Suchergebnisse

There is strong evidence that national leaders matter for the performance of their nations, but little is known about what drives the direction of their effects. I assess how national leaders' quality of governance, measured by five indicators, varies with their career and education. Using text analysis and a sample of one thousand national leaders between 1932 and 2010, I identify five types of rulers: military leaders, academics, high-level politicians, low-level politicians and lawyers. Military leaders tend to be associated with a decrease in the quality of governance, whereas politicians who have held visible offices before taking power perform better. National leaders with a law background, as well as academics, can have negative effects depending on the political regime they run and on the choice of performance indicator. This highlights the heterogeneity behind the positive effect of holding a university degree, often used as a proxy for politicians' quality.

There is strong evidence that national leaders matter for the performance of their nations, but little is known about what drives the direction of their effects. I assess how national leaders' quality of governance, measured by six indicators,varies with their career and education. Using a sample of 1,000 rulers between 1931 and 2010, I identify three types of leaders: military leaders, academics, and politicians. I find that military leaders are associated with an overall negativeperformance, while politicians who have held important offices before taking power tend to perform well. Academics have on average non-significant effects. These results are partially driven by differences in policy decisions and in leadership styles. Military leaders (politicians) spend less (more) in health and education, are more (less) likely to establish a personalistic regime, to disrespect the constitution, and to move towards a non-electoral regime. Additionally, this paper highlights the weakness of using educational attainment as a proxy for politicians' quality, and of growth as a measure of national leaders' performance.

This research is focused on evaluating the quality of internal control systems, the quality of good university governance and the model of developing good university governance through the application of whistleblowing. The population comprise of all individuals involved in the process of implementing good university governance and internal control units (SPI) that exist in 4 provincial public universities in Aceh, Indonesia, where sampling is done randomly at each level for university loyalists. The observation data were analyzed using multiple regression model through the quantitative approach. The results findings indicate that internal control plays an important role in strengthening good university governance, while whistleblowing has no effect on strengthening good university governance. It indicates that whistleblowing has not been effectively used as mechanism to support good university governance and generally practiced in informal form without proper structure and mechanism of whistleblowing in place

Online social media platforms set the agenda and structure for public and private communication in our age. Their influence and power is beyond any traditional media empire. Their legal regulation is a pressing challenge, but currently, they are mainly governed by economic pressures. There are now diverse legislative attempts to regulate platforms in various parts of the world. The European Union and most of its Member States have historically relied on soft law, but are now looking to introduce regulation. Leading researchers of the field analyse the hard questions and the responses given by various states. The book offers legislative solutions from various parts of the world, compares regulatory concepts and assesses the use of algorithms. With contributions by Izumi Aizu, Enni Ala-Mikkula, Alexandre Alaphilippe, Natalie Alkiviadou, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales, Siwal Ashwini, Judit Bayer, Jörg Becker, Konrad Bleyer-Simon, Elda Brogi, Shun-Ling Chen, Poren Chiang, Michael Geist, Gerard Goggin, Giovanni De Gregorio, Sarah Hartmann, Maximilian Hemmert-Halswick, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Bernd Holznagel, Peng Hwa Ang, Richard Janda, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn, Juliya Kharitonova, Kristiina Koivukari, Päivi Korpisaari, Jacob Mchangama, Trisha Meyer, Kilian Müller, Larissa Sannikova, Mårten Schultz, Nicole Stremlau, Maria L. Vazquez, Kuo-Wei Wu and Lorna Woods.

This study introduces a comprehensive yet non-exhaustive overview of literature concerning the concepts of regulation and governance, and attempts to connect them to scholarly works that deal with social media platforms' content regulation. The paper provides fundamental definitions of regulation and governance, along with a critique of polycentricity, in order to contextualise the discussion around platform governance and online content regulation. Regulation is framed here as a governance mechanism within a polycentric governance model where stakeholders have competing interests, even if sometimes they coincide. Moreover, where traditional governance literature conceptualised stakeholders as a triangle, this article proposes imagining them as overlapping circles of governance clusters with competing interests, going beyond the triad of public, private and non-governmental actors. Finally, the paper contends that that there exists a timely need to reimagine the way in which we understand and study phenomena appertaining to public discourse by adopting the platform governance perspective, which is framed as the advancement of internet governance. Finally, the article ascertains to study the governance of online content and social media platforms not as a sub-section of internet governance but as a conceptual evolution with existential stakes.

This thesis aims to examine an emerging regime of public education provision in the Chinese context of planned urbanisation. The regime, referred to as property-led education in this study, has risen from three social phenomena. First, the launch of New Urbanisation Plan marks the national strategy to translate urban growth model to the countryside. Two, there is an acute demand of high-quality education in the basic education sector along with China's continuous economic development. Three, private education providers are increasingly engaged with public education. Claiming to be an innovative approach to realising urbanisation agenda while meeting educational demand, property-led education entails 'franchising' elite schools through government procurement of services from education enterprises. More importantly, these education public-private partnerships (PPPs) are directly or indirectly financed by the private capital from the local housing or land markets. This prompts the core inquiry of the study: how has the private sector been involved in property-led education and what are its impacts? The core inquiry is unbundled into three aspects for a comprehensive examination: governance, financing and economic-social outcomes. Integrating the neoliberal and Polanyian paradigms, the thesis presents an in-depth qualitative research with a critical case study of a widely promulgated and fast expanding education PPP network in Shandong Province, China. The critical case includes multiple PPP schools within the same network which are studied as nested cases. Research findings confirm that, as an education provision regime, property-led education is a form of and a contributor to property-led development. This regime of education provision on one hand incentivises both the private and the public sectors to invest into high-quality basic education and on the other makes housing more attractive to urban families. In the end, while housing developers appear to be the source of financing, property-led education is ...

