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The ambiguities of Immanuel Kant's political philosophy, particularly his social contract theory, are discussed. In large part, Kant's political philosophy stemmed from his attitudes toward the Englightenment & the French Revolution, & his theory of social contract served as a foundation for enlightened absolutism. Comparison of Kant's thought with Thomas Hobbes's theory, particularly the right to disobedience & revolt, & with John Locke's theory of social contract & the development & context of the right to revolt, illuminates some key difficulties in Kant's political, moral, & legal theory. Adapted from the source document.

This item is part of the Political & Rights Issues & Social Movements (PRISM) digital collection, a collaborative initiative between Florida Atlantic University and University of Central Florida in the Publication of Archival, Library & Museum Materials (PALMM).

One concern with employer-based health insurance is job lock or the inability for employees to leave their current employment for better opportunities for fear of losing benefits. We use the implementation of the Affordable Care Act's dependency mandate as a natural experiment. Data from the United States Army overcome some limitations in previous studies including the ability to examine workers with fixed contract expiration dates, uniform pay, and health coverage. We find that the ACA decreased reenlistment rates by 3.13 percent for enlisted soldiers aged 23-25. We also find that younger veterans who leave the army are more likely to attend college. These findings show that the ACA reduced job lock and increased college-going.

Patents are temporary monopolies conceded by political authorities to private agents on the grounds that they support the public interest. Since Locke, there has been a lot of philosophical and legal discussion on the conditions under which the fiduciary privatization of "commons", i.e., public resources held in common, should proceed. An important legal, philosophical and economic debate has recently begun on the privatization of life forms through patents. Alter restating the fiduciary conception of private appropriation based on Lockean grounds and on the tradition of our modern positive legal framework, this paper explores some of the metaphysical, legal, political and economic issues involved in the current discussion. ; Finaciamiento: Proyecto PICT Raíces 2006, 1795 de la Agencia Nacional de Investigaciones de la República Argentina: "Equilibrio reflexivo, ética y filosofía política republicanas". Proyecto FFI2009-10941 (subprograma FISO) del Ministerio de Ciencia de España: "Coyunturas y trasfondos interpretativos: ontología social, historia, sentido común y buen sentido de la filosofía política". ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1 "Where Justice Is Called a Virtue": Public Reason and Civic Formation in Thomas Hobbes -- 2 Compact Before Liberal Constructivism: The Divine Politics of John Locke -- 3 Governing Subjects and Breeding Citizens: Dilemmas of Public Reasoning and Public Judgment in Locke -- 4 Rousseau's Contractarian Republic: The Culture of Constitutional Self-Government -- 5 John Rawls, Public Reason, and Transformative Liberalism Today -- Conclusion: The Politics of Not Settling Down -- Bibliography -- Index

It is a fact-of-life that an organization must have a formal vision statement. Like any leadership tool, it isonly effective if it is done right. Research has demonstrated time and again that a vision statement canimprove organizational performance as well as individual follower performance, but only if the visioncontains certain characteristics (Baum, Locke, & Kirkpatrick, 1998; Kirkpatrick, 2004; Kirkpatrick &Locke, 1996; Kirkpatrick, Wofford, & Baum, 2002).

AbstractThe moral theory of "mixed modes" John Locke presents in hisEssay concerning Human Understandingis beset with paradoxes. On the one hand, he tells us that all mixed modes, including moral concepts, are "arbitrary" mental constructs. On the other hand, he speaks of an "eternal law" of right and wrong, and is well known as a champion of objective, universally valid natural law. This paradox stems from problems created by the new natural science. That science is predicated on the demolition of Aristotelian Scholasticism. Locke participates in that demolition on behalf of science, but it leaves him with limited options in building his own moral theory. Samuel Pufendorf responded to this situation by devising a theory of "moral modes," and Locke follows Pufendorf's model. The essay concludes by noting some similarities and differences with the moral metaphysics of Immanuel Kant.

Abstract. Examination of Locke's theory political obligation suggests some of the difficulties which beset any consent theory. Stress is placed on the need for the state of nature as a real alternative to civil society, if Locke is to maintain that people have consented. It is shown that Locke has precluded a decision to remain in the state of nature and, therefore, people have not consented. This conclusion inspires a reconstruction of Locke's theory wherein people consent hypothetically: they would consent to legitimate government, if they had the opportunity to found government anew. What would they consent to? What are the criteria of legitimate government? The provisions of the Lockeian contract set out and found wanting People, as Locke sees them and living under conditions which he describes, would not consent to his contract.

Chapter 1: Introduction: What Is a Religious Form? -- Chapter 2: Spinoza: Arch-Father of the Material-Religion Approach -- Chapter 3: Locke: Equal Rights to Toleration Today -- Chapter 4: Rawls: Religious Forms and Public Reason -- Chapter 5: Coda: Why Abstraction Matters.

