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"This book brings an important new perspective to the study of sex trafficking by considering the different types of social contracts which existed in the past that had sexual labour or activity as an inherent component. It outlines the nature of these social institutions - marriage, temporary marriage, debt bondage and slavery - which were recognised in local law, carried no stigma and endured for long periods. It discusses how labour pledged in return for a loan of cash or as a result of a punishment dictated by the state often included sexual labour, and how this could take the form of servicing the master of the house, or his guests, or foreign travellers, who paid the person who held the debt for the privilege, and how even wives of different ranks, temporary or permanent, and children, were pledged as sureties for loans. The book, which covers the modern states of Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam, argues that cultural norms are not static, that sexual contracts are more complicated than simply "marriage" or "prostitution", and that as trafficking for sexual purposes increases those engaging in humanitarian intervention would do well to understand better the historical underpinnings of cultural understandings of familial and contractual obligations"--

Rawls on constitutionalism and constitutional law / Frank I. Michelman -- Rawls and the law / Ronald Dworkin -- Are there limits to constitutional change? : Rawls on comprehensive doctrines, unconstitutional amendments, and the basis of equality / Charles A. Kelbley -- A backdoor to policy making : the use of philosophers by the Supreme Court / Neomi Rao -- Does philosophy deserve a place at the Supreme Court? / Thom Brooks -- Immigration, association, and the family / Matthew Lister -- Political liberalism / Michael J. Sandel -- The subject of liberalism / Frank I. Michelman -- Some problems with public reason in John Rawls's Political liberalism / Kent Greenawalt -- Can a liberal take his own side in an argument? : the case for John Rawls's idea of political liberalism / Ronald C. Den Otter -- On belling the cat : Rawls and tort as corrective justice / Kevin A. Kordana and David H. Tabachnick -- Private order and public justice : Kant and Rawls / Arthur Ripstein -- Rawls and reparation / Martin D. Carcieri -- From Utopia to Kazanistan : John Rawls and the law of peoples / John Tasioulas -- The incoherence between Rawls's theories of justice / Thomas W. Pogge -- Why Rawls is not a cosmopolitan egalitarian / Leif Wenar -- Preventing military humanitarian intervention? : John Rawls and Jürgen Habermas on a just global order / Regina Kreide -- Human rights and liberal toleration / David Reidy.

The Nature of Intractable Conflict introduces the latest ideas that seek to explain the basis of deep-rooted and violent conflict among human groups, communities and nations. It analyses a range of methods by which people have sought to mitigate, contain or resolve destructive processes, for example through customs, courts, humanitarian interventions, peacekeeping and peace-building. Surveying the field of conflict analysis and resolution in the twenty-first century, Mitchell focuses on developments in theory and practice that have taken place over the last forty years, reviewing the foundations of the field and innovations such as the growth of interest in conflict prevention and long term peace-building, various forms of conflict mitigation, and efforts to introduce courts and legal processes to help with the control and resolution of violent conflict within and across inter-state boundaries. Informed by fieldwork in Africa, Latin America, the Basque country, Northern Ireland and the former Soviet Union, this volume uniquely explores emerging ideas about the role of creativity and innovation in developing new ways of channelling or resolving apparently insoluble disputes. By examining the wider concepts of truth, reconciliation and post-conflict stability, this book will be an essential resource for all peace and conflict scholars.

Introduction: policymaking and intelligence on Iraq / James P. Pfiffner and Mark Phythian -- pt. I. Intellectual antecedents of the Iraq War -- The neoconservative roots of the war in Iraq / John Dumbrell -- The origins of the British decision to go to war: Tony Blair, humanitarian intervention, and the "new doctrine of the international community" / Jim Whitman -- pt. II. The public case for war -- Did President Bush mislead the country in his arguments for war with Iraq? / James P. Pfiffner -- The British road to war: decisionmaking, intelligence, and the case for war in Iraq / Mark Phythian -- Australian use of intelligence and the case for war in Iraq / Rodney Tiffen -- The Iraq War and the management of American public opinion / John Mueller -- pt. III. Intelligence failure -- Intelligence collection and analysis on Iraq: issues for the intelligence community / Richard Kerr ... [et al.] -- The politics and psychology of intelligence and intelligence reform / Robert Jervis -- Congress, the Iraq War, and the failures of intelligence oversight / Loch K. Johnson -- Flawed intelligence, limited oversight: official inquiries into prewar UK intelligence on Iraq / Mark Phythian -- pt. IV. Policy failure -- Decisionmaking, intelligence, and the Iraq War / James P. Pfiffner -- Intelligence, policy, and the war in Iraq / Paul R. Pillar -- pt. V. Excerpts from key speeches and documents