The impacts of the COVID-19 crisis and the global response to it will co-determine the future of climate policy. The recovery packages responding to the impacts of the pandemic may either help to chart a new sustainable course, or they will further cement existing high-emission pathways and thwart the achievement of the Paris Agreement objectives. This article discusses how international climate governance may help align the recovery packages with the climate agenda. For this purpose, the article investigates five key governance functions through which international institutions may contribute: send guidance and signals, establish rules and standards, provide transparency and accountability, organize the provision of means of implementation, and promote collective learning. Reflecting on these functions, the article finds that the process under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), together with other international institutions, could promote sustainable recovery in several ways. Key policy insights: The incoming UK presidency of the Conference of the Parties (COP) should urge Parties to present transformative sustainable stimulus packages alongside more ambitious nationally determined contributions (NDCs) at the postponed Glasgow Climate Conference (COP 26). Specific principles and criteria for sustainable recovery should be adopted. A coalition of interested governments should work through institutions such as G20 to enable swift action even before COP 26. The Glasgow Conference should establish a process to review the consistency of recovery packages with the Paris Agreement and their implementation, to support their sustainability and promote policy learning. Developed countries and international financial institutions should renew their climate finance commitments, and work towards an increased long-term finance objective in the context of greening recovery packages. At COP 26 governments could take stock of the 'Paris-compatibility' of international recovery support and adopt further guidance as necessary.

The term "climate emergency" represents a new phase in climate change framing that many hope will invigorate more climate action. Yet there has been relatively little discussion of how the new emergency framing might shape broader governance and policy. In this advanced review, we critically review and synthesize existing literature on crisis and emergency to inform our understanding of how this new shift might affect governance and policy. Specifically, we explore the literature on crisis governance and policy to argue that there is no simple answer to whether the "climate emergency" framing will be supportive of climate governance and policy; rather, more work needs to be done to understand how different political actors respond according to their perceptions, interests and values. To assist this endeavor, we develop a typology of four policy pathways, ranging from "no emergency," to "no emergency, but recognize risk," "emergency as a threat" and "emergency as an opportunity." We highlight the need to consider the effects of multiple and overlapping emergency frames, using the example of the intersection of climate change and COVID-19. Finally, we suggest new interdisciplinary research directions for critically analyzing and refining this new phase of climate change framing.

This review is centered on the corporate governance reform strategies for SOEs with a primary focus on Zimbabwean SOEs. The main objective of the review were to consider ways to enhance corporate governance practices by SOEs and corporate governance reform strategies adopted by SOEs. The authors also reviewed the literature on corporate governance of SOEs with the primary goal of identifying main strategies that may be used to reform SOEs that includes developing relevant corporate governance legislation. In fulfilling these objectives, authors used a qualitative literature analysis approach. The study reveals that corporate governance reform is necessary to rescue troubled SOEs who have been found under different situations of corporate governance malpractices. The authors recommended that in Zimbabwe there is a need for more SOEs corporate governance workshops. Researchers also laid out there is a need to carry out a further study on the effectiveness of corporate governance reform strategies being adopted by Zimbabwean SOEs that include the implementation of the PECG Act amongst other Acts of parliament that are meant to provide corporate governance of SOEs. Authors recommended that further studies on the corporate governance of SOEs would be most desirable as a way of addressing the pertinent problems currently bedevilling such SOEs in Zimbabwe.

This paper aims to examine the effect of sustainable finance on the implementation of good corporate governance and corporate value creation. Environmental damage due to company activities is increasingly worrying. The sustainable finance policy will test the extent to which the implementation of good corporate governance is going well. The success of the sustainable finance policy will ultimately increase the company's value. The results of the analysis show that sustainable finance has a positive impact on the implementation of good corporate governance where sustainable finance will be successful if corporate governance is well implemented, as well as corporate value, where investors or the public will have a positive influence on the company's seriousness in implementing financial programs. sustainable and corporate value. This study is hoped to be an input for the government and banks in supporting environmental protection. ; This paper aims to examine the effect of sustainable finance on the implementation of good corporate governance and corporate value creation. Environmental damage due to company activities is increasingly worrying. The sustainable finance policy will test the extent to which the implementation of good corporate governance is going well. The success of the sustainable finance policy will ultimately increase the company's value. The results of the analysis show that sustainable finance has a positive impact on the implementation of good corporate governance where sustainable finance will be successful if corporate governance is well implemented, as well as corporate value, where investors or the public will have a positive influence on the company's seriousness in implementing financial programs. sustainable and corporate value. This study is hoped to be an input for the government and banks in supporting environmental protection.