Front Cover -- Half Title -- Full Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Chronology -- Introduction -- Chapter One: Casting Out Idols: 1620-1697 -- Francis Bacon, The New Instrument (1620) -- René Descartes, Discourse on Method (1637) -- Baruch Spinoza, Ethics (1677) -- Isaac Newton, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687) -- Pierre Bayle, Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697) -- Chapter Two: The Learned Maid: 1638-1740 -- Anna Maria van Schurman, Whether the Study of Letters Befits a Christian Woman (1638) -- Margaret Cavendish, The Blazing World (1666) -- Bathsua Makin, An Essay to Revive the Ancient Education of Gentlewomen (1673) -- Madame de Maintenon, Letter: On the Education of the Demoiselles of Saint-Cyr (August 1, 1686), and Instruction: On the World (1707) -- Émilie Du Châtelet, Fundamentals of Physics (1740) -- Chapter Three: A State of Perfect Freedom: 1689-1695 -- John Locke, Letter on Toleration (1689) -- John Locke, Second Treatise on Civil Government (1689) -- John Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689) -- John Locke, Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1693) -- John Locke, The Reasonableness of Christianity, as Delivered in the Scriptures (1695) -- Chapter Four: All Things Made New: 1725-1784 -- Giambattista Vico, The New Science (1725/1730/1744) -- Carl Linnaeus, System of Nature (1735) -- Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, The Successive Advancement of the Human Mind (1750) -- Jean le Rond d'Alembert, Preliminary Discourse (1751) -- Immanuel Kant, What Is Enlightenment? (1784) -- Chapter Five: Mind, Soul, and God: 1740-1779 -- David Hume, An Abstract of a Book Lately Published (1740) -- Julien Offray de La Mettrie, Man a Machine (1747) -- Claude Adrien Helvétius, On the Mind (1758) -- Paul-Henri Thiry, baron d'Holbach, Common Sense (1772).

IN THIS PAPER, THE AUTHOR ARGUES, CONTRA TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL ANARCHIST, THAT STATES CAN BE LEGITIMATE IN THE ABSENCE OF POLITICAL OBLIGATION. IN ORDER TO MAKE THIS CASE, HE CONSIDERS THE "LOCKEAN" PHILOSOPHICAL ANARCHIST ARGUMENT MADE BY A. JOHN SIMMONS. ACCORDING TO SIMMONS, THE ONLY WAY FOR A STATE TO BE LEGITIMATE IS FOR IT TO GAIN THE CONSENT OF ITS CITIZENS. THE NATURAL EXECUTIVE RIGHT, PUT FORWARD BY LOCKE AND EMBRACED BY SIMMONS, CAN BEST BE UNDERSTOOD AS A POWER TO PERFORM THE DUTY OF PUNISHING MORAL WRONGDOERS, AND THIS DUTY CAN PROVIDE THE FOUNDATION FOR A LEGITIMATE GOVERNMENT. THIS ARGUMENT WILL NOT LEAD TO THE CONCLUSION THAT ANY EXISTING STATES ARE LEGITIMATE, NOR WILL IT BE INCONSISTENT WITH THE PHILOSOPHICAL ANARCHIST ARGUMENT THAT UNDER MANY CIRCUMSTANCES CITIZENS OF RELATIVELY JUST STATES WILL HAVE GOOD MORAL REASONS FOR OBEYING THE COMMANDS OF ILLEGITIMATE STATES. WHAT IT WILL DEMONSTRATE IS THAT STATE LEGITIMACY IS NOT INEXTRICABLY LINKED TO POLITICAL OBLIGATION. IT WILL ALSO RAISE THE POSSIBILITY OF OTHER LEGITIMATE FUNCTIONS OF GOVERNMENT THAT MAY NOT REQUIRE CONSENT.

Since the Eastern enlargement of the EU in 2004, Austria has lost global export market shares. At the same time exports to Central, East and Southeast Europe (CESEE) have gained a significant portion of Austria's total exports. Moreover, in recent years Austrian GDP growth has slowed down and unemployment increased. In this context our main research question is whether the opening to the East has had a structural lock-in effect for Austria's economy. In a novel approach on the territorial lock-in effect we apply a multi-perspective view from a microeconomic (firm-level), mesoeconomic (industry-level) and macroeconomic (country-level) perspective. The major finding is that by and large Austria is not subject to a lock-in effect into CESEE markets. On the contrary, the results suggest a growing internationalisation of the Austrian export structure. Nevertheless, policy recommendations that aim at further improving Austria's competitiveness include a productivity‑oriented wage policy, an industrial policy that aims at technological upgrading, support for European policy measures that speed up income convergence across the continent as well as additional measures to internationalise Austrian businesses with a focus on the booming emerging markets in India and Africa.

Introduction : introducing Locke's maritime political thought -- Who owns the oceans? : Locke's theory of property at sea -- "Robbers and pyrates" : Locke's theory of natural law at sea -- Locke's war on piracy -- Locke's theory of penal slavery -- Locke's theory on forced military service -- Conclusion : maritime political thought, then and now.