Suchergebnisse

From a new study of public research on a Regional scale, we question the reality of a territorial system of research in Brittany. It is both a question of identifying the scientific characteristics of the Breton laboratories and encircling their space organization. From an original data base, we thus determine the fields of excellence and the effects of polarization or of proximity which come out from it. Thanks to a graphic and cartographic synthesis, we also define logics of site and network. We also apprehend the range of the radiation of collaborations between researchers and the degree of connectivity of the units on all the scales. Furthermore the multiscale approach allows us to clarifying the governance of public research. If the institutional action remains largely dominated by the prerogative of the State, it is nevertheless a fact that the role of the actors of research becomes more and more complex with the increasing intervention of Europe and Regions, multiplying in fact the devices of support and incentive to the structuring. Hence the interest of a systemic step to understand the political and scientists interactions that exert their influence on the socio-economic development of the Breton territory by the means of research. In a context of globalisation, the stakes of international competitiveness and attractivity should not occult the mission of regional planning. Consequently, this thesis has as much a theoretical objective, to supplement the still limited knowledge on the organization of research at Regional level, operational one, to warn the institutional strategies. ; A partir d'une étude inédite de la recherche publique à l'échelle d'une région, nous interrogeons la réalité d'un système territorial de recherche en Bretagne. Il s'agit à la fois d'identifier les particularités scientifiques des laboratoires bretons et de cerner leur organisation spatiale. En nous appuyant notamment sur une base de données originale, nous déterminons ainsi les domaines d'excellence et les effets de ...

National audience ; The economic analysis of nuclear deterrence is made difficult by military secrecy, the scarcity of available information and the imprecision of data. Since the end of the Cold War, there has been a gradual decline in the share of nuclear power in the equipment budget and in overall defence spending. However, the new international situation highlights the increased efforts of the major powers to strengthen their nuclear arsenals. New programmes have been launched, even if critics have argued against the excessive share of military nuclear research in France's R&D, arguing that it has high opportunity costs that would impact on the competitiveness of national civilian innovation. From a political and strategic point of view, the existence of the French nuclear deterrent is not really contested by political parties, even if, in comparison with the United States, this research has not had the same civilian spin-offs as those obtained by the United States in the same sector. ; L'analyse économique de la dissuasion nucléaire est rendue difficile par le secret militaire, la rareté de l'information disponible et l'imprécision des données. Depuis la fin de la guerre froide, on assiste progressivement à un déclin de la part du nucléaire dans le budget d'équipement et l'ensemble des dépenses de la défense. Cependant, la nouvelle donne internationale met en évidence les efforts accrus des principales puissances vers un renforcement de leurs arsenaux nucléaires. . De nouveaux programmes ont été engagés, même si des critiques se sont élevées contre la part excessive de la recherche nucléaire militaire dans la R&D de la France, arguant de coûts d'opportunité importants qui impacteraient la compétitivité de l'innovation nationale civile. D'un point de vue politique et stratégique, l'existence de la dissuasion nucléaire française n'est pas vraiment contestée par les partis politiques, même si, en comparaison avec les Etats-Unis, cette recherche n'a pas eu les retombées civiles équivalentes à celles ...

