Suchergebnisse

Relevance. The trajectory of the organization's development in modern conditions requires managers to take an updated approach to personnel management, namely, from the perspective of human resource management. The purpose of the study is to study and analyse the implementation of personnel policy on the example of the production enterprise LLC "Hydrophob", to determine the directions of its improvement. Objectives: study of the theoretical foundations of the formation of personnel policy in the organization; evaluation of the activities of the production enterprise LLC "Hydrophob" in terms of its human resources potential; development of measures to improve the personnel policy of LLC "Hydrophob". Methodology. To solve the tasks set in the course of the study, the dialectical method of cognition of the phenomena of objective reality was used, as well as methods of analysis, synthesis, systematization of information, content analysis of data, graphical method. Results: the interrelation of the concepts of "personnel policy", "labor resources" and "labor potential" of the organization is revealed; the analysis of the effectiveness of personnel policy was carried out on the example of the production enterprise LLC "Hydrophob", which allowed to identify bottlenecks that need to be eliminated; recommendations for improving the personnel policy of the analysed organization are proposed. Conclusions. The results of the quantitative analysis of the workforce of the production enterprise LLC "Hydrophob" demonstrate a trend of growth in staffing for all groups of employees in 2022 compared to 2021, a high proportion of workers in the overall structure of the workforce. The results of a qualitative analysis of the labor resources of the analyzed enterprise allow us to conclude that there is a low proportion of young professionals in the organization; that employees have the necessary level of qualification (education); most employees have a long work experience (15-20 years) in the organization. Based on the obtained analytical results, possible directions for improving the personnel policy of the production enterprise LLC "Hydrophob" are proposed by creating a personnel reserve using internal and external sources.

Efforts to improve the performance of civil servants (ASN) continue to be made, one of which is through research to address this issue. This has been carried out by many researchers in various countries and regions in Indonesia. However, research focused on the performance of civil servants in the South Sulawesi Provincial Government is still limited. Therefore, the researcher conducted a study by developing a research model aimed at analyzing the direct influence of public service motivation on innovative behavior, analyzing the direct influence of public service motivation and innovative behavior on civil servant performance, and analyzing the indirect influence of public service motivation on civil servant performance through innovative behavior. The research design is a survey with a quantitative research approach. This study was conducted within the Regional Government Organizations in the South Sulawesi Provincial Government, located in Makassar City. The population of this study includes all civil servants (ASN) within the South Sulawesi Provincial Government in 2021, totaling 22,956 individuals. To determine the sample size from a population to be studied, the Taro Yamane or Slovin (15) formula was used with a precision of 10% and a confidence level of 90%, resulting in a sample size of 100 individuals. The sample selection process utilized purposive sampling. The data analysis technique used in this study is Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the AMOS application. The research results have proven a positive and significant influence of public service motivation on the innovative behavior of civil servants. Additionally, innovative behavior significantly impacts civil servant performance. An interesting finding from the research indicates that public service motivation, when considered directly, has less impact on improving civil servant performance. However, it does have an indirect impact on performance when mediated by the variable of innovative behavior. The novelty of this research lies in the discovery of a new approach to enhancing the performance of civil servants (ASN). It emphasizes the crucial role of innovative behavior as a mediator between public service motivation and the performance of civil servants, especially within the Regional Government Organizations in the South Sulawesi Provincial Government.

Introduction. The object of the analysis is the ways in which the Kalmyk Khanate of the 18th century used communication routes and movements along these paths for a specific purpose. Methods and materials. The official correspondence of Kalmyk khans and owners with representatives of different government levels of the Russian state of the 18th century from the funds of the National Archives of the Republic of Kalmykia is considered, data on the movements of representatives of the Kalmyk Khanate is revealed, and a typology of these movements is proposed. Analysis. It is shown that ways differ in place, time, and purpose of movement. In the life of the Kalmyks, internal and external ways stood out. The internal ones are seasonal migrations within the khanate in order to change pastures for livestock. The documents report on the places of nomads, folk traditions, holidays, and various difficulties. External ways connected the Kalmyks with the world outside the khanate and were divided into postal (communication between different subjects), official (delivery of salaries, trips on judicial and other matters), diplomatic (visits to the court, trips to other states to conclude and maintain peace), military (military campaigns, border protection), trade (trips to Russian and other cities for the purchase and sale of livestock and various goods), and religious (pilgrimage to Tibet, trips for baptism to Stavropol-on-the-Volga). Results. The conclusion is made about the great importance of both internal ways, which determined the mode of life of the nomadic people, and external ones, thanks to which interaction with the Russian state and other countries was carried out. Sources of Kalmyk and Russian origin reveal facts from different points of view and show the actions of both sides as the realization of their complex, multifaceted interaction. Authors' contribution. D.A. Suseeva proposed the classification principles, identified the main way types, and analyzed the letters of the Kalmyk khans and owners. O.A. Gorban supplemented the classification with individual species and analyzed V.N. Tatishchev's letters and other documents of the Kalmyk Commission.

