивающие социальные, политические и экономические вопросы.В ходе исследования использовались методы хронологического анализа хода бюджетного процесса, остановки работы правительства и вынужденных отпусков сотрудников. Определена связь принимаемых решений с бюджетным процессом и работой обеих палат Конгресса. Сравнительный анализ с подобными остановками работы правительства в других странах свидетельствует, что вполне допустимо решение проблем фискальной политики без остановки работы правительства и без отправления сотрудников в вынужденные отпуска. Благодаря этому обеспечивается возможность качественно управлять практическими вопросами осуществления фискальной политики. В сравнении с более агрессивными методами, демократические процедуры нормальной организации бюджетного процесса позволяют осуществлять согласованную политику по образованию и использованию бюджетных средств без разрушительных последствий для экономики. ; Об'єктом дослідження є управління практичними питаннями здійснення фіскальної політики в галузі функціонування бюджетної системи різних країн. Одним з найбільш проблемних місць є здійснення узгодженої політики по утворенню і використанню бюджетних коштів із здійсненням загрози зупинки роботи уряду і вимушеними відпустками працівників.Проведено аналіз сучасної системи процедур проблемного вирішення протиріч між вищим керівництвом країни і вищим законодавчим органом держави. Встановлено, що зупинки роботи уряду приносять значну шкоду для економіки. Держава несе реальні витрати, так як підрядники підвищують свої розцінки, щоб мінімізувати виникаючі ризики. Постійні закриття і відкриття роботи уряду вимагають додаткових витрат на розгляд і оцінку функціонування програм, включених до бюджету кожної установи. Крім того, порушення сформованого циклу роботи ускладнює планування і запуск майбутніх проектів і вимагає від фахівців додатково часу на перегляд планів роботи кожного разу, коли змінюються бюджетні призначення. Крім цього, багато податкових зборів не збираються під час зупинки роботи уряду. Визначено, що шляхом шантажу і погроз, та інших заходів приймаються різні рішення при здійсненні бюджетної політики, що зачіпають соціальні, політичні та економічні питання.В ході дослідження використовувалися методи хронологічного аналізу перебігу бюджетного процесу, зупинки роботи уряду і вимушених відпусток співробітників. Визначено зв'язок прийнятих рішень з бюджетним процесом і роботою обох палат Конгресу. Порівняльний аналіз з подібними зупинками роботи уряду в інших країнах свідчить, що цілком допустимо рішення проблем фіскальної політики без зупинки роботи уряду і без відправлення співробітників у вимушені відпустки. Завдяки цьому забезпечується можливість якісно управляти практичними питаннями здійснення фіскальної політики. У порівнянні з більш агресивними методами, демократичні процедури нормальної організації бюджетного процесу дозволяють здійснювати узгоджену політику по утворенню і використанню бюджетних коштів без руйнівних наслідків для економіки.
The object of research is the management of practical issues of the implementation of fiscal policy in the functioning of the budget system of different countries. One of the most problematic places is the implementation of a coordinated policy on education and the use of budgetary funds with the implementation of the threat of stopping the work of the government and forced leave of employees.The analysis of the modern system of procedures for resolving contradictions between the top leadership of the country and the highest legislative body of the state is carried out. It is found that stopping the work of the government caused significant damage to the economy. The state bears the real costs, as the contractors raise their prices to minimize the risks that arise. Permanent closure and opening of government work require additional costs for reviewing and evaluating the functioning of the programs included in the budget of each institution. In addition, violations of the existing work cycle makes it difficult to plan and launch future projects and require specialists to have additional time to revise work plans each time budget assignments change. In addition, many tax charges are not collected during a government shutdown. It is determined that, through blackmail and threats and other measures, various decisions are taken in the implementation of budget policies that affect social, political and economic issues.The study used methods of chronological analysis of the budget process, stopping the work of the government and forced vacations of employees. The connection of the decisions made with the budget process and the work of both houses of Congress has been determined. A comparative analysis with similar interruptions of the government's work in other countries shows that it is perfectly acceptable to solve the problems of fiscal policy without interrupting the work of the government and without sending employees on forced leave. This ensures the ability to effectively manage the practical issues of the implementation of fiscal policy. Compared to more aggressive methods, democratic procedures for the normal organization of the budget process allow for a coordinated policy on education and the use of budget funds without devastating consequences for the economy. ; Объектом исследования является управление практическими вопросами осуществления фискальной политики в области функционирования бюджетной системы разных стран. Одним из наиболее проблемных мест является осуществление согласованной политики по образованию и использованию бюджетных средств с осуществлением угрозы остановки работы правительства и вынужденными отпусками сотрудников. Проведен анализ современной системы процедур проблемного разрешения противоречий между высшим руководством страны и высшим законодательным органом государства. Установлено, что остановки работы правительства приносят значительный ущерб для экономики. Государство несет реальные издержки, так как подрядчики повышают свои расценки, чтобы минимизировать возникающие риски. Постоянные закрытия и открытия работы правительства требуют дополнительных затрат на рассмотрение и оценку функционирования программ, включенных в бюджет каждого учреждения. Кроме того, нарушения сложившегося цикла работы затрудняет планирование и запуск будущих проектов и требует от специалистов дополнительно времени на пересмотр планов работы каждый раз, когда изменяются бюджетные назначения. Помимо этого, многие налоговые сборы не собираются во время остановки работы правительства. Определено, что путем шантажа и угроз и других мероприятий принимаются различные решения при осуществлении бюджетной политики, затрагивающие социальные, политические и экономические вопросы.