В статье на основе анализа, обобщений и изучения литературных источников автором рассматривается исторический процесс распада СССР Отмечается, что слом советской общественно-политической системы был начат горбачёвским руководством и в конце 1991г. была подготовлена почва для разрушения СССР. Перестроечная политика М. Горбачёва обернулась крахом. Основной вывод автора заключается в том, что перестройка 1985 1991гг. стала водоразделом перехода от социализма к капитализму. Социально-экономическое, политическое и нравственное состояние общества начала 90-х годов XX столетия превращалось в хаос и охватило буквально все стороны жизни огромной страны, все её союзные республики. Это был период смут, социальных и политических катастроф. Суммируя итоги, автор выделяет некоторые причины распада СССР. ; Proceeding from the analysis, generalization and literary sources the author of the article dwells on the historic process of the USSR disintegration. He emphasizes that the demolishion of the social-political system had been commenced by the leadership headed by M. S. Gorbachov and to the end of 1991 the grounds for the destruction of the USSR were prepared. Gorbachov's policy of perestroika terminated with the complete crash. The principal conclusion made by the author runs to the effect that the perestroika of 1985-1991 was the watershed of transition from socialism to capitalism. The social-political and moral state of the society transformed into chaos having embraced literally all the aspects of life in the vast country; all union's republics being involved. It was the period of tumults, social and political holocaust. Summing up, the author singles out the certain reasons of the USSR disintegration
Статья посвящена анализу истории существования технических наук в системе АН СССР в 30-60-е годы XX века. Выбранный в статье период является важнейшей вехой в истории технических наук в нашей стране, когда они были включены в состав АН СССР на правах ее Отделения Отделения технических наук. Выделены основные этапы истории Отделения технических наук и дана их краткая характеристика за время с 1935 по 1963 годы в связи с социальным, экономическим и политическим развитием страны. На основе анализа архивных данных и опубликованных материалов реконструируется история создания, развития и упразднения Отделения технических наук. Статья представлена в двух частях. В первой части были проанализированы довоенный и военный этапы развития технических наук в системе Академии наук СССР. Во второй части статьи представлены этапы развития Отделения технических наук в послевоенные годы, когда происходило восстановление и развитие народного хозяйства СССР (1946-1958). Оно определялось заданиями очередных пятилетних планов [четвертого (19461950), пятого (1951-1955) и шестого (1956-1960)]. Последний раздел посвящен анализу развития технических наук в Академии наук СССР в период семилетки (1959-1965) в процессе перестройки ее работы, завершившейся упразднением Отделения технических наук в 1963 году. ; This paper undertakes the historical analysis of technical disciplines under auspices of the Soviet Academy of Sciences in the 1930-1960s. The period under consideration is of very importance in our State history when the technical sciences were in the AS of the USSR as its full Division, i.e., the Division of Technical Sciences. The paper underlines the main periods of this Division history as well as the essential features of its activity in 1935-1963 related with the state social, economical and political development. Based on data of state archives and published documents and their analyses, the history of arising, developing and end of the Division of Technical Sciences is restored. This paper is presented into two parts. The first one treats the prewar and war periods of development of the technical sciences under the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In the second part, the further periods of activity of the Division of Technical Sciences during postwar years are presented concerning reconstruction and development of Soviet industry (1946-1958) and aims of the next Five-year plans: Fourth (1946-1950), Fifth (1951-1955), and Sixth (1956-1960). And, finally, the last section of the present paper analyses the progress in technical sciences under auspice of the AS of the USSR during the Seven-year plan (1959-1965) and reorganization of its activity ended with abolition of the Division of Technical Sciences in 1963.
Статья посвящена истории появления строительных отделений и межевых частей, работавших при Приморском генерал-губернаторстве в период с 1888 по 1917 г. Дается краткий экскурс по истории формирования административного аппарата на Дальнем Востоке России во второй половине XIX в., приводятся причины активного развития строительного и межевого дела. Статья содержит краткие биографические сведения о гражданских и межевых инженерах Н.М. Болгове, Н.И. Герцине, К.Н. Жаке, В.Ф. Ливине и А.Ф. Федоровском, положивших начало производству архитектурных, строительных и межевых работ на Дальнем Востоке России. ; The article tells about the first departments of architecture, building and land surveying in Primorsky Krai in the Far East of Russia. The departments appeared near 1888 and worked under the guidance of Government-General of Primorsky region till 1917. The author tells how the administration of the Far East of Russia was formed in that time, and explains reasons of rapid development of buiding and land-surveying in the region. The text includes brief biographies of civil engineers and land surveyors N.M. Bolgov, N.I. Khertsin, K.N. Jacque, V.F. Livin and A.F. Fedorovsky, who were the founders of professional architecture, building and land-surveying in the Russian Far East.