Literature on the operation of regulatory agencies and their interactions with the executive branch of government is well established. Much less attention has been devoted to the relationship between these agencies and the courts, especially in case of judicial review of regulators' decisions. This paper examines how judicial review of regulatory decisions produces clashes and agreements between regulatory agencies and the courts, and the influence of these relationships on regulatory governance. The research was conducted in Brazil with 21 interviews, consisting of eight officials of six federal regulatory agencies, seven attorneys from five agencies, and six federal judges. Regulatory governance, institutional theory, and regulatory overlap were the main analytical frameworks for this research. Data was subjected to content analysis. The findings showed that judicial review plays an important role in the overlapping scopes between courts and regulatory agencies. The institutional details of regulatory governance are crucial for the regulatory bodies to function. Despite the conflicts, judges seek more coordination with regulators, because of a greater awareness of the specifics of regulatory policies. Attorneys of regulatory bodies perform a key role in the dialogue between regulators and courts, especially by bridging the gap between technical and legal protocols. Regulatory litigation provides powerful economic agents with the opportunity to obtain a successful remittance of fines, thereby diluting the regulators' ability to enforce regulation. Points for practitioners Judicial review is the only coordinating mechanism between regulatory agencies and the courts and plays a crucial role in defining regulatory policies and in controlling administrative behavior. In the process of judicial review, regulatory bodies confront the uncertainties that mark the blurred boundaries between the roles performed by state actors and authorities in dealing with regulation. By examining the Brazilian case, the research sheds light on regulatory governance and deals with the balance of power between the judiciary and formally independent regulatory bodies. The findings indicate the value of closer dialogue between regulators and courts in a context where regulatory agencies are increasingly called upon to make important technical and social choices on highly sensitive public issues.

AbstractIn recent years, there has been growing interest in public valuation for forest ecosystem services in policymaking. This paper investigates the public's perception of the Czech forest ecosystem services, i.e., provisioning, regulating and cultural services, with associated factors (changes in forest cover, production, and respondents' characteristics). The performance perception of forest ecosystem services was gathered from a nationwide survey in 2020. The Coordination of Information on the Environment Land Cover information in 2000 and 2018 was used for observation of forest cover changes. Coniferous and non-coniferous (broadleaved) roundwood, mushroom, and bilberry production data from the observed years were acquired from the Czech Statistical Office and the Ministry of Agriculture's annual nationwide surveys. The Bohemia vs. Moravia study areas were also statistically compared. Predictor analysis of the high score of performance perception from individual and cluster forest ecosystems was also performed to answer the research objectives. The group of forest provisioning services received high scores in public evaluation (from 3.9 to 4.2), followed by regulating services (mean range: 3.7–4.1). The highest score was found in forest as a natural habitat for wild animals and plants (mean: 4.6). However, the lowest value was the esthetic value (mean: 2.3). Both are categorized as forest cultural services. The broadleaved and mixed forest areas in 2018 were significantly higher than in 2000, especially in Bohemia. Meanwhile, the total coniferous forested region in 2018 declined substantially compared to 2000 (p = 0.030), especially in Moravian areas. A significantly higher total production of the coniferous and broadleaved roundwood removals in 2018 than in 2000 was reported, in contrast to a marked decrease in collected mushrooms and bilberries. The high score of performance perception of forests as the wood provisioning service was positively and significantly associated with the changes in broadleaved roundwood removals. Older-age and female respondents were the primary predictors of the studied cluster and individual forest ecosystem services. The findings indicate that the social value of the individual forest provisioning services supports the implementation of multi-species and multi-purpose forests; hence, it encourages the implementation of the current Czech forest policy.