AIM AND METHODS: The aim of this study is to compare different European child health records in order to write one book for the European Community. Most of our observations are presented in tables to better assess the most widely used items associated with the most relevant and interesting ideas. RESULTS : the cornmon European child health record would include eight parts : administrative data, pregnancy, birth and perinatal period, medical examination, ophthalmologic, dental and auditory check-up, health and educational advices, immunisations, biological and X-Ray examinations and hospitalizations, and growth curves. This would be a reliable and complete record of general and medical information about infancy and childhood, as well for the child as for the parents and the medical practitioners. This would be also an educational support for the child health. Our child health record would help to the harmonious development and the well-being of each child in the European Union. ; OBJECTIFS ET METHODE : cette étude a pour objectif d'analyser les carnets de santé de différents pays de l'Union Européenne grâce à des tableaux comparatifs et de composer un carnet communautaire autour des éléments déjà présents dans la plupart des carnets, en y associant les paramètres et les idées les plus pertinents trouvés dans chacun des pays européens. RESULTATS : le carnet communautaire serait axé autour de huit thèmes : données administratives, grossesse, accouchement et période périnatale, examens médicaux, examens ophtalmologique, auditif et dentaire, messages d'éducation à la santé, vaccinations, examens biologiques, radiologiques et hospitalisation, et courbes de croissance. L'ensemble constituerait un recueil fiable et exhaustif des données administratives et médicales concernant la périnatalité et l'enfance, tant pour l'enfant et ses parents que pour le corps médical. Il devrait également être un outil d'éducation à la santé. Ce livret devrait ainsi permettre de participer au développement harmonieux et au bien-être de ...

International audience ; In the last 5 years in France, we have observed that each new flood event exposes the weaknesses of the existing prevention system as well as the local weakness. Such events raise questions about the relevance and the effectiveness of the means of prevention. But these events also reveal resistance of the exposed territories, which shows that effective and adequate local strategies exist. There are various methods to evaluate the weakness, or vulnerability of an area, but since the last ten years the qualitative approach of vulnerability in flood risks became more important. Nevertheless, local authorities are often unable to evaluate the vulnerabilities of their territory. Local decision makers request tools for a better assessment of flooding vulnerability. Thus, many approaches of the weakness and the resistance of frequently flooded territories were developed on various scales. These approaches are often partial and contextual. There is a clear need for a support of the evaluation of vulnerability. However, there are obvious synergies between these different approaches, with regard to data retrieval and the establishment of adequate information systems taking into account the vulnerability of a specific territory. The paper develops a methodology aimed to organize into a software tool the choice of vulnerability indicators and the integration of the point of view of various stakeholders (economists, town planners, experts, political leaders, etc). This challenge is based on three simple statements: break down of the problems of vulnerability into homogeneous subsets and manage them; articulation of these subsets in a graphical interface allowing the presentation of interactions between the indicators of vulnerability and compare the opposed visions of vulnerability. The interface of the tool integrates various vulnerability indicators, which are organised in several categories, in order to allow a flexible and efficient vulnerability analysis.

Since the first Human Development Report (HDRs) was published in 1990, the Human Development (HD) paradigm has become a relevant conceptual framework as well as an intrinsic instrument to measure human progress. Yet, critics on the Reports for oversimplifying development have been pointed out as they do not take into account the myriad complex social, cultural, political and historical aspects of a country or a particular society. The United Nations Human Development Programme (UNDP) has however tried to tackle this critique throughout the elaboration of the National Human Development Reports. These reports respond to more local approaches to analyse most pressing issues within national contexts emphasizing on subjects urging particular attention. The insights and statistical data provided within, are indeed becoming important information tools for policy-making and decision taking at a local and regional levels. They represent a sort of route-map to start- up new action plans and policies which could be useful in facing urgent problems concerning inequality, poverty, repression, injustice, among others. Despite the effort made by the Reports to tackle development constraints in more wider terms, the whole HD problematique has not really been undertaken holistically through a multidimensional view. For this reason the Human-Scale Development approach is introduced as an evaluative tool, in order to assess the HD policies entailed within the National Human Development Reports (NHDRs). The main objective is thus, to identify deprivations and potentialities of the very specific proposals (i.e. policies) in order to re-address human development strategies towards real multidimensional political actions. Considering this framework as a most accurate one to tackle social, environmental, economic, institutional, cultural and spiritual human interactions. Therefore, to reach this goal, this research exposes the development notion through a historical route and tracking down the origins of the human development notion. ...

