Suchergebnisse

In a democratic society with longstanding traditions, a stable rule of law, political opposition is regarded as a natural phenomenon, because it is an indispensable component, an indicator of democracy and rule of law, the basis of civil society development.

The Euro-integration and Euro-Atlantic aspirations of modern Ukraine require the formation of democratic standards and civilized relations between the authorities and the opposition. At the same time, the development of political processes in our country testifies to the complex nature of this interaction. The urgency of the topic is due to the fact that the institutionalization of the opposition in Ukraine is not yet complete. The result of underdevelopment was the ideological and organizational immaturity, the unstructuredness of today's opposition.

The article deals with the historiographical and theoretical analysis of the concept of «political opposition». The evolution of ideas about political opposition and its importance in society is investigated. Methodological approaches to the concept of «political opposition», its role in relations with the authorities and participation in the formation of a democratic society are considered, the place and role of the opposition in the political process of modern Ukraine are determined.

The historiographical analysis of political and legal scholars gives reason to claim that there is a wide range of approaches to defining the concept of «political opposition». However, common in these scientific reconnaissances is the granting of high-status political opposition along with the power structures and placing great responsibility on it for the nature of the political regime and the civilization of the political process in the state.

This article is concerned with the features and role of legally significant messages on the Internet within the functioning of e-government. A special role in creating e-government is played by legal documents and legally relevant information available online. Only legally significant information leads to the emergence and development of legal relations governed by rules of law. However, it is difficult to determine legally relevant data in a large information flow. The main objective of this article is to examine the role of electronic communication in operating e-government. While writing this article, the authors used methods of collecting and studying certain facts; generalization methods; methods of scientific abstraction; methods of cognizing regularities. The authors of the article have concluded that legally relevant information available on the Internet is information that has certain forms of external manifestation, entails legal consequences and somehow contributes to governing citizens' legal relations. The authors have suggested their definition of e-government, which is the concept of public administration inherent in the information society. This concept is based on the capabilities of information and telecommunication technologies and the values of an open civil society. E-government consists of three main modules: services for citizens; services for institutions and organizations; services for state bodies. When rendering services, the authorities exchange legally relevant e-information with citizens. The use of new Internet technologies by government bodies can decrease costs for maintaining and financing activities of the state apparatus, increase savings of taxpayers and improve the openness and transparency of government bodies.

This article is concerned with the features and role of legally significant messages on the Internet within the functioning of e-government. A special role in creating e-government is played by legal documents and legally relevant information available online. Only legally significant information leads to the emergence and development of legal relations governed by rules of law. However, it is difficult to determine legally relevant data in a large information flow. The main objective of this article is to examine the role of electronic communication in operating e-government. While writing this article, the authors used methods of collecting and studying certain facts; generalization methods; methods of scientific abstraction; methods of cognizing regularities. The authors of the article have concluded that legally relevant information available on the Internet is information that has certain forms of external manifestation, entails legal consequences and somehow contributes to governing citizens' legal relations. The authors have suggested their definition of e-government, which is the concept of public administration inherent in the information society. This concept is based on the capabilities of information and telecommunication technologies and the values of an open civil society. E-government consists of three main modules: services for citizens; services for institutions and organizations; services for state bodies. When rendering services, the authorities exchange legally relevant e-information with citizens. The use of new Internet technologies by government bodies can decrease costs for maintaining and financing activities of the state apparatus, increase savings of taxpayers and improve the openness and transparency of government bodies.