The authors of this paper attempted a comprehensive study of criminological and criminal law features of the fight and prevention of cattle rustling as the most urgent problem of the modern state (using various norms of the Criminal Code of the Re- public of Kazakhstan dated July 3, 2014 (latest wording as of January 10, 2022), statistical data, modern publications of the analytical plan and law enforcement prac- tice). The purpose of this paper is an in-depth and comprehensive study of crimino- logical and criminal law features of crimes stipulated by Article 188-1 of the Crim- inal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan. This study employed methods of crimino- logical analysis, research of statistical indicators, content analysis of regulatory doc- uments, as well as elements of system-structural, normative, formal legal, compara- tive legal, and retrospective analysis of cattle raiding. The study analysed the meth- ods, means, composition of this criminal encroachment on someone else's property in the form of cattle and small-horned cattle, and other varieties of livestock, the system of prevention and suppression of cattle raiding in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Mongolia, and other countries, quantitative and qualitative indicators of this type of crime, which also adversely affects the development of the agro-industrial complex of the country. In addition, the authors noted the problems of causing con- siderable damage to livestock owners and the growth of organised crime in this area of illegal activity. Furthermore, the involvement of materials of law enforcement practice determined the practical significance of this paper, the originality of clari- fying certain issues. Therewith, the issue studied in this paper constitutes the most negative factor affecting the development of the livestock industry in Kazakhstan and other countries, its prevention is certainly promising for further research and detailing controversial issues on tightening the responsibility of criminals and improving the competence of cattle and small-horned cattle owners, other animals (breeding horses, donkeys, camels, pigs) to protect their property. Key words: cattle raiding, theft, civil law, cattle and small-horned cattle, method of commission, animal husbandry.

When a problem leaves decision makers uncertain as to how to approach it, observing others' decisions can improve one's own decisions by promoting more accurate judgments and a better insight into the problem. However, observing others' decisions may also activate motives that prevent this potential from being realized, for instance, ego concerns that prompt excessive risk taking. Our experimental study investigates how two features of the social environment influence the effect of observing others' decisions on individual risk taking and performance. We manipulated (1) the psychological distance to others whose decisions could be observed (and thereby the tendency to seek self-enhancing social comparison) and (2) the opportunity for interaction (and thereby for a cumulative effect of any such tendency on decisions over time and for an effect on social information itself). Because the two features covary in real-world settings, we designed two treatments corresponding to the two natural combinations. Both treatments provided participants with two other participants' period decisions in a multiperiod problem under uncertainty. No new objective information about the problem could be inferred from these decisions. We predicted that participants who observed the decisions of distant others (who had solved the same problem earlier) would perform better than participants in a control sample without any information about others' decisions and that participants who observed the decisions of proximal others (with whom interaction could arise) would take more risk and perform worse than those who observed distant others' decisions. The data corroborate our predictions. We discuss implications for organizational learning. History: This paper has been accepted for the Organization Science Special Issue on Experiments in Organizational Theory. Funding: The research was made possible by funding from the Nordrhein-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Künste through the Akademienprogramm of the German Academies of Sciences and Humanities (2006–2015). Hohnisch and Pittnauer gratefully acknowledge funding from the Stiftung der Freunde und Förderer der NRW-Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Künste (2016). Supplemental Material: The supplemental material is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2021.1507 .