Theorizing American empire Leo Panitch and Sam Gindin -- Interpreting the fall of a monument Jürgen Habermas -- The Iraq War : critical reflections from 'Old Europe' Ulrich K. Preuss -- The conduct of the UN before and after the 2003 invasion Hans von Sponeck -- The UN and its conduct during the invasion and occupation of Iraq Denis Halliday -- Keeping its promise : use of force and the new man of international law Doris E. Buss -- Looking for life signs in an international rule of law Trevor Purvis -- American empire or empires? : alternative juridifications of the new world order Peter Swan -- Empire's law and the contradictory politics of human rights Amy Bartholomew -- A new Bonapartism? Nehal Bhuta -- Empire's democracy, ours and theirs Andrew Arato -- The three cyclops of empire building : targeting the fabric of Iraqi society Haifa Zangana -- Drifting away from the edge of empire : Canada in the age of George W. Bush Reg Whitaker -- A 'just war', or just another of Tony Blair's wars? David Coates -- The uses and abuses of humanitarian intervention in the wake of empire Fuyuki Kurasawa -- Taking empire seriously : empire's law, peoples' law and the World Tribunal on Iraq Jayan Nayar -- Whither the United Nations? Samir Amin

This book presents an up-to-date, scholarly analysis of European crisis management during the 1990s and is one of the first books to summarize European experiences in the field of peacekeeping and crisis management. With the help of eight case studies, the authors explore how European governments have responded to international crises. The book also contains in-depth studies on key concepts like humanitarian intervention, military doctrine and Petersberg tasks . The book describes Europe's increasing responsibility for the proper functioning of international society. It points to a pronounced move to collective action and highlights Europe's political and military adaptation to the post-Cold War strategic environment. The authors detect an ever stronger belief in the use of military power and thereby the contours of an emerging common European identity within the field of crisis management. The book establishes an agenda for future research on European crisis management and out-of-area operations. It will be of prime interest to students of international relations, European studies, foreign policy analysis, international organization, crisis management and conflict resolution, and will also be essential reading for all those who need a practical survey of the latest developments in the field of international crisis management

1. Introduction to international human rights -- Treaties. 2. Ratification and implementation of treaties : the covenant on economic, social and cultural rights -- 3. State reporting under international human rights treaties (United States) -- 4. State reporting under international human rights treaties (Iran); cultural relativism -- Gross violations. 5. What U.N. procedures are available for violations of human rights? ECOSOC resolutions 1235 and 1503; thematic procedures -- 6. Collective and unilateral humanitarian intervention -- 7. Can human rights violations be punished and victims assured redress? -- 8. International human rights fact-finding -- 9. How can the U.S. government influence respect for human rights in other countries? -- Use of adjudicative remedies. 10. How are pronouncements of human rights in international instruments interpreted? The Baby Boy case in the Inter-American Commission -- 11. What can U.S. lawyers learn from the European human rights system? -- 12. U.S. adjudicative remedies for violations occurring outside the U.S. : Filartiga and its progeny -- 13. U.S. remedies for human rights violations within the U.S. : alien children in detention -- 14. Refugee and asylum law; jurisprudence of human rights; cultural relativism -- Causes of human rights violations. 15. What seem to be the causes of human rights violations and how might knowledge as to causation be useful?