The article aims at presenting the connection between growing international cooperation of public administration in relation to organization and functioning of public service. The presentation is made with the example of the antimonopoly administration. It begins with a short description of the legal basis of international cooperation of the Polish competition authority. It is followed with a short overview of different modes of this cooperation on global, European and bilateral levels. Despite extensive international cooperation of the Polish competition authority, its internal organization is rather inefficient and fails to deliver relevant input from the international cooperation into internal works of the authority. Similarly, civil servants of the competition authority are not offered to rise their skills in relation to foreign cooperation as well as there are no transfers between jurisdictional departments and the department for the international cooperation which keeps those departments separated. ; W artykule został omówiona problematyka wzrostu międzynarodowej współpracy organów administracji publicznej oraz jej wpływu na organizację i funkcjonowanie służby publicznej. Prezentacja jest przeprowadzona na przykładzie administracji antymonopolowej. Na początku przedstawiono podstawy prawne współpracy międzynarodowej polskiego organu ochrony konkurencji. Następnie analiza objęła różne przejawy tej współpracy na szczeblu światowym, europejskim i bilateralnym. Pomimo rozwiniętej współpracy międzynarodowej polskiego organu ochrony konkurencji wewnętrzna organizacja jego urzędu jest do niej nieprzystosowana i w znacznym stopniu utrudnia przełożenie skutków tej współpracy na wykonywanie przezeń jurysdykcji administracyjnej. Jednocześnie urzędnicy UOKiK nie są szkoleni w kierunku rozwijania współpracy międzynarodowej, a brak wewnętrznych transferów pomiędzy departamentem orzeczniczym i współpracy z zagranicą powoduje, że funkcjonują one w izolacji od siebie.

Bahraini society has suffered a prevailing conflict of identity spanning several generations. Generally, the division is described as based on sectarian lines – a minority Sunni and majority Shia. The two main groups lead segregated lives and distrust that has impeded cooperation. Periodically, violent fits of civil conflict have emerged, the latest and most significant of which was inspired by the Arab Spring. The protests were brutally suppressed by the government, divided society more than ever before. In order to understand the identity conflict that has endured in Bahrain, qualitative data was collected through semi-structured interviews with Bahraini citizens to gain a clearer image of the Bahraini collective identity formation, and the structures that play a role. The data presented the constructed image of the Bahraini self, and the significant others in the eyes of Bahrainis over the age of 65. Bahraini-Bahrani relations were difficult to discuss, as the topic was considered taboo. However, relations were depicted as once peaceful, with positive identification between the two groups existing. Changes in the economic structures, such as the tribal-governance system, and the introduction of oil, were not factors in the change in identification. The British other was constructed as a major actor in causing Bahraini disunity. Different identification towards the British by the government and society fractured trust between the two. The huge increase of the Hindi other was another possible reason for the distrust between Bahraini society. Finally, differing opinion on whether Bahrain was part of the khaleeji other is a reason for disunity among the Bahraini self. ; M-IR

This dissertation examines urban political struggles surrounding the proliferation of middle-class and elite housing estates in Senegal, where urban real estate developments have emerged as a center of political friction and commercial dynamism. Utilizing a variety of methods, including ethnographic fieldwork and textual analysis of secondary sources, this project explores two case studies of large-scale land conflicts in sites of middle-class and elite housing developments in Senegal's Dakar Region. Through five empirical chapters, I explore how the social, political, and economic context of neoliberalism in urban Senegal has not only produced urban land grabs, but has also fundamentally reconfigured how land is governed and urban politics are practiced. In focusing on urban land governance, my project examines changes in the cartography of political relationships between and within central/local governments, farmer associations, housing cooperatives, traditional leaders, and international institutions. This dissertation consequently deepens spatial readings on civil society and state relations in sub-Saharan Africa, using conflicts produced through urban land grabs as a lens to examine the spatial logics of in/formal housing, territorial patronage relations, political decentralization reforms, and contentious politics in Senegal's Dakar Region. This dissertation also throws fresh light on research documenting a recent increase in land conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa, drawing attention to how coalitions brokered by farmer associations negotiate legal settlements to land conflicts by relying on private mapping projects, Senegalese courts, formal land laws, and public protests. In studying the outcomes of these urban protests and legal settlements, this research describes how the rise of a new and powerful African middle-class is not only reshaping urban political life, but producing new landscapes of urban inequality.