Various methods of cluster analysis are used for identification of large-scale atmospheric circulation regimes or weather regimes (WRs). In this paper we compare four most commonly used clustering methods – k-means (KM), Ward's hierarchical clustering (HW), Gaussian mixture model (GM) and self-organizing maps (SOM) to analyze WRs in Euro-Atlantic region. The data used for WRs identification are 500 hPa geopotential height fields (z500) from the ERA5 reanalysis for the 1940–2022 period. Four classical wintertime weather regimes are identified by the KM method – two regimes associated with positive and negative phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO+ and NAO–), a regime associated with the Scandinavian blocking (SB) and a regime characterized by elevated pressure over the Northern Atlantics. For summer months KM method gets WRs that are similar by their spatial structure to the classical winter ones. The SOM method yields results that are almost identical to the results of KM method. Unlike KM and SOM methods, HW and GM do not catch the spatial structure of all four classical winter Euro-Atlantic weather regimes and their summer analogues. Compared to WRs of the KM and SOM methods, WRs obtained by HW and GM methods explain less z500 variance, they have different occurrences, persistence and transition features. Summer and winter WRs obtained by HW and GM methods are less similar to each other compared to WRs provided by KM method. Average spatial correlation coefficients between mean z500 fields of WRs obtained by KM and HW methods are 0.76 in winter and 0.83 in summer, 0.70 in winter and 0.72 in summer for KM and GM methods and 0.41 in winter and 0.44 in summer for the regimes between HW and GM methods, respectively. There are statistically significant trends of seasonal occurrence of WRs found by some of the studied clustering methods – a positive trend for the occurrence of the NAO+ regime and a negative trend for the occurrence of the NAO– regime.

AbstractPregnant women in poverty may be especially likely to experience sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances, which may have downstream effects on fetal neurodevelopment. However, the associations between sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances, social disadvantage during pregnancy, and neonatal brain structure remains poorly understood. The current study explored the association between maternal sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances during pregnancy and neonatal brain outcomes, examining sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances as a mediator of the effect of social disadvantage during pregnancy on infant structural brain outcomes. The study included 148 mother‐infant dyads, recruited during early pregnancy, who had both actigraphy and neuroimaging data. Mothers' sleep was assessed throughout their pregnancy using actigraphy, and neonates underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging in the first weeks of life. Neonatal structural brain outcomes included cortical gray matter, subcortical gray matter, and white matter volumes along with a measure of the total surface area of the cortex. Neonates of mothers who experienced greater inter‐daily deviations in sleep duration had smaller total cortical gray and white matter volumes and reduced cortical surface areas. Neonates of mothers who had higher levels of circadian misalignment and later sleep timing during pregnancy showed smaller subcortical gray matter volumes. Inter‐daily deviations in sleep duration during pregnancy mediated the association between maternal social disadvantage and neonatal structural brain outcomes. Findings highlight the importance of regularity and rhythmicity in sleep schedules during pregnancy and bring to light the role of chronodisruption as a potential mechanism underlying the deleterious neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal adversity.Research Highlights
Social disadvantage was associated with sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances during pregnancy, including later sleep schedules, increased variability in sleep duration, circadian misalignment, and a higher proportion of the sleep period spent awake.
Maternal sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances during pregnancy were associated with decreased brain volume and reduced cortical surface area in neonates.
Maternal inter‐daily deviations in sleep duration during pregnancy mediated the association between social disadvantage and neonatal brain volume and cortical surface area.

Relevance. In market conditions of doing business, organizations are forced to compete with each other, find new markets, goods/services that satisfy the rapidly changing needs of customers, quickly responding to the challenges of the external environment. To win the competition, companies introduce high-quality goods and services, use computer technologies, modern equipment, and innovations. The virtual reality market is becoming a rapidly developing and promising market. The development and launch of startup projects in this area is becoming a relevant area of research and development. That is why the problem of conducting a competitive analysis of the business environment when developing startup projects comes to the fore and requires its scientific and practical solution.The purpose of the study is to conduct a competitive analysis of the startup's business environment and, on its basis, identify directions for the formation of the project's competitive advantages. The study was carried out using the example of the development of a startup project "Creation of a virtual reality club Enter. VR".The objectives are set based on the topic of the study and are aimed at justifying the relevance of solving the identified problem, studying the main trends in the development of the global and Russian virtual reality market, conducting a competitive business environment for a startup and identifying, on its basis, directions for forming the competitive advantages of the project.The methodology involves the use of empirical and comparative analysis methods, as well as methods of tabular and graphical visualization of source data and research results.Results. The results of the study provide for solving the problems posed in the study and substantiating the conclusions obtained.Conclusions. Using the example of the development of the startup project "Creation of a virtual reality club "Enter. VR" a competitive analysis of the business environment was carried out, the competitive and most attractive segments of the virtual reality market in the Kursk region were identified, recommendations were formulated for the formation of competitive advantages of the virtual reality club "Enter. VR", which can be adapted into the practice of other startup projects.