Анализируется процесс появления новых идентификаций в 1990-е гг., что было связано с деятельностью федеральных и региональных элит, формировавших новые «картины мира» для обеспечения своего политического выживания. Выявление идентификации сибирской политической элиты, форм её проявления, а также образов, вокруг которых она выстраивалась, позволит лучше понять механизмы взаимоотношений центра и регионов, способы достижения внутриэлитных компромиссов, а также причины сохранения единого государства. ; In the 1990s the regional elites of Siberia formed Siberian (regional) identification. This was manifested in the fact that, firstly, there was constantly the common Siberian theme in the power discourse; secondly, this was expressed in the formation of the power particular language (discourse) filled with the unique common Siberian images that were becoming a powerful tool of the Soviet identity destruction and the emergence of the regional identity. Power "Siberian identity" had mostly political significance because it was oriented to the "outside" the federal center and other regions. This focus was intended to approve significant regional symbols, meanings, hierarchies at the federal level. Thus, the regional elites tried to built the thesis of "Siberian uniqueness" into the federal power discourse and update it regularly. In turn, the Center, interested in the regions support, took the images conveyed to it, accented them, which laid the foundation for compromises within the elite. However, the political significance of the Siberian identification should not be exaggerated. It was not focused on mobilizing population to encourage separatist movements and division, but rather on demonstrating to the Center during the periods of tension the situation that such mobilization could be carried out if necessary. Actualizing Siberian identification, the regional elites "as if'' helped the Center to see the problem in time and take the necessary measures. In fact, it was a way to draw attention to regional problems. Siberian identification was not separatist in nature, as evidenced by the use of not only images of Siberia, but also their combination with the all-Russian values, including the value of preserving a single state, the equality of all subjects, etc. "Siberian identification" was not opposed to Russia, and developed as part of it. Siberian regional elite identification was hardly "sustainable" and completely formed. The understanding of new realities superimposed on the previous views (system of values) of the Soviet period. The process was bilateral: regional leaders themselves, based on their performances, interpreted what was happening, thereby influencing the reality perception of both the population of subject territories and the federal center. However, with respect to the image of "a whole" ("we Siberians"), it should be noted that this image came into conflict with the image of individual regions, competed with them in the power discourse space, which blurred "the whole image of Siberia", and, consequently, Siberian identification.
В статье выделяются факторы, оказавшие влияние на отношение региональных лидеров к конфликту исполнительной и законодательной властей в Москве в сентябре-октябре 1993 г. Рассматриваются попытки центральных и региональных политических сил вовлечь «Сибирское соглашение» в процесс борьбы за власть. Делается вывод о принципиальной направленности Ассоциации в условиях политического кризиса на решение исключительно социально-экономических задач и сохранение территориальной целостности России. ; The article examines the factors which had an impact on the attitude of the regional leaders towards the conflict of the executive and legislative authorities in Moscow in September October 1993. Particular attention is given to the attempts of the central and regional political forces to engage the «Siberian accord» in power struggle. The author comes to the conclusion that the activity of the Interregional association «Siberian accord» was mainly directed at solving the social economic problems and preserving the territorial integrity of Russia in times of the political crisis.