55 Pag., 6 Tabl., 10 Fig. The definitive version is available at: http://www.ametsoc.org/ ; The occurrence of rainfalls of high magnitude constitutes a primary natural hazard in many parts of the world, and the elaboration of maps showing the hazard of extreme rainfalls has great theoretical and practical interest. In this work a procedure based on extreme value analysis and spatial interpolation techniques is described. The result is a probability model in which the distribution parameters vary smoothly in space. This methodology is applied to the middle Ebro Valley (Spain), a climatically complex area with great contrasts because of the relief and exposure to different air masses. The database consists of 43 daily precipitation series from 1950 to 2000. Because rainfall tends to occur highly clustered in time in the area, a declustering process was applied to the data, and the series of daily cluster maxima were used hereinafter. The mean excess plot and error minimizing were used to find an optimum threshold value to retain the highest records (peaks-over-threshold approach), and a Poisson–generalized Pareto model was fitted to the resulting series. The at-site parameter estimates (location, scale, and shape) were regressed upon a set of location and relief variables, enabling the construction of a spatially explicit probability model. The advantages of this method to obtain maps of extreme precipitation hazard are discussed in depth. ; The authors acknowledge financial support from the following projects: PIRIHEROS (REN2003-08678/HID); PROHISEM (REN2001-2268-C02-01/HID); BSO2002-02743; REN2002-01023-CLI and REN2003-07453, funded by Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (Spain) and UE-FEDER, and "Programa de grupos de investigación consolidados" (BOA 147 of 18-12-2002), funded by Aragón Government. Research of the authors was supported by postdoctoral fellowships by the Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (Spain). ; Peer reviewed

19 spanish-speaking American countries formed 60%, Brazil 3%, and Spain 37% of the participants of the March 05 e-congress promoted by the Hispanic Association of Internet Documentalists (AHDI, http://www.documentalistas.com). The current development in information technologies targeting life sciences conjugated motivations for collaborative work. The european organisers focused on: gaining access to complementary expertise/results; developing longer term links; sharing costs; establishing or familiarising with standards; gaining expertise of European markets; monitoring competitors' activities. Awareness of American topics and issues raised by the electronic congress was a ceiling on the Europe's documentalists contribution, and to become fully informed resulted into a collective dynamics of opinion. Three subject themes about public health, biology and social sciences achieved the basic platform for discussion along the five first days. 28 communications, available as compressed files, nourished the public health forum (what resulted in 480 pages of the printed version), 19 communications expressed the biologists interests' (340 paper pages), the selection, appraisal and retention of social science data occupied 13 communications and 241 pages. Five general debates were organised what included medical equipment and IT, internet and biology, the information and documentation professional in health, teaching and labor market in social science, and humanistics views on internet in biology. A round table was instituted as the switching point between the first and the second part of the event. Hope in the IT market as a social structure was expressed in considering life sciences. The second part of the e-congress was based on three workshops. The e-congressists were invited to contribute to sessions prepared from the european documentation centre (Alicante, Spain), the Isla de la Cartuja (Seville, Spain) internet firm Sadiel, and from the University of Huelva (Spain). EU policies related with life sciences, e-learning and university contents virtualization showed the evidences allocating this comparative Ibero American analysis all its value. ; Peer reviewed

From a new study of public research on a Regional scale, we question the reality of a territorial system of research in Brittany. It is both a question of identifying the scientific characteristics of the Breton laboratories and encircling their space organization. From an original data base, we thus determine the fields of excellence and the effects of polarization or of proximity which come out from it. Thanks to a graphic and cartographic synthesis, we also define logics of site and network. We also apprehend the range of the radiation of collaborations between researchers and the degree of connectivity of the units on all the scales. Furthermore the multiscale approach allows us to clarifying the governance of public research. If the institutional action remains largely dominated by the prerogative of the State, it is nevertheless a fact that the role of the actors of research becomes more and more complex with the increasing intervention of Europe and Regions, multiplying in fact the devices of support and incentive to the structuring. Hence the interest of a systemic step to understand the political and scientists interactions that exert their influence on the socio-economic development of the Breton territory by the means of research. In a context of globalisation, the stakes of international competitiveness and attractivity should not occult the mission of regional planning. Consequently, this thesis has as much a theoretical objective, to supplement the still limited knowledge on the organization of research at Regional level, operational one, to warn the institutional strategies. ; A partir d'une étude inédite de la recherche publique à l'échelle d'une région, nous interrogeons la réalité d'un système territorial de recherche en Bretagne. Il s'agit à la fois d'identifier les particularités scientifiques des laboratoires bretons et de cerner leur organisation spatiale. En nous appuyant notamment sur une base de données originale, nous déterminons ainsi les domaines d'excellence et les effets de ...