В рамках изучения дискурса перестройки предложено изучение дискурсивных формаций верующих на примере переписки с государственными органами и писем в местные и центральные газеты. Анализ дискурсивных событий опирается не только на фактический материал, но и на модели поведения верующих и государственных служащих в рассматриваемый период. В статье приведена характеристика содержания источников, что позволило создать новые области для анализа государственно-конфессиональных отношений. Проведенный анализ помог понять дискурсивные события верующих и руководящих сотрудников, которые включают в себя широкий спектр проблем: возврат верующим, реставрация и строительство культовых зданий, финансирование, управление религиозными общинами, функционирование религиозного законодательства. Автор статьи продемонстрировал, что дискурсивные события связаны с социальными практиками. Такой подход позволил проследить трансформацию среды отношений государства и религиозных организаций после дискурсивного события. ; The studying of discursive formations in official correspondence with public authorities and in local and central newspapers is offered as a part of discourse analysis of perestroika. Discursive events are based not only on facts but also on the action models of believers and civil servants. The characteristics of contents of resources given in the article enabled the new sphere for analyses of state-confessional relations. The analysis helped to understand the discursive practices of the believers and high-level personnel, which include a wide range of issues: the return, restoration and construction of religious buildings, financing, management of religious communities, the functioning of religious legislation. The author demonstrated that the discursive practices are associated with social practices. This approach allowed tracing the transformation of the relations between the state and religious organizations after the discursive events.

Industrial mining is currently one of the fastest growing sectors of the world economy, particularly in the Global South. The present mining boom is, however, accompanied by numerous conflicts: conflicts over labour relations, over territorial control and access to water and land resources, over the effects on local livelihoods, on gender relations and ecological systems, and over the distribution of profits and tax revenues. In this paper, a typology of mining conflicts is developed, starting with existing case studies of current conflicts over industrial mining in sub-Saharan Africa and building on my own research in Burkina Faso. In contrast to existing typologies, the one presented here is based not on the subjects of the conflicts but on actor constellations: conflicts between trade unions and mining companies; between civil society organisations on the one hand and the state and mining companies on the other; and between artisanal miners and mining companies. I argue that historically shaped socio-ecological and socio-economic conditions, namely the existing land usages, have a crucial effect on the actors and actor constellations in conflicts over mining, and that different actors have different means of engaging in conflict at their disposal, and thus rely on different repertoires of contention when engaging in collective conflicts. ; Der industrielle Bergbau ist gegenwärtig einer der am stärksten wachsenden Wirtschaftssektoren weltweit, insbesondere im Globalen Süden. Der aktuelle Bergbau-Boom geht mit einer Vielzahl an Konflikten einher: um Arbeitsbeziehungen, um territoriale Kontrolle und den Zugang zu Wasser- und Landressourcen, um die Auswirkungen auf lokale livelihoods, auf Geschlechterverhältnisse und Ökosysteme sowie um die Verteilung der Gewinne und Steuereinnahmen. Dieses Kapitel entwickelt ausgehend von bestehenden Fallstudien zu gegenwärtigen Konflikten um den industriellen Bergbau in Subsahara-Afrika sowie aufbauend auf eigene Forschungen in Burkina Faso eine Typologie von Bergbaukonflikten. ...

The present article is a comprehensive research focused on the issue of legislative approaches for regulation of bankruptcy in individual countries. The occurrence of economic crises and the globalization in international relations put forward the issue of preserving viable enterprises regardless of any financial hardships arisen and any risk of initiating a court procedure of bankruptcy. The establishment of updated legislation is inextricably bound up with the building up of a theoretical concept of insolvency based on the contemporary doctrinal achievements and practice. The comparative legal analysis of regulations shows the efforts put in science for the creation of a common concept and approach to bankruptcy issues. In this relation, the subject of scientific and research interest are the characteristic features of the legal regulations for handling insolvency in individual countries, determined by their belonging to the two main legal systems: the system of common law and the continental legal system (civil law). The scientific thesis in the present study is that regardless of the specific features of the historical and legal regulation of the bankruptcy concept, currently, a process of introducing rehabilitation procedures of the US legislation (Chapter 11 of Bankruptcy Code) into the individual legal systems of a number of countries in Europe is going on. In this sense, a trend is arising of applying a single legislative approach related to the concept of fresh start of conscientious entrepreneurs and an opportunity of sanitation of their enterprises before the initiation of formal judicial proceedings of bankruptcy on the basis of mutual concessions and compromises made by the creditors.