Рассматривается процесс нормативного закрепления компетенций Межрегиональной ассоциации «Сибирское соглашение», что во многом определяло ее правовое положение. Вопрос о статусе Ассоциации имел определяющее значение для четкого понимания места и роли созданных межрегиональных объединений в формируемой общественно-политической системе России и проводимой в стране политике реформ. На основе анализа нормативных актов делается вывод о том, что фактический статус Межрегиональной ассоциации «Сибирское соглашение» в начале 1990-х гг. возрастал, но в силу конъюнктурно-политических причин не закреплялся на законодательном уровне. ; Reforming the political system in our country on the verge of the 1980s and the 1990s led to a transformation of the existing institutes and establishing of new structures. The Inter-regional association of economic interaction of regions Siberian Accord became one of them. Standard fastening of its legal status became the major condition for its development and activity. The problem was that the creation of the association became a manifestation of the initiative of the Siberian regions, which originally paid more attention to finding a solution for specific targets within the limits of the created association, instead of its status. In many respects it was a result of economic priorities of the final stage of the perestroika, focusing regions on transition to independence and self-financing. However, in the conditions of formation of the new Russian statehood an important role was played by formal legal relationships. Power and management levels federal, regional and municipal ones were vested with a certain volume of competence. In this connection, the problem of defining the status of inter-regional associations of economic interaction was designated. On the one hand, they had shown the efficiency in achievement of social and economic stabilization in regions; on the other hand, they did not correspond formally to the types of organizations existing in the legislation. Associations required definition of legal bases of their activity. At the end of 1991 attempts were undertaken to give associations the state status, however, the Supreme body of the RSFSR sent the presented documents on completion to The Ministerial Council. As a provisional measure was the presidential Decree, according to which the Siberian Accord was established and accepted the Contract of founders and the Charter in July 1992. Despite that, the accepted standard documents did not create a sufficient legal field for the activity of associations. Constantly, there were problems connected with the uncertain status of Siberian Accord that did not allow to operatively solve urgent problems within the association. Disintegration processes in the country, which forced the federal centre to be concerned with the suspicion of activity of associations and deprive them of additional powers, aggravated the situation. At the same time the race for power between the President and the Supreme body pushed them getting support of the regions, including associations. In these conditions the Government confirms Temporary Position on the Order of Formation, Registration and Activity of Voluntary Associations of Economic Interaction. The accepted document reflected the central powers policy of dual nature the problem of defining the status of associations was not solved, but considerable powers concerning joint conducting the Federal centre and subjects of Federation were conferred to interregional associations. Temporary position actually became a legislative basis, within it the activity of association before passing the Federal Law in 1999 was carried out.
На сравнительном материале автор рассматривает техногенные и политические последствия трагедии «распечатанного атома» на Фукусимской АЭС в Японии и Чернобыльской 1986 г. в СССР, анализируя цену, уплаченную человечеством за неусвоенные исторические уроки «повторения пройденного» ; The article is devoted to the comparative analysis of the anthropogenic and political repercussions of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident in Japan and the Chernobyl tragedy in 1986, USSR. The author of the article attempts to analyze the price paid by the humanity for failing to learn a historical lesson and repeating mistakes of the past.
В аспекте поэтики барокко анализируется роман И.Т. Калашникова «Дочь купца Жолобова»: сюжетостроение, мировоззренческие константы, художественная антропология, система соответствий и вертикальных связей мотивов и образов, композиционная структура. ; The Baroque reveals the totally alienating nature of the world (people are left with religious resignation) and the alienating nature of the I that is devoid of self-identity. People depend on the environment and are humiliated. The novel describes scenes of violence, death, moral sacrifice. The image of death, with some mystical exaltation (deaths of Zholobov and Krylov), sharpens the contrast of the symbolic and the naturalistic, the low and the high. The narrative mixes rationalism and mysticism, laughter and tragedy, explicates the theme of sin and punishment, the idea of temporality (the Baroque topic of Vanitas). People's dependence on the external forces causes the general problem of the correlation of fate and personal will. The dual expression of the theme of fate makes the author use the category "wonderful" which can be attributed to the case, to the person's wil and to God's providence. In the novel, different characters are equal when they reflect the overall plot of fate and the related problem of theodicy. In the context of the attitude to the dictates of external circumstances several general groups of characters can be classified differing in the nature of their activity: 1. Religious Stoics (pietism, Baroque resignation to fate); 2. Voluntaryists (negative characters who suffer punishment in the end: Buza, Krylov, Gruzdev, Stukalenko and others); 3. Neudachin, the intermediate type (partly Alesey and Natalia as passive variants). The person is singled out through the reflection in the environment: through similarity and difference with other people, things, various cultural archetypes. Archetypes that are Baroque in nature include: the archetype of the repentant sinner (Gruzdev, Krylov, robber Korovin), the prodigal son (Alesey, Isakovna's husband), the pretender (Pirushkin). In The Daughter of the Merchant Zhol-obov the theme of Don Juan is culturally and ideologically actualized in the Baroque exposingly brutal way through the type of a sinner who is haunting an innocent victim and tramples all divine laws. For each separate character all the people in the plot are important; the character dynamically interacts with them and thus enters the whole of the spiritual and national content. When describing the folk world, Kalashnikov follows the tradition of the comic "low" democratic Baroque. The weakening of the aesthetic integrity promotes "heteroglossia" and sharp stylistic heterogeneity, which is a common feature of the narrative in the Baroque and in realism. The author uses genre-verbal substrates with high illocutionarity and performativity: prayer, curse, legend, author's comment (which proves the real basis of certain cases, reality etc.), historical remark. The priority of words over reality, their pacifying and normalizing role are important. The content of the structural (vertical) connections between the artistic elements (images, motifs, etc.) is significant; it is not subject to cause-and-event relations (horizontal), it even prevails over them. This includes, first and foremost, the principle of various repetitions in the artistic structure of the novel. The composition of the novel, externally amorphous at first glance, has a secret principle of internal order.