В ходе исследования использовались методы хронологического анализа хода бюджетного процесса, остановки работы правительства и вынужденных отпусков сотрудников. Определена связь принимаемых решений с бюджетным процессом и работой обеих палат Конгресса. Сравнительный анализ с подобными остановками работы правительства в других странах свидетельствует, что вполне допустимо решение проблем фискальной политики без остановки работы правительства и без отправления сотрудников в вынужденные отпуска. Благодаря этому обеспечивается возможность качественно управлять практическими вопросами осуществления фискальной политики. В сравнении с более агрессивными методами, демократические процедуры нормальной организации бюджетного процесса позволяют осуществлять согласованную политику по образованию и использованию бюджетных средств без разрушительных последствий для экономики. ; Об'єктом дослідження є управління практичними питаннями здійснення фіскальної політики в галузі функціонування бюджетної системи різних країн. Одним з найбільш проблемних місць є здійснення узгодженої політики по утворенню і використанню бюджетних коштів із здійсненням загрози зупинки роботи уряду і вимушеними відпустками працівників.Проведено аналіз сучасної системи процедур проблемного вирішення протиріч між вищим керівництвом країни і вищим законодавчим органом держави. Встановлено, що зупинки роботи уряду приносять значну шкоду для економіки. Держава несе реальні витрати, так як підрядники підвищують свої розцінки, щоб мінімізувати виникаючі ризики. Постійні закриття і відкриття роботи уряду вимагають додаткових витрат на розгляд і оцінку функціонування програм, включених до бюджету кожної установи. Крім того, порушення сформованого циклу роботи ускладнює планування і запуск майбутніх проектів і вимагає від фахівців додатково часу на перегляд планів роботи кожного разу, коли змінюються бюджетні призначення. Крім цього, багато податкових зборів не збираються під час зупинки роботи уряду. Визначено, що шляхом шантажу і погроз, та інших заходів приймаються різні рішення при здійсненні бюджетної політики, що зачіпають соціальні, політичні та економічні питання.В ході дослідження використовувалися методи хронологічного аналізу перебігу бюджетного процесу, зупинки роботи уряду і вимушених відпусток співробітників. Визначено зв'язок прийнятих рішень з бюджетним процесом і роботою обох палат Конгресу. Порівняльний аналіз з подібними зупинками роботи уряду в інших країнах свідчить, що цілком допустимо рішення проблем фіскальної політики без зупинки роботи уряду і без відправлення співробітників у вимушені відпустки. Завдяки цьому забезпечується можливість якісно управляти практичними питаннями здійснення фіскальної політики. У порівнянні з більш агресивними методами, демократичні процедури нормальної організації бюджетного процесу дозволяють здійснювати узгоджену політику по утворенню і використанню бюджетних коштів без руйнівних наслідків для економіки.
Preisvergleiche zwischen verschiedenen Regionen spielen in zahlreichen wirtschaftlichen und politischen Zusammenhängen eine wichtige Rolle. Unabhängig davon, ob es darum geht, die Wirtschaftskraft von Regionen oder Ländern gegenüber zu stellen, die Lebensverhältnisse innerhalb eines Landes zu vergleichen, oder aber die Wirkungsweise sozial- und lohnpolitischer Entscheidungen einzuschätzen: Interregionale Preisvergleiche dienen in erster Linie als Instrument, um gesamtwirtschaftliche und ökonomische Größen zwischen verschiedenen Regionen oder Ländern real vergleichbar zu machen. Interregionale Preisvergleiche sind allgemeinhin besser bekannt als sogenannte Kaufkraftparitäten. Die enorme Bedeutung von Kaufkraftparitäten wurde in der Vergangenheit lange unterschätzt. Insbesondere bei Preisvergleichen innerhalb eines Landes mangelt es oftmals an einer soliden Datenbasis, sodass verlässliche Schätzungen regionaler Preisniveauunterschiede häufig nicht möglich sind. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt allerdings, dass ein breites Angebot verschiedener multilateraler Aggregationsmethoden bereit. Im Mittelpunkt des ersten Teils Arbeit steht die methodische Ausarbeitung verschiedener Aggregationsverfahren, mit deren Hilfe sich erhobene Daten zu verlässlichen und aussagekräftigen Preisvergleichskennzahlen aggregieren lassen. Im Unterschied zu intertemporalen Vergleichen sind gewöhnliche bilaterale Preisindizes für diesen Zweck nur begrenzt einsetzbar. Vielmehr sind spezielle multilaterale methodische Instrumente nötig, die den speziellen Anforderungen regionaler Preisvergleiche gerecht zu werden. Im Rahmen der Arbeit werden die verschiedenen multilateralen Aggregationsverfahren unterschiedlichen Berechnungsansätzen zugeordnet, wobei jeder dieser Ansätze durch bestimmte Eigenschaften charakterisiert ist. Neben den Mitgliedern der Klasse des Gini-Eltetö-Köves-Szulc (GEKS) und Minimum Spannning Tree (MST) Ansatzes sowie des Regressionsansatzes, widmet sich diese Arbeit schwerpunktmäßig den unterschiedlichen Verfahren des sogenannten Standardisierungsansatzes. Es stellt sich heraus, dass der Standardisierungsansatz grundsätzlich sehr dem Konstruktionsprinzip bilateraler Durchschnittswertindizes (GUV-Indizes) ähnelt, weshalb sich die Mitglieder dieser Klasse auch als multilaterale GUV-Indizes auffassen lassen. Darüber hinaus wird eine neue Unterklasse des Standardisierungsansatzes definiert, deren Mitglieder die breite Palette bereits existierender Verfahren ergänzen. Allerdings wird den Aggregationsverfahren des Standardisierungsansatzes nachgesagt, unter den Auswirkungen des sogenannten Gerschenkron-Effekts zu leiden und im Gegensatz zu anderen Aggregationsverfahren häufig verzerrte Preisvergleiche hervorzubringen. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit ist einem empirischen Vergleich der zuvor erörterten Aggregationsverfahren vorbehalten. Grundlage für die Berechnungen (auf und unterhalb der elementaren Güterebene) sind Daten des Europäischen Vergleichsprogramms (EVP). Eine wichtige Erkenntnis des empirischen Teils der Arbeit ist, dass viele der unterschiedlichen Aggregationsmethoden für die Berechnungen auf der Elementarebene sehr ähnliche Ergebnisse für die Preisvergleiche zwischen den Ländern im EVP generieren. Die Sorge verzerrter Preisvergleiche infolge der Auswirkungen des Gerschenkron-Effektes lässt sich auf Grundlage der empirischen Untersuchungen nicht (zweifelsfrei) bestätigen. Ferner zeigen die empirischen Untersuchungen, dass weitaus größere Schwierigkeiten bei der Berechnung von Preisvergleichen unterhalb der Elementarebene bestehen. Die Berechnungen offenbaren, dass die häufig in der Praxis eingesetzten Verfahren der GEKS-Methode in Situationen, in denen nur wenige Daten vorhanden sind, keine plausiblen Ergebnisse liefern. Es stellt sich heraus, dass in diesen Fällen die Verfahren des Regressionsansatzes eine unkompliziertere und verlässlichere Berechnung von Preisvergleichen erlauben. Nichtsdestotrotz decken die Ergebnisse schonungslos die Probleme und Schwächen interregionaler Preisvergleiche auf. Trotz intensiver Anstrengungen der internationalen statistischen Organisationen, eine vergleichbare und fundierte Datenbasis zu schaffen, sind die Dateninformationen einiger Regionen bzw. Länder nach wie vor sehr lückenhaft. Da verlässliche und aussagekräftige Preisvergleiche im Wesentlichen von der Verfügbarkeit und der Qualität der Daten abhängig sind, sollte der Forschungsschwerpunkt zukünftig daher mehr an der Bereitstellung eines soliden Datenfundaments ausgerichtet werden. ; Price comparisons between different regions play an important role in many economic and political contexts. Regardless of whether it comes to provide the economic strength of regions, to compare the living conditions within a country, or to assess the functioning of social and wage policy decisions: Interregional price comparisons serve primarily as an instrument for comparing macroeconomic and economic variables between different regions or countries. Interregional price comparisons are universally better known as the so-called purchasing power parities. The enormous importance of purchasing power parities was underestimated in the past. In particular, price comparisons within a country often lack of a solid data base, so that reliable estimates of regional differences in price levels are often not possible. The present study shows, however, that there is a variety of multilateral methods of aggregation. The focus of the first part of this study is the methodical analysis of different aggregation methods, which help to aggregate reliable data to meaningful price comparison numbers. In contrast to inter-temporal comparisons ordinary bilateral price indices are of limited use for this purpose. Special multilateral methodological tools are needed to meet the specific needs of regional price comparisons appropriately. As part of this study the various multilateral aggregation methods are associated with different calculation approaches and each of these approaches is characterized by certain properties which are discussed. In addition to the members of the class of Gini-Eltetö-Köves-Szulc (GEKS) and Minimum Spannning Tree (MST) approach and the regression approach, a main part of this work is devoted to the different procedures of the so-called standardization approach. It turns out that the standardization approach is very similar to the design principle of bilateral generalized unit value indices (GUV indices), which is why members of this class can also be regarded as multilateral GUV indices. In addition, a new subclass of the standardization approach is defined whose members complement the wide range of existing procedures. However, it is said in the literature that the aggregation process of the standardization approach suffers from the so-called Gerschenkron effect, and unlike other aggregation methods often produces distorted results in price comparisons. The second part of the work is subject to an empirical comparison of the previously discussed methods of aggregation. The basis for the calculations (above and below the basic heading level) is data from the European Comparison Programme (ECP). An important finding of the empirical part of this study is that many of the different aggregation methods generate very similar results for the price comparisons between countries in the ECP for the calculations above the basic heading level. The concern of distorted price comparisons due to the impact of the Gerschenkron effect cannot definitely be confirmed on the basis of the empirical data. Furthermore, the empirical research shows that much more difficulties arise during the calculation of price comparisons below the basic heading level. The calculations reveal that the GEKS method, which is frequently used in practice, provides no plausible results in situations where only limited data are available. It turns out that in these cases, the regression approach provides a less complicated and more reliable calculation of price comparisons. Nevertheless, the results relentlessly show the problems and weaknesses of interregional price comparisons. Despite intensive efforts by the international statistical organizations to create a comparable and sound data base, the information on some regions and countries are still insufficient. Since reliable and meaningful price comparisons largely depend on the availability and quality of data, future research should focus on providing a solid data base.