Since 2008, the Russian government conducted two invasions of sovereign territory in Eastern Europe prior to the current crisis in Ukraine. In 2008 Russian troops invaded Georgia, dramatically beginning a process of slowly dismantling the sovereignty of a self-identified European state. In 2014 Russia annexed Crimea and de facto established two pro-Russian independent oblasts inside Ukrainian territory. Throughout this process, and despite outrage, Western nations continued to interact favourably with Russia, allowing sanctions to lapse. However, the invasion of Ukraine in 2022 changed this standard interaction dramatically. But why was Russia unable to get away with this invasion? Using role theory, I shall show how the construction of the Russian '[co]compatriot defender' role conception has been used to strategically mask contradictory foreign policy behaviour. By analysing UN Security Council speeches, I will show how the operationalisation of constructed role ambiguity was used to 'shield' this role from contradictions between Russia's behaviour and western nations' expectations. Constructed ambiguity was deployed with regards to passportisation and the liberal norms of R2P and humanitarian intervention, thus preventing role conflict between Russia and Western nations. However, since 2022 Western nations have ceased to buy into this role ambiguity.

Unlike other Arab monarchies, Qatar has embraced a supportive position toward the Arab revolutions since the moment they broke out in late 2010. In fact, Qatar's Al Jazeera network was an essential media mobilizer for the Arab masses and a major promoter of the revolutionary change process in the region, hosting pro-revolution Arab intellectuals, and broadcasting pro-reform messages. Qatar welcomed the Tunisian Revolution, financially backed the country in its transitional stage, and behaved the same with the subsequent Egyptian and Yemeni cases. What's more, Qatar made efforts to encourage both Arab and international support for humanitarian interventions in Libya and Syria, and generously backed the revolutionary forces there both financially and militarily. Given the fact that Qatar's political system is of the conservative-monarchic type, this paper aims to review the dynamics and geopolitical interests that drove Doha to embrace a pro-change policy in the region during the Arab Spring, with a view to better understanding what has become known as the 'Qatari Oxymoron' or 'Qatari Exceptionalism,' and the ensuing dynamics that led to the Gulf crisis of 2017 –the most difficult crisis among the GCC states since the organization's establishment in 1981.

Abstract
Approaches variously described as critical, reflexive, postpositivist, and agonistic constructivism reject the idea that the meaning of a norm can be fixed. These approaches look instead to the role that discursive practice plays in repeatedly constructing meaning. While the focus on how discourse shapes the meaning of a norm can tell us something about the ongoing social significance of that norm, it does not answer the question of whether that norm is normatively appropriate. Taking its cue from pragmatic ethics, this paper addresses the above limitation in the existing scholarship. It does so by not only tracing norms' meanings in use, but also crucially evaluating the extent to which they are useful in alleviating the social problems they were designed to address. The theoretical argument is illustrated by examining the meanings in use of the rebuilding norm in the aftermath of the 2011 humanitarian intervention in Libya; how was the norm understood and practiced? What were the consequences of such meanings in use? I argue that this type of analysis can significantly improve our understanding of normative outcomes of norm contestation processes by bringing to the fore the practical consequences of norms, their various meanings, and the political environment within which they are enacted.

Currently, food security is becoming a fundamental problem in the global macroeconomic dynamics for policymakers and governments in developing countries. Globally, food security offers challenges both from achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targets and the welfare perspective of many poor households. As a result, this study is guided by Neo Malthusian and Access theories to investigate Food Security Sustainability: a Synthesis of the Current Concepts and Empirical Approaches for Meeting SDGs in Nigeria using ARDL and ECM techniques. The ARDL revealed that agricultural value-added and GDP positively affect food security for commercial agrarian investments in Nigeria. However, internal displacement, population growth, food inflation, and exchange rate volatility negatively affect sustainable food security in Nigeria. The model's coefficient of ECMt−1 also shows negative (−0.0130 approximately) and statistically significant (0.0000) at 1%. Thus, the speed of adjustment requires 1.3% annually for the long-run equilibrium convergence to be restored. The study concludes that the SDGs targets for poverty and hunger reduction, mainly for food security sustainability alongside small producers by the year 2030, can be rarely achieved because the convergence to equilibrium is more than nine years. An active value-addition strategy for sustainable food security and the provision of humanitarian interventions are recommended.