The article deals with the complex and controversial problems of the new regional communities' formation and the impact of the interethnic relations sphere on them. The author notes that the processes of interaction between representatives of different cultures and civilizations, ethnic groups and religions have become increasingly controversial and tense in the context of continuous social dynamics. Similarly to the Russian society as a whole, regional communities are in a state of transitivity. They get transformed, they acquire new qualities such as multicasting and heterogeneity, multi-ethnicity and multi-confessionalism, fragmentarity and multiculturality.

This fact increases the risks and uncertainties, problematizes future prospects. National non-governmental organizations are increasingly positioning themselves as civil society institutions at the present stage of social development at the regional level. They perform a difficult dual task: on the one hand, they ensure the preservation and development of history, native language, culture, ethnic traditions, and on the other hand, they work on the integration, on the common identity and the Russian nation formation.

On the territory of the Volgograd region, largely due to the active cooperation of regional authorities and local authorities with national public associations, international and inter-confessional relations are stable. The basis of such activity is respect for history, native language, culture, tradition, religion, national dignity of all people in the region, regardless of their belonging to a certain ethnic group or religion. Over two decades of accumulated considerable experience of joint inter-ethnic dialogue and cooperation, provided tolerance and peace, harmony and mutual understanding between people of different ethnicities and religions in the country.

Les procès-verbaux de jugement et de conciliation des juges de paix peuvent contribuer à l'histoire de la relation de travail de la Révolution française à la Révolution de 1848. Cette étude a été réalisée à partir du dépouillement des procès-verbaux des justices de paix parisiennes du faubourg Saint-Denis entre 1792 et 1802 et du 5 e arrondissement entre 1830 et 1834. Ces documents sont normalisés, car déterminés par le respect du Code de procédure civile, ce qui en permet un traitement statistique. On s'intéresse aux demandeurs qui saisissent le juge de paix, aux litiges qu'ils portent, aux réactions des défendeurs, aux décisions du juge et à leurs attendus. Les juges de paix jouent un rôle dans la régulation des relations de travail et ces procès-verbaux permettent de connaître les différends qui surgissent entre employeurs et employés. L'article traite du vocabulaire qualifiant les parties et les litiges afin de mettre au jour les classifications socioprofessionnelles : classifications juridiques liées à la question du risque, mais aussi classifications indigènes au monde du travail et donc à la conscience sociale et à l'identité des producteurs. L'étude des dénominations professionnelles donne des indications sur l'évolution de la division du travail, que ce soit sous l'angle technique ou du point de vue de la concentration des employés sous un même locateur, et permet d'interroger l'ampleur de la désincorporation des métiers après l'abolition des communautés de métiers par les décrets Le Chapelier et d'Allarde. Ces procès-verbaux posent la question de la subordination dans le travail et de la prise en charge du risque dans le processus de production, dont on fait l'hypothèse qu'il s'agit d'un des enjeux majeurs de lutte entre employés et employeurs à cette période.

Задача. Настоящая статья посвящена изучению агентских отношений в отдельных европейских государствах и Российской Федерации. Отсутствие подробных исследований указанного вопроса послужило причиной написания настоящей работы. При подготовке статьи были использованы нормативно-правовые акты таких стран как Германия, Франция, Италия, Республика Молдова, Азербайджан, Республика Армения, Киргизская Республика, Туркменистан и т.д. Модель: В статье проанализированы особенности правового регулирования агентирования в европейском законодательстве, рассмотрены вопросы о понятии, модели, форме, правах и обязанностях сторон агентского договора, выявлены общие и отличные черты законодательства европейских стран и Российской Федерации. Выводы: Сделаны предложения в отношении возможного совершенствования гражданского законодательства путем рецепции отдельных положений европейских нормативно-правовых актов, а также отмечены положения, включение которых в российское законодательство представляется нецелесообразным ; Problem: The present Article is dedicated to investigation of the agency relations in separate European countries and Russian Federation. Absence of the detailed researches of this issue caused the preparation of this paper. Upon preparation of the article the legal acts of Germany, France, Italy, Republic of Moldova, Azerbaijan, Republic of Armenia, the Kyrgyz Republic and others have been studied: Model: The present article is dedicated to the examination of the legal regulation of the agency in the European legislation, the issues concerning the notion, model, form, rights and obligation of the parties of the agency contract. The general and different aspects of the agency relations in the European countries and The Russian Federation are detected. Conclusion: The suggestions to improve the civil legislation by reception of the certain issues of the European legal acts are made. The author also has pointed out the notions, including of which into the Russian legislation appears inadvisable.