Sugarcane is an importance source of energy and livelihoods worldwide. The production of sugarcane is significantly affected by several insects, weeds and pathogens commonly referred to as pests. In addition, climate scientists predict that climate change or variability will affect sugarcane production and its associated pests. Chemicals called pesticides, beneficial pathogens and insects called natural enemies or biological control agents are used to control these pests. Little is known about the diversity and richness of both pest and natural enemy species nor the properties of the pesticides used against them in Malawi Few studies indicate that insects such as stemborers and aphids, and weeds are the most common pests; and that their control is heavily dependence on pesticides in Malawi. However, most pesticides are harmful to the environment and improper use may lead to human poisoning. Knowing the main pests and using pesticides that are least harmful to the environment and natural enemies coupled with good crop management practices may contribute to solving this problem. To document pest composition and how they were controlled, a review of literature, questionnaire and farm surveys were conducted in the major sugarcane growing areas of Malawi. The questionnaire survey was administered to 55 farmers and 7 representatives of 1474 farmers. We collected 221 insect samples from 48 sugarcane fields and isolated beneficial fungi from 12 soil and 60 plant samples collected from 12 sugarcane fields in southern Malawi, respectively. The best way to inoculate sugarcane was determined) in a potted experiment conducted using a commercially available formulation of beneficial fungi (Beauveria bassiana strain GHA). We identified the fungi and insects samples to genus and/or species level largely using morphological characteristics. Molecular characterization based on partial sequencing of Bloc gene region in 50 fungal samples and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene region in 65 insect samples, respectively, were conducted to support morphological identifications. Separate DNA polymorphism and phylogenetic analyses were performed for the insect and fungal samples. Environmental and human health risks associated with pesticides in use were determined using the environmental impact quotient (EIQ) and World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Pesticides by hazard. We also explored the likely impact that climate change or variability will have on the type and amount of pesticides used in sugarcane production using Malawi as a case study. The results indicated that weeds and insects infest sugarcane in Malawi. The main insect pests were stemborers (Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca), soil-dwelling insects' pests (Heteronychus licas and H. arator, Anomala spp.), sugarcane thrips (Fulmekiola serrata), red spider mites (Tetranychus urticae), aphids (Sipha flava) and the fall army worm (Spodoptera frugiperda sp. 1). DNA polymorphism analysis revealed low genetic differentiation among C. partellus and B. fusca populations in Malawi. A total of 16 pesticides were used to manage the pests. These are slightly to moderately hazardous to humans, 50 % are highly toxic to bees and 70% can contaminate the environment. Individuals who sprayed these pesticides had minimal protective wear. As a result, at least 65% had experience skin irritation, headache, coughing and running nose as a result of being exposed to these pesticides. The predicted rise in temperature will reduce the efficacy of less toxic pesticides especially cypermethrin. Leaching of sorbed pesticides through high rainfall intensity and increased frequency of floods. Beneficial fungi in three genera namely Beauveria, Metarhizium and Isaria were identified from soil and sugarcane samples collected from southern Malawi. More isolates (81.7%) were collected from soil than from plants (36.7%). The majority of these isolates (72%) were Beauveria species. Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis identified the Beauveria isolates as B. bassiana were closely related to B. bassiana AFNEO_1 clade isolated from the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei in coffee fields of South America and in Africa. However, the Malawian B. bassiana clearly clustered in a separate clade. This is the first report of B. bassiana occurring as an endophytes of sugarcane; and B. bassiana, Metarhizium and Isaria species occurrence in agricultural fields in Malawi. Results from the sugarcane inoculation experiment showed that B. bassiana could be effectively inoculated in sugarcane using foliar and soil sprays, and stem injections. Stem injections were highly effective (75%) compared to foliar sprays (43%) and soil sprays (25%) plants inoculated, respectively. The inoculated B. bassiana was recovered in both old and new leaves and stem tissue, even though the recovery rate decreased with time. However, plants that had got stem injections were much shorter that plants that had foliar and soil inoculation, and control plants. The results especially those on natural occurrence of beneficial fungi particularly B. bassiana and Metarhizium spp. will be useful in the control of not only of pests in sugarcane but also in several crops mainly vegetables. ; Sukkerrør er en viktig kilde til energi og som levebrød over hele verden. Produksjonen av sukkerrør er betydelig påvirket av insekter, ugras og plantesykdommer ofte betegnet som skadegjørere. I tillegg forutsetter klimaforskere at klimaendringer eller variasjon i klima vil påvirke sukkerrørsproduksjonen og tilhørende skadegjørere. Kjemiske plantevernmidler og biologiske kontrollmetoder brukes til å kontrollere disse skadegjørerne. I Malawi kjenner vi lite til forekomst og diversitet av skade- og nytteorganismer i sukkerrørproduksjonen eller til egenskapene til plantevernmidlene som brukes. Tidligere studier tyder på at ulike sommerfugllarver, bladlus og ulike ugrasarter er blant de vanligste skadeorganismene og at kontroll er sterkt avhengighet av plantevernmidler. Plantevernmidler kan imidlertid være skadelige for helse og miljø. Å kjenne de viktigste skadegjørerne og bruke plantevernmidler som er minst mulig skadelige for miljøet og nytteorganismer kombinert med god agronomi, kan bidra til å løse dette problemet. ; Capacity Building for Climate Change Adaptation in Malawi (CABMACC) project number 1207026003. CABMACC is a collaborative project supported by the Norwegian Government and the Government of the Republic of Malawi implemented by International Environment and Development Studies (Noragric) of Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) and Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, (LUANAR), Malawi.
