Suchergebnisse

Over the last decade, the European Court of Justice has breathed new life into the old notion of autonomy of the EC/EU legal order. This was the case in Kadi, in Opinion 2/13 on the accession of the EU to the European Convention on Human Rights, and this was recently reconfirmed in Achmea. These decisions convey the message that, in face of adversity, EU law is capable of relying on its own system of principles and values. In contrast, in a line of cases starting with Dano and Alimanovic, the Court has reacted to a sensitive political and economic environment by making EU law responsive to what was considered to be a pressing societal demand.2 It is as though, in this particular context, respect was owed to collective feelings prevailing in Member States' societies and also to shifting moods. This raises the question of the extent to which this curious oscillation between common values and collective feelings is capable of becoming one of the defining features of our current Union and its law. (First paragraph)

International audience ; Policymaking in government ministries and agencies is the inevitable result of the complex and technical nature of modern policy issues. This reality creates a puzzle: How can policymaking inside the executive remain true to democratic values? We confront this question through an analysis of modern pressures on French public law. We ask if the US. approach, which we call "rulemaking accountability," has any lessons for French reformers. The primary aim of this type of accountability is facilitating public input to assure that democratic values extend into administrative policymaking. In France, the public administration traditionally has been understood, not as a threat to democracy, but as an instrument for achieving republican ideals. Statutes set out broad frameworks, but their concrete implementation should be left to impartial, expert bureaucrats. A specialized judiciary, also composed of civil servants, oversees the administration. Developments are putting pressure on French public law. These call for enhanced public participation, the creation of independent agencies, and the use of new forms of technocratic policy analysis. Can these new trends produce a stronger, more democratically legitimate stihte, or are they in such deep tension that France will either return to old practices or experience a drastic realignment ofpublic power and public law? The French system has begun to respond to these new pressures, but they are still frequently resisted, and reforms have not coalesced around a consensus view. However, recent decisions of the French high courts suggest a move toward more oversight of the democratic legitimacy of administrative processes. Furthermore, efforts occurring inside and outside the government are encouraging more open policymaking and the more systematic study of government programs. Future developments are by no means clear, but the elements are in place for reforms that enhance public accountability and support systematic analysis of policy impacts.

International audience ; Policymaking in government ministries and agencies is the inevitable result of the complex and technical nature of modern policy issues. This reality creates a puzzle: How can policymaking inside the executive remain true to democratic values? We confront this question through an analysis of modern pressures on French public law. We ask if the US. approach, which we call "rulemaking accountability," has any lessons for French reformers. The primary aim of this type of accountability is facilitating public input to assure that democratic values extend into administrative policymaking. In France, the public administration traditionally has been understood, not as a threat to democracy, but as an instrument for achieving republican ideals. Statutes set out broad frameworks, but their concrete implementation should be left to impartial, expert bureaucrats. A specialized judiciary, also composed of civil servants, oversees the administration. Developments are putting pressure on French public law. These call for enhanced public participation, the creation of independent agencies, and the use of new forms of technocratic policy analysis. Can these new trends produce a stronger, more democratically legitimate stihte, or are they in such deep tension that France will either return to old practices or experience a drastic realignment ofpublic power and public law? The French system has begun to respond to these new pressures, but they are still frequently resisted, and reforms have not coalesced around a consensus view. However, recent decisions of the French high courts suggest a move toward more oversight of the democratic legitimacy of administrative processes. Furthermore, efforts occurring inside and outside the government are encouraging more open policymaking and the more systematic study of government programs. Future developments are by no means clear, but the elements are in place for reforms that enhance public accountability and support systematic analysis of policy impacts.

How can specific courses taken by journalism students as liberal arts background be categorized when journalism educators and their deans in liberal arts colleges disagree in assigning subjects to such broad areas as the social sciences, natural sciences, humanities and fine arts?

This book presents a collection of papers written by researchers, teachers, administrators, analysts and graduate students working and doing research in the field of social sciences. The scientific studies include a wide range of topics from the analysis of social science textbooks to the teacher image in newspapers, the relationship between self-efficacy and cognitive level and the role of organizational silence on the loneliness of academics in work life

International audience ; The European Union has gradually developed a comprehensive body of legislation aimed at protecting the environment, consolidating its competences in this field in successive stages. Within this framework, climate change has been given a high priority and is one of the most prominent areas of the EU's external and internal policy. In a fruitful interplay, the EU has driven the evolution of the international regime and tried to influence international negotiations. In turn, the international regime has urged the Union to establish common objectives and means to tackle climate change in order to implement its international commitments. EU legislation and the international climate regime have been in constant interaction, and have evolved together. Their interactions played a major role in the shaping of the EU climate policy facing conflicting challenges of ambition, acceptability and effectiveness.

International audience ; The European Union has gradually developed a comprehensive body of legislation aimed at protecting the environment, consolidating its competences in this field in successive stages. Within this framework, climate change has been given a high priority and is one of the most prominent areas of the EU's external and internal policy. In a fruitful interplay, the EU has driven the evolution of the international regime and tried to influence international negotiations. In turn, the international regime has urged the Union to establish common objectives and means to tackle climate change in order to implement its international commitments. EU legislation and the international climate regime have been in constant interaction, and have evolved together. Their interactions played a major role in the shaping of the EU climate policy facing conflicting challenges of ambition, acceptability and effectiveness.