Approaches variously described as critical, reflexive, postpositivist, and agonistic constructivism reject the idea that the meaning of a norm can be fixed. These approaches look instead to the role that discursive practice plays in repeatedly constructing meaning. While the focus on how discourse shapes the meaning of a norm can tell us something about the ongoing social significance of that norm, it does not answer the question of whether that norm is normatively appropriate. Taking its cue from pragmatic ethics, this paper addresses the above limitation in the existing scholarship. It does so by not only tracing norms' meanings in use, but also crucially evaluating the extent to which they are useful in alleviating the social problems they were designed to address. The theoretical argument is illustrated by examining the meanings in use of the rebuilding norm in the aftermath of the 2011 humanitarian intervention in Libya; how was the norm understood and practiced? What were the consequences of such meanings in use? I argue that this type of analysis can significantly improve our understanding of normative outcomes of norm contestation processes by bringing to the fore the practical consequences of norms, their various meanings, and the political environment within which they are enacted.

Abstract
As a growing number of contemporary American novelists take the world and its socio-cultural and geopolitical complexity as their subject matter, the contemporary novel's form and sense of worldliness are shifting. Twenty-first century US fiction challenges normative models of the world proposed by theories of cosmopolitan relationality by projecting fragile worlds of strife and trauma, in which violence accompanies geopolitical turbulence. In these novels, discourses around human security—the everyday security needs of vulnerable populations—are increasingly prominent. Accordingly, contemporary US fiction often incorporates within its geopolitical imaginary such issues as human rights, humanitarian interventions, development, and how life is disabled by prejudice, civil war, scarcity, and health or other crises. In this essay, I range across a number of works by contemporary American novelists such as Dave Eggers, Jennifer Egan, Denis Johnson, Dana Spiotta, and Bob Shacochis in which state failures as well as human and geopolitical security concerns impact on the form given to the world by these novelists. In their novels, narratives concerning human security as well as threats to geopolitical stability produce transnational geographies in which global interconnections and circulation intensify feelings of insecurity.

There is a consensus all around the world that all individuals are entitled to certain basic rights under any circumstances. These include certain civil liberties and political rights, the most fundamental of which is the right to life and physical safety. Human rights are the articulation of the need for justice, tolerance and mutual respect, and human dignity in all of our activity.To protect human rights is to ensure that people receive some degree of decent, humane treatment. To violate the most basic human rights, on the other hand, is to deny individuals their fundamental moral entitlements. This paper will explain, how developed countries on the name of humanitarian intervention, breach the sovereignty of the independent nations and violate their human rights.  It is, in a sense, to treat them as if they are less than human and undeserving of respect and dignity. From Afghanistan to present Middle Eastern crises, more human rights are violated then they are protected. It is absolutely bizarre that, on the basis of conflicting ideologies, the developing and underdeveloped countries are merely treated as theatre of cold war. This paper will also present statistical analysis of the human rights violations.Â

The study of conflict in cities has emerged as a significant subfield in a number of disciplines. For policy-makers and analysts concerned with humanitarian interventions in cities emerging from conflict, the city as a form of human organization and its impact upon the establishment of security is of particular importance. Less academic attention has been given to divided cities where the legitimacy of the state authority controlling the city is, itself, in question and where stabilization and the establishment of security is protracted. The adoption of integrative and inclusive approaches to policing becomes a key component in security regimes in divided cities. In these cases, however, to what extent should the stabilization phase be recast? Is the law enforcement phase subsumed and over-ridden by national security concerns? This article examines these questions by suggesting a number of security models which have been used in a range of divided cities. It focuses in more detail on a study of Israeli policing in the Palestinian areas of East Jerusalem occupied by Israel after 1967 to draw some broader conclusions about the nature of the security regime in Jerusalem and other divided cities inside contested states. (International Affairs (Oxford) / SWP)