Human Resource Management practices in each country are different, because HRM practices that affect each country's economic, social, political and cultural factors are different (Brewster, 1993). In the field of HRM once alleged to be universally agreed approaches and practices has become a controversial issue today. Studies of human resource management models are applied to a variety of different features of the affected countries show that they are differed, too. This, reveals that however, is in need of investigation human resource management in the country level. This needs to be highlighted by many authors, but research is not adequate. As known, every administrative practice, is affected by cultural and economic conditions which is involved and the same time themselves affect them. Gained independence in 18 October 1991 and living transition period from socialist system to the capitalist system in Azerbaijan, as in many business applications HRM practices are new. Transformation of economies to adapt the market conditions and the process requires a certain period of time. Forms and practices of organizations doing business change and every organization has to adapt new conditions in which micro, macro (national) and international conditions should be evaluated. In the context of HRM practices, formulating his personnel departments in needs of planning system will be hard to change to the needs of market economy. In order to overcome this problem at the national level to due diligence and then some arrangements should be made for there to be a smooth transition.In this context, how to improve HRM practices in the companies of Azerbaijan has been identified as a research problem. The aim of this study is to determine the overall appearance of Azerbaijan on the basis of the functions of HRM practices and to investigate the factors that influence upon the development of this condition. ; Практика управления человеческими ресурсами(УЧР) в каждой стране различна, потому что факторы УЧР, которые влияют на экономические, социальные, политические и культурные факторы каждой страны различны (Брюстер, 1993). В области УЧР на сегодняшний день нет общепризнанных подходов и практики. Исследования моделей управления человеческими ресурсами показывают, что они различны в различных странах. Это указывает на необходимость частного подхода к управлению человеческими ресурсами на уровне стран. Это подчеркивается многими авторами. Как известно, каждая административная деятельность, зависит от культурных и экономических условий, в которые она вовлечена и в то же время сама влияет на них. После приобретения независимости 18 октября 1991 года и перехода к рыночной системе экономического развития в Азербайджане, как и во многих других развивающихся странах появилась крайняя потребность в УЧР. Однако процесс трансформации экономики и адаптации ее к рыночным условиям требуют определенного времени. Формы и методы УЧР в организации зависят от рода ее бизнеса и каждая организация должна адаптироваться к новым условиям на микро, макро (национальном) и международном уровнях. В контексте практики УЧР,если организация формирует свои отделы персонала к потребностям системы планирования,ей трудно соответствоваеь потребностям рыночной экономики. Для того, чтобы преодолеть эту проблему на национальном уровне необходим плавный переход к рыночным требованиям.В этом контексте, в качестве задачи исследования были определены пути улучшения практики управления персоналом в компаниях Азербайджана. Целью данного исследования является определение современного состояния УЧР в Азербайджане и исследование факторов, влияющих на развитие этого состояния. ; Практика управління людськими ресурсами(УЛР) в кожній країні різна, тому що фактори УЛР, які впливають на економічні, соціальні, політичні і культурні чинники кожної країни різні (Брюстер, 1993). У сфері УЛР на сьогоднішній день немає загальновизнаних підходів і практики. Дослідження моделей управління людськими ресурсами показують, що вони різні у різних країнах. Це вказує на необхідність приватного підходу до управління людськими ресурсами на рівні країн. Це підкреслюється багатьма авторами.Як відомо, кожна адміністративна діяльність, залежить від культурних і економічних умов, в які вона залучена і водночас сама впливає на них. Після набуття незалежності 18 жовтня 1991 року та переходу до ринкової системи економічного розвитку в Азербайджані, як і в багатьох інших країнах, що розвиваються, з'явилася гостра потреба в УЛР.Однак процес трансформації економіки та адаптації її до ринкових умов вимагають певного часу. Форми і методи УЛР в організації залежать від роду її бізнесу і кожна організація повинна адаптуватися до нових умов на мікро, макро (національному) і міжнародному рівнях. У контексті практики УЛР,якщо організація формує свої відділи персоналу до потреб системи планування,їй важко соответствоваеь потребам ринкової економіки. Для того, щоб подолати цю проблему на національному рівні необхідний плавний перехід до ринкових вимог.
06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan "Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun" ile 18.06.2018 tarihli "Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge" gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır. ; Geçmişte ekonomik bunalımlar, sermaye yetersizliği, savaşlar gibi nedenlerle devletler ekonomik hayata müdahale ederek teşebbüsçülük rolünü üstlenmişlerdir. İlerleyen dönemlerde devletin ekonomiye bu şekilde direk müdahil olması serbest piyasa ekonomisine geçişte bir engel olarak görülmeye başlamıştır. Piyasa ekonomisinin gelişmesiyle devletin işlettiği bu kuruluşlar bu hızlı gelişmelere ayak uyduramamışlardır. Sonuç olarak bütçeye aşırı yük getiren bu kuruluşların özelleştirilmesi gündeme gelmiştir. Özelleştirmeler, devletin elindeki kuruluşların verimliliğini ve etkinliğini yitirmeden özel şirketlere devredilerek gerçekleştirilmesi halinde başarılı bir şekilde sonuçlandırılmış olacaktır. Bu sürecin problemsiz atlatılabilmesinde kuruluşlarda çalışan personelin olaya bakış açıları ve beklentileri ayrı bir önem arz etmektedir.Araştırmada çalışanların özelleştirmeden beklentileri ortaya konmaya çalışılmış, bu beklentilerin nelere yol açabileceği belirlenmeye çalışılarak, olumsuz etkilerin giderilmesine yönelik satıcı konumundaki kamuya ve alıcı konumundaki özel şirket yöneticilerine öneriler sunulmaya çaba sarf edilmiştir.Araştırma üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde, KİT' lerde ortaya çıkan sorunlara bağlı olarak gündeme gelen özelleştirme kavramı ele alınmıştır. İkinci bölümde ise çalışanların özelleştirmeye bakış açıları ve beklentileri onların öncelikli olarak motivasyonlarına etki edeceğinden motivasyon kavramına değinilmiş, motivasyon süreci, özellikleri, ilkeleri, yararları ve motivasyonu etkileyen faktörler açıklanmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde ise, özelleştirme kapsamındaki bir KİT' te çalışanlar ile anket tekniği yardımı ile gerçekleştirilen araştırmaya ait SPSS yazılımı ile elde edilen istatistiksel bilgi ve bulgular bulunmaktadır. Anketin güvenilirliğini ölçmek için Cronbach Alpa testi, cinsiyet, unvan, statü, eğitim düzeyi, hizmet sınıfı, çalışma süresi değişkenler bazında cevaplardaki değişkenliği ölçmek için bağımsız grup t testi ve tek yönlü varyans (Anova) analizi kullanılmıştır.