В аспекте поэтики барокко анализируется роман И.Т. Калашникова «Дочь купца Жолобова»: сюжетостроение, мировоззренческие константы, художественная антропология, система соответствий и вертикальных связей мотивов и образов, композиционная структура. ; The Baroque reveals the totally alienating nature of the world (people are left with religious resignation) and the alienating nature of the I that is devoid of self-identity. People depend on the environment and are humiliated. The novel describes scenes of violence, death, moral sacrifice. The image of death, with some mystical exaltation (deaths of Zholobov and Krylov), sharpens the contrast of the symbolic and the naturalistic, the low and the high. The narrative mixes rationalism and mysticism, laughter and tragedy, explicates the theme of sin and punishment, the idea of temporality (the Baroque topic of Vanitas). People's dependence on the external forces causes the general problem of the correlation of fate and personal will. The dual expression of the theme of fate makes the author use the category "wonderful" which can be attributed to the case, to the person's wil and to God's providence. In the novel, different characters are equal when they reflect the overall plot of fate and the related problem of theodicy. In the context of the attitude to the dictates of external circumstances several general groups of characters can be classified differing in the nature of their activity: 1. Religious Stoics (pietism, Baroque resignation to fate); 2. Voluntaryists (negative characters who suffer punishment in the end: Buza, Krylov, Gruzdev, Stukalenko and others); 3. Neudachin, the intermediate type (partly Alesey and Natalia as passive variants). The person is singled out through the reflection in the environment: through similarity and difference with other people, things, various cultural archetypes. Archetypes that are Baroque in nature include: the archetype of the repentant sinner (Gruzdev, Krylov, robber Korovin), the prodigal son (Alesey, Isakovna's husband), the pretender (Pirushkin). In The Daughter of the Merchant Zhol-obov the theme of Don Juan is culturally and ideologically actualized in the Baroque exposingly brutal way through the type of a sinner who is haunting an innocent victim and tramples all divine laws. For each separate character all the people in the plot are important; the character dynamically interacts with them and thus enters the whole of the spiritual and national content. When describing the folk world, Kalashnikov follows the tradition of the comic "low" democratic Baroque. The weakening of the aesthetic integrity promotes "heteroglossia" and sharp stylistic heterogeneity, which is a common feature of the narrative in the Baroque and in realism. The author uses genre-verbal substrates with high illocutionarity and performativity: prayer, curse, legend, author's comment (which proves the real basis of certain cases, reality etc.), historical remark. The priority of words over reality, their pacifying and normalizing role are important. The content of the structural (vertical) connections between the artistic elements (images, motifs, etc.) is significant; it is not subject to cause-and-event relations (horizontal), it even prevails over them. This includes, first and foremost, the principle of various repetitions in the artistic structure of the novel. The composition of the novel, externally amorphous at first glance, has a secret principle of internal order.