Objectives. The objective was to evaluate the role of a paediatric surgical consultant at a primary health care facility. Design. Descriptive and prospective. Setting. In the process of planning and implementation of the 2010 health plan of the Provincial Government of the Western Cape, a shift occurred in the delivery of health care to children from a provincially based hospital system to a municipally based primary health care system. To contribute towards enabling this process, the Department of Paediatric Surgery at Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital established a paediatric surgical day clinic at a local community health centre during 2001. Subjects. Information was obtained from patient data sheets containing details of consultations at the sub-specialist surgical clinic at Michael Mapongwana Community Health Centre. Results. Over a 58-month period 1 171 children were seen, of whom 655 were male and 427 female. Their ages ranged from 0 to 19 years, the largest group being under 1 year. Eighty per cent of patients were accompanied by their mothers. The correct diagnosis was established by the nurse practitioners in 71%. General paediatric surgical conditions predominated, followed by medical, dermatological, orthopaedic, trauma, otolaryngo-pharyngology, infectious diseases, ophthalmology, urology, neurosurgery, malignancy and maxillofacial conditions. The details are set out in the report. In total 597 patients were referred directly to an appropriate care facility and 574 patients could be managed entirely at the clinic level. Conclusions. This study demonstrated the significant public health problem of paediatric surgical disease. It emphasised the preventative and cost-effective role of a surgical clinic at primary health care level. The clinic allowed for timely surgical intervention in 65% of surgical cases, thereby decreasing inappropriate tertiary referrals. We believe that bringing specialists into the community can only strengthen the 2010 health care plan.

Objectives. The objective was to evaluate the role of a paediatric surgical consultant at a primary health care facility. Design. Descriptive and prospective. Setting. In the process of planning and implementation of the 2010 health plan of the Provincial Government of the Western Cape, a shift occurred in the delivery of health care to children from a provincially based hospital system to a municipally based primary health care system. To contribute towards enabling this process, the Department of Paediatric Surgery at Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital established a paediatric surgical day clinic at a local community health centre during 2001. Subjects. Information was obtained from patient data sheets containing details of consultations at the sub-specialist surgical clinic at Michael Mapongwana Community Health Centre. Results. Over a 58-month period 1 171 children were seen, of whom 655 were male and 427 female. Their ages ranged from 0 to 19 years, the largest group being under 1 year. Eighty per cent of patients were accompanied by their mothers. The correct diagnosis was established by the nurse practitioners in 71%. General paediatric surgical conditions predominated, followed by medical, dermatological, orthopaedic, trauma, otolaryngo-pharyngology, infectious diseases, ophthalmology, urology, neurosurgery, malignancy and maxillofacial conditions. The details are set out in the report. In total 597 patients were referred directly to an appropriate care facility and 574 patients could be managed entirely at the clinic level. Conclusions. This study demonstrated the significant public health problem of paediatric surgical disease. It emphasised the preventative and cost-effective role of a surgical clinic at primary health care level. The clinic allowed for timely surgical intervention in 65% of surgical cases, thereby decreasing inappropriate tertiary referrals. We believe that bringing specialists into the community can only strengthen the 2010 health care plan.