Çalışma sonucunda, çalışanların özelleştirmeden beklentilerinin olumsuz yönde olduğu görülmüştür. Sorulara verilen cevapların cinsiyet, eğitim düzeyi, hizmet sınıfı, çalışma süresi değişkenleri bazında anlamlı bir ilişki olmadığı, unvan ve statü değişkenleri bazında ise, önemli ölçüde farklılıklar olduğu saptanmıştır. ; In the past, because of reasons such as economic crises, lack of capital and wars, the states assumed the role of entrepreneurship by intervening on economic life. In later periods in this way the directly intervention of the state on the economy has begun to be seen as an obstacle in the transition to free market economy. With the development of market economy these state-owned organizations could not keep pace with rapid developments. As a result, the privatization of these institutions has been noted, because they over-burden the budget. Privatizations would be concluded successfully by implementation of the delegation these state-owned institutions to private companies without losing its efficiency and effectiveness. Perspectives and expectations of the staff in these organizations about this incident have great importance on overcoming this process smoothly.In the study by executing the expectations of the staff in privatized institutions it is aimed to determine what could these expectations cause and it has been strived to present proposals to state as a seller and to business executives as buyers for resolving negative impacts.The research consists of three parts. The first part is discussed the concept of privatization of SOEs? depending on emerging issues on the agenda. In the second the concept of motivation, motivation process, characteristics, principles, benefits and the factors that affect motivation had been explained, because the perspective and expectations of employees on privatization will primarily have an effect on their motivation. In the third section there are the research findings of the survey that conducted with employees of SOE within the scope of privatization and statistical information obtained by using SPSS software. To measure the reliability of the questionnaire the Cronbach Alpa-Test and to measure the variability with the answers on the basis of variables as gender, title, status, education level, class of service, working time independent group t test and one-way variance (ANOVA) analysis were used.As a result of the study it has been observed that the privatization had a negative effect on employee expectations. Answers to the questions have no significant relationship on the basis of variables as gender, education level, class of service, the working time; on the basis of variables as title and status it is determined that there are significantly differences.
Chronic pain syndrome (CPS) is a complex, hard to treat polyetiological condition. While there is a wide array of possible causes for CPS, it is most important in oncological context, since within oncological setting it may be induced both by the tumor itself and by the treatment modalities used against it. Analgesic therapy is, according to WHO, the primary method of managing CPS, and is effective in approximately 90% of cases. However, patients requiring strong opioids for pain management (III step of WHO's "analgesic ladder") face a number of complications associated with adverse events (AE), such as inhibition of respiratory control center, nausea, vomiting, and constipation. While constipation and vomiting are themselves amenable to therapeutic management, they can both significantly reduce quality of life and even require alteration of analgesic medication regime, thus potentially compromising the management of chronic pain. This has necessitated the creation of painkiller medication that would have a more favorable gastrointestinal AE profile while maintaining analgesic efficacy, such as fentanyl transdermal delivery systems (TDS) and oral formulations combining oxycodone and naloxone. The pharmacoeconomic comparison of these two medications in order to determine which of them is more economically rational within context of Russian healthcare is thus justified, and is the subject of this research effort. Aim. To perform evaluation of pharmacoeconomic (PHe) properties of combined naloxone/oxycodone formulation (Targin®) compared to fentanyl TDS (Fendivia®) in Russian oncological patients with CPS. Methodology. This PHe is conducted perspective of public health organizations of the RF at federal and national levels. The modelling horizon was 25 weeks. Comparator drugs were Targin® and Fendivia®. Randomized controlled clinical trials investigating safety and efficacy of these drugs were used as data source on safety and efficacy. A Markov model was constructed in order to estimate healthcare costs and patients outcomes. Each simulated patient group contained 100 patients. Retention of patients with adequate pain management in main treatment regime without dose increase was used as efficacy criterion, since this surrogate endpoint is most clinically relevant, reflecting ability of a given modelled treatment regimen to control chronic pain. These modelling results were used to perform the following types of pharmacoeconomic analysis: carrying out cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), budget impact analysis (BIA), and evaluation of pharmacoeconomic expediency based on willingness-to-pay ratio (WTP). Result. Naloxone/oxycodone formulation dominates in CEA analysis (direct costs were 2,091 mln. rub. for naloxone/ oxycodone versus 3,747 mln. rub. for fentanyl TDS). The CER indicator for oxycodone/naloxone was 51 218 rub., while fentanyl TDS had CER of 317 409 rub. BIA revealed considerable budgetary burden reduction for oxycodone/naloxone, which was due to considerable reduction of GDP losses and expenses associated with disability and loss of working capacity. The resultant economy of government funds reached 44%. According to PHe analysis, both drugs are attractive for purposes of drug reimbursement system, but oxycodone/naloxone is dominant due to WTP/CER indicator of 32,1 (fentanyl TDS had WTP/CER of 5,1). Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of these findings - CEA and BIA results remained stable even in case of 25% oxycodone/ naloxone price increase. Conclusion. Oxycodone/naloxone combination has been determined to be most pharmacoeconomically attractive due to higher efficiency of healthcare spending (due to domination in terms of CER) and reduction of GDP losses associated with complete disability which resulted in government budgetary savings of up to 44%. ; Актуальность. Хронический болевой синдром (ХБС) - сложное, полиэтиологическое заболевание, трудно поддающееся лечению. Хотя спектр возможных причин ХБС достаточно широк, особое значение ХБС имеет в онкологической практике, так как ХБС может быть вызван как самим опухолевым процессом, так и побочными эффектами его лечения. Обезболивающая терапия является основным методом коррекции ХБС и эффективна примерно в 90% случаев. Тем не менее, пациенты, требующие назначения сильных опиоидов, для достижения клинического эффекта (III ступень «лестницы обезболивания» ВОЗ) сталкиваются с рядом трудностей, связанных с нежелательными явлениями (НЯ), такими как угнетение дыхательного центра, тошнота, рвота и запоры. Хотя сами по себе рвота и запоры подлежат терапевтической коррекции, при высокой выраженности они могут не только снизить качество жизни, но и потребовать смены схемы лечения, что может привести к утрате контроля за ХБС. Потребность в опиоидах с лучшим профилем безопасности и переносимости привело к созданию трансдермальных систем доставки фентанила, а также комбинированного препарата оксикодона и налоксона, что позволило добиться благоприятного, по сравнению с другими опиоидами, профиля безопасности и высокой эффективности. Таким образом, представляется целесообразным произвести сравнительную фармакоэкономическую оценку данных препаратов с целью установления наиболее экономически рационального из этих двух лекарственных средств в контексте здравоохранения РФ, чему и посвящён данный анализ. Цель. Оценить фармакоэкономические свойства комбинированного препарата оксикодон/налоксон (Таргин®) в сравнении с трансдермальной системой доставки фентанила (Фендивия®) у онкологических пациентов с ХБС. Методология. Данный фармакоэкономический анализ проводится с позиции организации здравоохранения РФ на федеральном и региональном уровне. Горизонт исследования составил 25 нед. В качестве препаратов сравнения выступили комбинированный препарат налоксона и оксикодона и трансдермальная система доставки фентанила. В качестве источника данных о безопасности и клинической эффективности использованы результаты рандомизированных клинических исследований, в которых изучалась эффективность, безопасность и переносимость опиоидных анальгетиков, включая препараты сравнения. Была построена модель Маркова, на основании которой был проведён расчёт затрат системы здравоохранения и исходов лечения. Число пациентов в каждой симулируемой группе составило 100 человек. В качестве критерия эффективности было выбрано количество пациентов, сохраняющих контроль за ХБС без потребности в смене режима терапии и увеличении дозы, так как данная «суррогатная» конечная точка является наиболее клинически релевантной и отражает способность препарата полностью контролировать болевой синдром. После этого результаты моделирования были использованы для проведения следующих видов фармакоэкономического анализа: анализ эффективности затрат (CEA), анализ «влияния на бюджет» (BIA), анализ фармакоэкономической целесообразности с позиции «готовности общества платить». Результат. Оксикодон/налоксон доминирует по показателю СЕА, его применение ассоциировано со снижением затрат (2,091 млн руб. у комбинации оксикодон/налоксон, 3,747 млн руб. у фентанила). Показатель CER для комбинации оксикодон/налоксон составил 51 218 руб., для трансдермального фентанила - 317 409 руб. В ходе анализа «влияния на бюджет» было показано, что применение препарата оксикодон/налоксон приводит к снижению бюджетного бремени на 44% (что связано с резким снижением потерь ВВП ввиду нетрудоспособности). Анализ фармакоэкономической целесообразности показал, что оба сравниваемых препарата являются экономически приемлемыми в рамках системы лекарственного возмещения в РФ. Тем не менее, оксикодон/налоксон доминирует ввиду большего индекса WTP/CER (32,1 - у оксикодон/ налоксон, 5,1 - у трансдермального фентанила). Анализ чувствительности подтверждает устойчивость результата, доминирование оксикодон/налоксон в плане CEA и BIA сохранялось даже при повышении цены на препарат на +25%. Вывод. Установлено, что применение комбинированного препарата, содержащего оксикодон и налоксон является наиболее фармакоэкономически целесообразным, сопряжено с большей эффективностью расходования средств системы здравоохранения и существенной экономией бюджетных средств в целом ввиду снижения потерь от утраты полной нетрудоспособности, что приводит к экономии до 44% средств государственного бюджета.
Хронический болевой синдром (ХБС) сложное, полиэтиологическое заболевание, трудно поддающееся лечению. Хотя спектр возможных причин ХБС достаточно широк, особое значение ХБС имеет в онкологической практике, так как ХБС может быть вызван как самим опухолевым процессом, так и побочными эффектами его лечения. Обезболивающая терапия является основным методом коррекции ХБС и эффективна примерно в 90% случаев. Тем не менее, пациенты, требующие назначения сильных опиоидов, для достижения клинического эффекта (III ступень «лестницы обезболивания» ВОЗ) сталкиваются с рядом трудностей, связанных с нежелательными явлениями (НЯ), такими как угнетение дыхательного центра, тошнота, рвота и запоры. Хотя сами по себе рвота и запоры подлежат терапевтической коррекции, при высокой выраженности они могут не только снизить качество жизни, но и потребовать смены схемы лечения, что может привести к утрате контроля за ХБС. Потребность в опиоидах с лучшим профилем безопасности и переносимости привело к созданию трансдермальных систем доставки фентанила, а также комбинированного препарата оксикодона и налоксона, что позволило добиться благоприятного, по сравнению с другими опиоидами, профиля безопасности и высокой эффективности. Таким образом, представляется целесообразным произвести сравнительную фармакоэкономическую оценку данных препаратов с целью установления наиболее экономически рационального из этих двух лекарственных средств в контексте здравоохранения РФ, чему и посвящён данный анализ. Цель. Оценить фармакоэкономические свойства комбинированного препарата оксикодон/налоксон (Таргин®) в сравнении с