Рассматривается вопрос о формировании в Сибири и на Дальнем Востоке в годы Гражданской войны польских войсковых частей и отношение к ним Временного Сибирского правительства в Омске и союзников. ; The article is about the question of forming Polish army co-operations in Siberia and in the Far East in the time of Civil War. Besides the article is devoted to The Temporary Siberian Government's in Omsk and their allies' attitude to them
The article considers typological generality and peculiarities of peasant rebellion exemplified by the largest by scope of territory and quantity of participants in the Soviet history Western Siberian revolt in 1921. It is claimed that Western Siberian revolt during the apogee of military communism policy was identical in its content with Antonov's revolt in the Tambov province. In the author's opinion the typological characteristic of peasant movement reflected identical features. Identical were the reasons of revolts, driving force and rebellion membership, ideological basis of the peasant protest, slogans, rebels' military organization and guerrilla tactics of straggle conduct, and also methods and actions of the Soviet state on suppression of revolts. It is shown that a special phenomenon of rebellion, not typical for the European Russia revealed itself in Western Siberia: people's movement against military communism policy united interests of Siberian peasantry and the Cossacks. However Western Siberian revolt has not proposed any unique political document comparable to the Programme of Antonov's Union of labour peasantry in the Tambov province. ; The article considers typological generality and peculiarities of peasant rebellion exemplified by the largest by scope of territory and quantity of participants in the Soviet history Western Siberian revolt in 1921. It is claimed that Western Siberian revolt during the apogee of military communism policy was identical in its content with Antonov's revolt in the Tambov province. In the author's opinion the typological characteristic of peasant movement reflected identical features. Identical were the reasons of revolts, driving force and rebellion membership, ideological basis of the peasant protest, slogans, rebels' military organization and guerrilla tactics of straggle conduct, and also methods and actions of the Soviet state on suppression of revolts. It is shown that a special phenomenon of rebellion, not typical for the European Russia revealed itself in Western Siberia: people's movement against military communism policy united interests of Siberian peasantry and the Cossacks. However Western Siberian revolt has not proposed any unique political document comparable to the Programme of Antonov's Union of labour peasantry in the Tambov province.
В статье рассмотрены основные этапы социально-экономического развития сибирского крестьянского семейного хозяйства в 1920-1930-е гг., его переход от традиционно индивидуального хозяйствования, основанного на семейно-родовом производственном объединении, к коллективным формам производства. В работе отражена специфика социально-экономической дифференциации сибирского крестьянства на примере крестьян Иркутской губернии. Особое внимание уделено политическим формам и методам «борьбы» государства с единоличным крестьянством, которое к концу рассматриваемого периода было фактически уничтожено. ; This article discusses the main stages of Siberian family farms transformation from traditionally individual, based on family industrial associations, to collective forms of manufacture in 1920-1930. The article also reflects specific character of socially economic stratification, typical for the Irkutsk peasants. A special attention is given to political forms and methods used by the State to fight with individual farms, which were practically eliminated to the end of the period discussed.
Несмотря на то, что многие документальные материалы, отражающие отношения Монголии и СССР в 1920-е гг., все еще не выявлены, революция 1921 г. занимает особое место в новейшей истории Монголии. В данной статье, на основе новых материалов автор показывает, как представители Монголии пытались реализовать при помощи СССР свои планы и добились своей цели, получив оружие и финансовую поддержку. ; In the middle of the 1920s on the basis of the written request on behalf of the Mongolian people and Bogd Khan the first seven representatives of the Mongolian People's Party composed of three groups were sent to the USSR for military and financial assistance in the struggle for independence from Chinese oppression. The first group of delegates held a series of important meetings with the leadership of the Far Eastern Soviet Republic and Eastern Bureau of the Central Committee of the C.P.S.U.(b.), where they presented their goals and objectives in the struggle for independence, as well as requests for assistance in training party workers, establishing the printing-house, providing international support, supply of arms and financial assistance. The Mongolian delegation was aimed to achieve the independence of Mongolia under Bogd Khan. The leadership of the USSR advocated the establishment of Soviet influence in Mongolia and the transfer of power from the hands of the aristocracy and the clergy to the common people. Despite these contradictions, for the sake of retaining the independence, the Mongolian delegates had to agree with the idea of the people's revolution the Soviet leadership was interested in. For political purposes the Mongolian People's Party (MPP) was renamed the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP). The Mongolian delegation composed a new letter in which it was stated that the revolution was in the interests of the common people and the power of the Bogd gegeen was limited to the relogious matters. In this case, Mongolia could count on the assistance in the delivery of weapons to 10,000 soldiers, machine guns, artillery guns, cars and 7-8 million dollars credit. Thus, the "first seven", who went to the Soviet Union for negotiations, successfully completed their tasks and returned home. Keywords: the first seven, Troizkosavsk, the Comintern, the seal of the Bogd Khan, the People's Party, military assistance, the Mongolian delegation, the Siberian Bureau, weapons, financial assistance, «From Princes and Lamas of Mongolia», agreements.