Relevance. The main goal of any business is to extract more profit, which in the realities of the modern information age is achieved to a significant extent through digitalization. Digital business transformation plays a decisive role in optimizing business processes, increasing guest loyalty and competitiveness in a rapidly changing market. It takes traditional approaches to doing business to a whole new level. The shift in the development vector towards digitalization in the hotel sector was significantly influenced by the Covid-19 pandemic, which necessitated the accelerated introduction of the latest IT technologies in the activities of accommodation facilities and brought the industry to a more dynamic stage of development. The growing role of e-commerce in the modern economy has also made adjustments and stimulated the connection of hotels to various digital platforms.The purpose is to study the priority directions of digital transformation of hotels and assess the feasibility of switching to a digital management system in matters of optimizing business processes, improving the quality of service and achieving high key performance indicators.Objectives: to determine the role of digitalization of the hotel industry in the modern world; to identify the strategic goals of integrating digital technologies into business processes; to assess the impact of external factors on the development of digital distribution and the introduction of information and communication technologies in the activities of hotels; to determine the competitive advantages of using PMS systems; to consider the possibilities of using artificial intelligence and Big Data technology in the hotel business.Methodology. In the course of writing the article, the following methods were used: literature analysis, theoretical, monographic, statistical methods and graphic modeling methods.Results. Theoretical aspects of digitalization in the hospitality sector were studied, the factors stimulating the growth rate of this process were considered. The most popular digitalization products in the industry have been identified.Conclusions. The article emphasizes the need to follow digital trends in the hospitality industry, which is an important condition for the success of an enterprise both in the domestic and foreign markets.

Relevance. In order to prevent and eliminate such modern challenges as pandemics, local wars, man-made disasters, it is necessary to accelerate the introduction of digital technologies into public administration processes. This creates a need for the development of digital competencies of Russian civil servants. Research on this topic in scientific publications is limited and fragmentary. There is a request for the development of scientifically-based and practically applicable models for the development of digital competencies of modern civil servants.The purpose is theoretical and applied research of the current state of digital competencies of Russian civil servants.The objectives: to reveal the theoretical aspects of digital competencies of Russian civil servants (their definitions, models); to conduct a study in the format of professional self-testing aimed at establishing the level of development/non-development of digital competencies by Russian civil servants; to give recommendations on improving digital competencies.Methodology. In the course of the research, theoretical research methods were used: analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, idealization, analogy, formalization, modeling; special research methods: traditional analysis of documents on the topic of digital competencies of civil servants, self-testing of Russian civil servants, as well as a systematic approach and assessment of the regulatory framework in the field of competencies in the civil service Of the Russian Federation.Results. Based on the data of self-testing of civil servants, it was revealed that Russian civil servants have a certain basic set of competencies in the field of information and communication technologies (ICT), but do not possess digital competencies focused on the development and implementation of modern "end-to-end" digital technologies in the public sphere.Conclusions. To strengthen the digital preparedness of civil servants, it is necessary to develop mechanisms, algorithms, technologies for the formation and development of digital competencies that are uniform for all civil servants. Civil servants will be able to orient themselves and draw up certain ways to improve their personal, professional and official level with the help of practice-oriented activities aimed at adapting to the conditions of digital transformation of public administration.

The purpose of this study is to assess and model the relationship between intellectual emigration and innovative development of the country. The relevance of the research subject is confirmed by sociological data, according to which there are currently more than 5 million Ukrainians in Europe. Moreover, since the beginning of the full-scale war in Ukraine, mainly highly qualified and highly educated Ukrainians emigrated. The scientific novelty consists in modeling the relationship between the scale of intellectual emigration and individual components of the innovative development of the country. In the research process, the following scientific methods have been used: analysis and synthesis (when analyzing the latest research and scientific publications in the field of intellectual emigration), structural and dynamic analysis (to characterize the tendency of intellectual emigration from Ukraine), correlation analysis and economic-mathematical modeling (to evaluate relationships between intellectual emigration and innovative development of the country). To assess the level of intellectual emigration from Ukraine, the E3: Human Flight and Brain Drain Indicator in the Fragile States Index (hereinafter — the E3 indicator), which is used in the calculations of the State Fragility Index, is utilized. The analysis of the dynamics of the values of the E3 indicator for Ukraine demonstrates its steady growth over the past five years. Therefore, the values of the intellectual emigration indicator make it possible to position Ukraine as a donor country, i.e. one being a donor of intellectual migrants for other countries. The obtained values of Pearson's pairwise correlation coefficients demonstrate a close inverse relationship between intellectual emigration and innovative development of the country. The negative impact of the departure of highly qualified and highly educated persons abroad for employment on the innovative capacity of the country of origin has been proven. In order to detail the relationship between intellectual emigration and the innovative development of the country, an economic-mathematical model has been developed, which proves that as the values of the sub-indices «Human capital and research» and «Business sophistication» in the Global Innovation Index decrease, the value of the E3 indicator increases.