Projects are used in large numbers as a method to steer societal development, especially in contemporary Western societies. This so-called projectification has relevant socio-political effects on sustainability transitions, especially from the policy perspective. The aim of this paper is to analyse how projects and policy framework programmes can accelerate transition processes. The paper introduces the concept of a 'projectified transition policy process' by synthesising research on projectified governance, transitions and policy processes. The concept's empirical relevance is addressed with a case study analysis focussing on a framework programme that supports nutrient recycling technologies and practices via project funding. The framework programme was the first measure to actualise transition-driven nutrient recycling policy in Finland, which has been ongoing since 2010. The conceptual exploration and case analysis in this paper show that projects and framework programmes can accelerate transition processes by mobilising actors, creating synergies between them with intermediary actions and producing project outcomes that can be turned into effective transition inputs. ; publishedVersion ; Peer reviewed

Cybersecurity and cybersecurity governance in the EU region has been the focus of political stakeholders at the national and regional level since the early 21st century. The EU in partnership with member countries have attempted to build cybersecurity defence and resilience strategies primarily through the promulgation of Cybersecurity policies and legislations that focus on enhancing cyber infrastructures among EU countries. Beginning with the Budapest Convention in 2002, and more recently the 2013 Cyber Security Strategy, there has been annual cybersecurity reviews of existing policies to address emerging issues. These efforts have however not sufficiently addressed the growing cybersecurity threats facing EU nations and citizens so that existing statistics still puts EU organisations, governments, security infrastructures and citizens at high risks of cyber-attacks, threats and insecurity. Therefore an evaluation of the strategies adopted by the EU to enhance cyber governance within the EU cyberspace is engaged by this study to discover existing loopholes in the strategies adopted by the EU and her member countries. The aim of the study is primarily to investigate the challenges of the EU Cyber Security Strategies that tends to hinder her from achieving her stated cyber resilience goals. The Nodal Security Governance framework served as theoretical framework and analysis tool for the study. The study was essentially a qualitative study and thus engaged a critical review of extant literatures on cybersecurity governance and cybersecurity strategy in the EU. Twenty-one (21) literatures were reviewed for the study to provide answers to the following research questions; what is the conceptualisation of cybersecurity within the EU; what are the strategies adopted by the EU to achieve cyber peace within the EU; and lastly what are the challenges of cybersecurity governance within the EU? The study discovered that while the EU and her member countries have been essentially active in providing the policy frameworks necessary for addressing cybersecurity governance within the region, enough efforts have not been deployed towards addressing the regional cohesion and diplomatic relations among member countries. Essentially, it was discovered that the nature of hostile and suspicious interactions within member countries provides grounds for non-implementation of the cybersecurity strategies across the region. This suspicious atmosphere among EU countries also works negatively against cybersecurity governance in the region. As such the study recommends that efforts must be directed towards enhancing healthy diplomacy and engendering trust among member countries if the EU Cyber Security Strategies will ultimately achieve her goals of effective cyber governance within the region.

The application of the principles of Good Government Governance, internal control, organizational commitment, and leadership style is very important in organizational management. This study aims to obtain empirical evidence of the effect of Good Government Governance, intellectual control, organizational commitment, and leadership style on the performance of regional apparatus organizations (OPD) in Karangasem Regency. This study uses a quantitative approach using primary data. The sampling method used was saturated sampling technique. The sample used is 3 employees in each regional apparatus organization (OPD) with a total of 32 (OPD). The analysis technique used in this research is multiple linear regression analysis. Based on the results of this study, it shows that the influence of Good Government Governance, internal control, organizational commitment, and leadership style has a positive effect on the organizational performance of OPD Karangasem Regency. Keywords:Good Government Governance; Internal Control; Organizational Commitment; Organizational Performance Leadership Style. ; The application of the principles of Good Government Governance, internal control, organizational commitment, and leadership style is very important in organizational management. This study aims to obtain empirical evidence of the effect of Good Government Governance, intellectual control, organizational commitment, and leadership style on the performance of regional apparatus organizations (OPD) in Karangasem Regency. This study uses a quantitative approach using primary data. The sampling method used was saturated sampling technique. The sample used is 3 employees in each regional apparatus organization (OPD) with a total of 32 (OPD). The analysis technique used in this research is multiple linear regression analysis. Based on the results of this study, it shows that the influence of Good Government Governance, internal control, organizational commitment, and leadership style has a positive effect on the organizational performance of OPD Karangasem Regency. Keywords:Good Government Governance; Internal Control; Organizational Commitment; Organizational Performance Leadership Style.

This study uses a diagnostic and multidisciplinary water governance assessment framework to examine the main factors influencing water cooperation on the shared Mountain Aquifer between Israel and Palestine. It finds that effective cooperation between Israel and Palestine is unlikely in the foreseeable future if both parties persist with the business-as-usual approach. What constrains the two parties from achieving consensual agreement are political tensions, the constraints of current technology, the different perceptions of the value of the shared water, the mistrust between the two parties, the lack of external enforcement mechanisms, and the impacts of the domestic political environment.