The article analyzes the situations that girls and young women who have demobilized from the Colombian armed conflict face due to the fact that they are women in the context of a patriarchal culture. These young ex-combatants, after a process that took them from childhood to war to the return to civilian life, construct discourses and question power relations in their search for wellbeing. These women are imprisoned by their contradictory feelings with respect to their gender and this situation will condition their lives as long as their discourses regarding respect for their gender are not addressed and resignified. Social Work seeks to question those relations, address discourse that have been silenced, rebuild a feminine identity, and resignify its affective bonds. ; Este artículo analiza las situaciones que las niñas y jóvenes desvinculadas del conflicto armado colombiano enfrentan por ser mujeres en el contexto de una cultura patriarcal. Estas jóvenes excombatientes, luego de experimentar un paso que va de la infancia a la guerra y un posterior retorno a la vida civil, construyen discursos y problematizan las relaciones de poder con el fin de buscar bienestar. Los cautiverios de estas mujeres son prisiones que envuelven sentimientos contradictorios en relación con su propio género y se convierten en una situación que condiciona sus vidas en tanto que no se retomen y se resignifiquen sus discursos hacia el respeto de su propio género. El Trabajo Social busca problematizar aquellas relaciones, tomar los discursos silenciados, reconstruir una identidad femenina y una resignificación de sus vínculos afectivos.

The article analyzes the situations that girls and young women who have demobilized from the Colombian armed conflict face due to the fact that they are women in the context of a patriarchal culture. These young ex-combatants, after a process that took them from childhood to war to the return to civilian life, construct discourses and question power relations in their search for wellbeing. These women are imprisoned by their contradictory feelings with respect to their gender and this situation will condition their lives as long as their discourses regarding respect for their gender are not addressed and resignified. Social Work seeks to question those relations, address discourse that have been silenced, rebuild a feminine identity, and resignify its affective bonds. ; Este artículo analiza las situaciones que las niñas y jóvenes desvinculadas del conflicto armado colombiano enfrentan por ser mujeres en el contexto de una cultura patriarcal. Estas jóvenes excombatientes, luego de experimentar un paso que va de la infancia a la guerra y un posterior retorno a la vida civil, construyen discursos y problematizan las relaciones de poder con el fin de buscar bienestar. Los cautiverios de estas mujeres son prisiones que envuelven sentimientos contradictorios en relación con su propio género y se convierten en una situación que condiciona sus vidas en tanto que no se retomen y se resignifiquen sus discursos hacia el respeto de su propio género. El Trabajo Social busca problematizar aquellas relaciones, tomar los discursos silenciados, reconstruir una identidad femenina y una resignificación de sus vínculos afectivos.

- The aim of this essay is to argue a new thesis about the conception of the rightful autonomy of the political or civil sphere from that of religion and the Church. On the one hand, the relations between politics and religion are decided following the principle of autonomy, understood as a theoretical and practical affirmation of the autonomy of both spheres; autonomy supported by reciprocal collaboration in the service of the person. The secular State is a State of reason, grounded on rights and duties and on relations that do not oppose to religion, recognised as one of the multiple reality that constitute the public sphere. On the other hand, it is important to discern two different propositions of autonomy in the modern context. The first is marked with a hostile openness towards religion and a second, which is attentive to dialogue with it. The reason for this dichotomy has been caused by misunderstanding democratic reality, which are possible to solve with a double discernment: in what sense are all the people the foundation of political sovereignty? And which is the democratic value of ethic pluralism? Popular sovereignty becomes real when there is an effective respect of the inviolable nature of a several goods of the human person, beyond the different interests of the State or of the majority. Pluralism, when it is severed from the ethic of indifference and it is not relegated to private life, is another barrier in the face of the ambition of the State.Keywords: laicality, laicism, democracy, sovereignty, pluralism