Abstract
Background
Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) exposure has a negative impact on the environment and biological health. However, the relationship between PFOS exposure and diabetes in adults is not clear.

Objective
In this study, we included two distinct components: (1) in the cross-sectional analysis, we used data from the National Health and Nutrition Inspection Survey (NHANES) from 2015 to 2018 and eventually included 2539 subjects. The association between PFOS exposure and the risk of diabetes in adults was assessed by a logistic regression model, and further subgroup analysis was carried out according to sex, hypertension status and high cholesterol status. We adjusted for all covariates and found that the positive association between higher PFOS exposure and diabetes remained stable. (2) In vitro experiments were conducted as follows, rat insulinoma β cells (INS-1) were used as experimental materials; cell proliferation activity was detected using the MTT assay; quantitative real-time PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of insulin; and Western blotting was used to detect insulin protein expression levels.

Results
Compared with Q1, the OR of the highest exposure level group (Q4) of PFOS was 1.342(95% CI 0.940, 1.916). We conducted a logistic regression analysis based on sex, hypertension, and high cholesterol stratification. Stratified by sex, we found that the exposure level of PFOS was significantly positively associated with diabetes (P for trend < 0.05). Subgroup analysis showed that the positive association between PFOS exposure and diabetes was more significant in nonhypertensive individuals (P for trend < 0.01) and those with normal cholesterol levels (P for trend < 0.001). To further determine the causal relationship between PFOS exposure and diabetes, we used rat insulinoma β cells (INS-1) as experimental materials to study the effect of PFOS exposure on insulin secretion. We found that PFOS exposure significantly affected insulin secretion and insulin mRNA and protein expression.

Conclusions
In summary, PFOS exposure is positively associated with the risk of diabetes. However, further studies are needed to confirm our results.

The present study undertakes an analysis of monitoring and evaluation as a pragmatic methodology for enhancing the efficacy of municipalities in the context of South Africa. Research findings indicate that a significant obstacle faced by South African municipalities is the issue of substandard performance. These aspects can be linked to several reasons, such as inadequate allocation of resources, limitations in capacity, and deficiencies in monitoring and assessment processes. This article posits that the use of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is crucial in addressing instances of suboptimal performance within municipalities. There exists a necessity to enhance the monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems in order to attain efficient performance management and ensure the provision of high-quality service delivery. The research was conducted among three distinct municipalities, namely Amajuba, uThukela, and uMgungundlovu, located in the province of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). The sample population comprised of municipal officials belonging to the Performance Management System (PMS) and Corporate Services units. The study employed a qualitative methodology and deliberately selected important participants who possessed knowledge and a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter under investigation. Furthermore, it is worth noting that the sample size consisted of 20 people. The researchers organized focus group conversations in order to gather data, which was subsequently controlled through the utilization of the NVivo software application. The findings of the study indicate that monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is a crucial component in enhancing the performance of local government. Its primary purpose is to establish the essential circumstances for achieving greater levels of performance that are sustainable over an extended period. Municipalities are required to demonstrate a firm dedication to the prioritization and adoption of municipal monitoring and evaluation (M&E) as an essential tool for facilitating progressive local governance. This commitment involves the institutionalization of M&E practices, the enforcement of mandatory adherence to established systems and procedures, the integration of information technology systems to enhance and fortify the implementation of M&E, and the utilization of participatory M&E approaches to assess the effectiveness of municipal functions and development endeavors.