трансдермальной системой доставки фентанила (Фендивия®) у онкологических пациентов с ХБС. Методология. Данный фармакоэкономический анализ проводится с позиции организации здравоохранения РФ на федеральном и региональном уровне. Горизонт исследования составил 25 нед. В качестве препаратов сравнения выступили комбинированный препарат налоксона и оксикодона и трансдермальная система доставки фентанила. В качестве источника данных о безопасности и клинической эффективности использованы результаты рандомизированных клинических исследований, в которых изучалась эффективность, безопасность и переносимость опиоидных анальгетиков, включая препараты сравнения. Была построена модель Маркова, на основании которой был проведён расчёт затрат системы здравоохранения и исходов лечения. Число пациентов в каждой симулируемой группе составило 100 человек. В качестве критерия эффективности было выбрано количество пациентов, сохраняющих контроль за ХБС без потребности в смене режима терапии и увеличении дозы, так как данная «суррогатная» конечная точка является наиболее клинически релевантной и отражает способность препарата полностью контролировать болевой синдром. После этого результаты моделирования были использованы для проведения следующих видов фармакоэкономического анализа: анализ эффективности затрат (CEA), анализ «влияния на бюджет» (BIA), анализ фармакоэкономической целесообразности с позиции «готовности общества платить». Результат. Оксикодон/налоксон доминирует по показателю СЕА, его применение ассоциировано со снижением затрат (2,091 млн руб. у комбинации оксикодон/налоксон, 3,747 млн руб. у фентанила). Показатель CER для комбинации оксикодон/налоксон составил 51 218 руб., для трансдермального фентанила 317 409 руб. В ходе анализа «влияния на бюджет» было показано, что применение препарата оксикодон/налоксон приводит к снижению бюджетного бремени на 44% (что связано с резким снижением потерь ВВП ввиду нетрудоспособности). Анализ фармакоэкономической целесообразности показал, что оба сравниваемых препарата являются экономически приемлемыми в рамках системы лекарственного возмещения в РФ. Тем не менее, оксикодон/налоксон доминирует ввиду большего индекса WTP/CER (32,1 у оксикодон/ налоксон, 5,1 у трансдермального фентанила). Анализ чувствительности подтверждает устойчивость результата, доминирование оксикодон/налоксон в плане CEA и BIA сохранялось даже при повышении цены на препарат на +25%. Вывод. Установлено, что применение комбинированного препарата, содержащего оксикодон и налоксон является наиболее фармакоэкономически целесообразным, сопряжено с большей эффективностью расходования средств системы здравоохранения и существенной экономией бюджетных средств в целом ввиду снижения потерь от утраты полной нетрудоспособности, что приводит к экономии до 44% средств государственного бюджета.Chronic pain syndrome (CPS) is a complex, hard to treat polyetiological condition. While there is a wide array of possible causes for CPS, it is most important in oncological context, since within oncological setting it may be induced both by the tumor itself and by the treatment modalities used against it. Analgesic therapy is, according to WHO, the primary method of managing CPS, and is effective in approximately 90% of cases. However, patients requiring strong opioids for pain management (III step of WHO's "analgesic ladder") face a number of complications associated with adverse events (AE), such as inhibition of respiratory control center, nausea, vomiting, and constipation. While constipation and vomiting are themselves amenable to therapeutic management, they can both significantly reduce quality of life and even require alteration of analgesic medication regime, thus potentially compromising the management of chronic pain. This has necessitated the creation of painkiller medication that would have a more favorable gastrointestinal AE profile while maintaining analgesic efficacy, such as fentanyl transdermal delivery systems (TDS) and oral formulations combining oxycodone and naloxone. The pharmacoeconomic comparison of these two medications in order to determine which of them is more economically rational within context of Russian healthcare is thus justified, and is the subject of this research effort. Aim. To perform evaluation of pharmacoeconomic (PHe) properties of combined naloxone/oxycodone formulation (Targin®) compared to fentanyl TDS (Fendivia®) in Russian oncological patients with CPS. Methodology. This PHe is conducted perspective of public health organizations of the RF at federal and national levels. The modelling horizon was 25 weeks. Comparator drugs were Targin® and Fendivia®. Randomized controlled clinical trials investigating safety and efficacy of these drugs were used as data source on safety and efficacy. A Markov model was constructed in order to estimate healthcare costs and patients outcomes. Each simulated patient group contained 100 patients. Retention of patients with adequate pain management in main treatment regime without dose increase was used as efficacy criterion, since this surrogate endpoint is most clinically relevant, reflecting ability of a given modelled treatment regimen to control chronic pain. These modelling results were used to perform the following types of pharmacoeconomic analysis: carrying out cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), budget impact analysis (BIA), and evaluation of pharmacoeconomic expediency based on willingness-to-pay ratio (WTP). Result. Naloxone/oxycodone formulation dominates in CEA analysis (direct costs were 2,091 mln. rub. for naloxone/ oxycodone versus 3,747 mln. rub. for fentanyl TDS). The CER indicator for oxycodone/naloxone was 51 218 rub., while fentanyl TDS had CER of 317 409 rub. BIA revealed considerable budgetary burden reduction for oxycodone/naloxone, which was due to considerable reduction of GDP losses and expenses associated with disability and loss of working capacity. The resultant economy of government funds reached 44%. According to PHe analysis, both drugs are attractive for purposes of drug reimbursement system, but oxycodone/naloxone is dominant due to WTP/CER indicator of 32,1 (fentanyl TDS had WTP/CER of 5,1). Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of these findings CEA and BIA results remained stable even in case of 25% oxycodone/ naloxone price increase. Conclusion. Oxycodone/naloxone combination has been determined to be most pharmacoeconomically attractive due to higher efficiency of healthcare spending (due to domination in terms of CER) and reduction of GDP losses associated with complete disability which resulted in government budgetary savings of up to 44%.