According to the words of two indigenous leaders of urban Indian cabildos in Amazon region, both the «fight for land» and the «conservation of culture» condense the political strategies deployed by these leaders to confront the challenges of being Indians in urban sites. This article analyses data obtained from a research project that explores the identity politics in the discourse of indigenous leaders of Florencia (Caquetá) and Inírida (Guainía). Through this analysis it is possible to show the configuration of an identity politics with strong particularities: the creation of an intercultural citizenship as an outcome of the relationships between modernity and traditionalism resulting from the condition of trying to become Indians in urban settlements. At the end, the article deals with the local effects produced by the Political Constitution of 1991 in the milieu of indigenous organizations. ; En las palabras de dos gobernadores de cabildos urbanos en la región amazónica, la «pelea por la tierra» y la «conservación de la cultura» son expresiones que condensan las estrategias políticas que los indígenas despliegan para hacer frente a los desafíos locales que supone vivir «como» tales en pequeñas ciudades de la región. Este artículo presenta los resultados de un proyecto de investigación que se ocupó de la exploración de las políticas de la identidad que se expresan a través del discurso de líderes indígenas en Florencia (Caquetá) e Inírida (Guainía) -Colombia-. A partir de allí, se identifica la estructuración de una política de la identidad bastante sugerente: la ciudadanía intercultural como respuesta a la tensión entre modernidad y tradicionalismo, a la cual se ven abocados estos líderes por su condición de ser «indios» en la ciudad. Se trata, al fin y al cabo, de la exploración de algunos de los efectos locales del período posterior a la Constitución de 1991, en el ámbito de las organizaciones indígenas amazónicas.

The Register of Commonwealth Research is a list of higher degree theses conducted at UK Universities and relating to the Commonwealth of Nations, its member countries, and the former British Empire. The Register has been maintained since 1949 and its retrospective coverage extends back to the 1920s. Commonwealth studies has been defined as study of the Commonwealth of Nations; the former British Empire; and their member countries together with countries formerly under British protection. The exceptions are Britain and the United States. Subject coverage is primarily in the fields of history, politics, sociology, anthropology, economics, geography, literature, language and religion. The subjects of education, medicine, law, science and technology are included on a selective basis. Data for the register are obtained from a variety of sources, including the Aslib Index to theses, Universities' lists of graduate students, correspondence conducted with academic registrars and supervisors, annual reports, departmental websites, and a wide variety of other sources. Information on theses in progress is provided in a separate listing, derived from the register, and updated annually. These files contain information on theses completed, and are correct as of May 2008. These will also be updated annually. The compilation of this register has relied on the co-operation of many persons but it is recognised that it may contain errors, inaccuracies and omissions. Notification of these would be most welcome. You can contact the editor by email at: Commonwealth.Register@sas.ac.ukThe full Register contains (as of May 2008) more than 16000 records and is continually growing. For ease of use, the regsiter has been divided into the following files: Commonwealth general (including Human Rights and Development issues); Africa and Atlantic Ocean islands; Canada; Caribbean; South Asia; Southeast Asia; Europe; and Oceania. The files are provided in excel format.

The Register of Commonwealth Research is a list of higher degree theses conducted at UK Universities and relating to the Commonwealth of Nations, its member countries, and the former British Empire. The Register has been maintained since 1949 and its retrospective coverage extends back to the 1920s. Commonwealth studies has been defined as study of the Commonwealth of Nations; the former British Empire; and their member countries together with countries formerly under British protection. The exceptions are Britain and the United States. Subject coverage is primarily in the fields of history, politics, sociology, anthropology, economics, geography, literature, language and religion. The subjects of education, medicine, law, science and technology are included on a selective basis. Data for the register are obtained from a variety of sources, including the Aslib Index to theses, Universities' lists of graduate students, correspondence conducted with academic registrars and supervisors, annual reports, departmental websites, and a wide variety of other sources. Information on theses in progress is provided in a separate listing, derived from the register, and updated annually. These files contain information on theses completed, and are correct as of October 2006. These will also be updated annually. The compilation of this register has relied on the co-operation of many persons but it is recognised that it may contain errors, inaccuracies and omissions. Notification of these would be most welcome. You can contact the editor by email at: Commonwealth.Register@sas.ac.uk. The full Register contains (as of December 2006) more than 15,000 records and is continually growing. For ease of use, the register has been divided into the following files: Commonwealth general (including Human Rights and Development issues); Africa and Atlantic Ocean islands; Canada; Caribbean; South Asia; Southeast Asia; Europe; and Oceania. The files are provided in excel and xml format.

Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Empresariales. Ciencias en Comercio Exterior ; This paper is concerned with competition in the Mexican manufacturing industry. A model of competition is estimated in order to evaluate the influence of productivity, cost of work force, exchange rate, technological change and gross national product. With this purpose an index of competition was constructed for twenty one countries APEC ́s members with total export and data of manufacturing industry, following the revealed comparative advantages methodology. The period of analysis goes from 1990 to 2004. One of the most striking results of this research is that México won few revealed comparative advantages growing of 0.53 in 1990 in 1.13 in 2004, increasing of place 10 in 1990 to place 9 in the 2004. Nevertheless lost competitiveness from 2001 to 2004 because scale down the index of 1.50 in 2001 in 1.13 in 2004 and the place 7 in 2001 to place 9 in the 2004. The economic recession of the United States outgrowth of the terrorist attacks to the financial towers of the 11 of September of the 2001 were the main responsive for the lost of competitiveness during 2001 – 2004. The industrial policy, the governmental policy of foreign trade and other influenced in the behavior and performance of the productivity, cost of work force, exchange rate, technological change and gross national product, that simultaneously they affected a lot of the index of revealed comparative advantages of the Mexican manufacturing industry. ; En este trabajo se examinan los determinantes de la competitividad de la industria manufacturera mexicana, mediante un modelo que incluye como variables explicativas la productividad, costos de mano de obra, cambio tecnológico, tipo de cambio y Producto Interno Bruto. Con este objetivo, se estima un índice de competitividad para los veintiún países miembros de APEC, con información de las exportaciones totales y de la industria manufacturera que cubre el período 1990 - 2004, siguiendo la metodología de las ...

This study aimed to attain the following objectives: (1) to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of the El Nido-Taytay Managed Resource Protected Area law enforcement strategy in protecting the marine resources; (2) to assess the existing law enforcement and management capability of the municipal government of El Nido and Department of Environment and Natural Resource; and (3) to develop and improved law enforcement and management scheme of the protected area for the El Nido-Taytay Managed Resource Protected Area. The study involved a key informant interview (KII) with 12 members of the El Nido-Taytay Managed Resource Protected Area Management Board representing various stakeholders' groups involved as; aw enforcers and/or policy-makers. A survey instrument was developed to aid the interview. The data gathered were then validated through a focus group discussion (FGD), participated in by the interviewees and other community members. The enforcement profile was analyzed to get a clear picture of the current law enforcement capacities and set recommendations for the improvement of the resource protection mechanism in El Nido- Taytay Managed Resource Protected Area. Results of the study revealed that law enforcement agencies in El Nido tried to institutionalize the enforcement program to ensure effective and efficient law enforcement. An enforcement plan was developed, support policies were secured, equipment were inventoried and secured, and enforcement counsel was created, sources of funds were established and it turned out to be an active effort for law enforcement. However, El Nido is still struggling to attain a sustained law enforcement. Law enforcement systems which include coordination and communication, surveillance and intelligence, equipment procurement and maintenance, funding support mechanism, and monitoring and evaluation were set. Unfortunately, these were nor implemented effectively. As much, it raised concerns over the law enforcement personnel, law enforcement policies, funding support, ...