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The paper examines health sector reforms in Kenya at the district level based on the Government of Kenya's Health Policy Framework of 1994. The authors present the context of and historical perspective to health sector reforms in Kenya and discuss the major reform policies including decentralization to the district level. The authors then review intended policy outcomes, investigating assumptions on which the implementation and effectiveness of the reform agenda at the local level are based. The authors argue that emphasis on outcomes rather than process has not supported sustainable reforms or achieved the government's goal of improving health and ensuring equity for the citizens of the country.

ABSTRACTThe effect of budget‐based incentive compensation schemes is a fundamental issue in developing and implementing organizational control systems. This study investigates the effect of alternative compensation schemes on performance and satisfaction. A theoretical model outlining the primary relationships is formulated and related hypotheses specified. The hypotheses reflect an integration of agency theory and organization behavior research. Across‐group and within‐group effects are investigated using both single‐period and multiperiod analyses. A laboratory study involving 40 subjects is undertaken and the findings provide insights into the individual and group effects of alternative compensation schemes and the dynamics of changing Compensation schemes on productivity and satisfaction. Specifically, a relationship is found between compensation schemes and performance. The effect on performance is independent of the compensation scheme's perceived fairness. Satisfaction is a function of the congruence between the preferred scheme and the implemented scheme.

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to report on a field-level examination of the adoption of sustainable procurement in social housing. It explores the role of regulation and procurement consortia in sustainable procurement.Design/methodology/approach– The study employs a case study of the UK social housing sector and uses an online survey (n=116) of UK Housing Associations. Factor analysis identifies three parsimonious dimensions of sustainable procurement. Attitudinal data are analysed to explore the field-level adoption of sustainable procurement and the role of consortia.Findings– The results delineate sustainable procurement activities into three factors; direction setting, supplier-centric assurance and local socially oriented supply. High yet sup-optimal levels of sustainable procurement activity are revealed. Prevailing attitudes identify positive commitments to sustainable procurement at individual, organisational and sector levels. The value of network collaboration is identified. Tenants as critical stakeholders do not prioritise sustainable procurement creating challenge for inclusivity. Regulators are seen to a have low level of sustainable procurement knowledge and procurement consortia a high perceived knowledge.Research limitations/implications– Results provide insight into the effect of sustainable procurement policy, the role of regulators and network structures and consortia, raising issues around legitimacy, coopetition, stakeholder engagement, performance measurement, and functional/sectoral maturity.Social implications– The identification of the potential exclusion of tenants in sustainability debates is particularly significant to deliver social value.Originality/value– The relative newness of the social housing sector and its quasi-public sector status provides an original contribution to the consortia and sustainable procurement literatures.

Background: This qualitative study was aimed to clarify perplexes regarding examinations at secondary school level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and to understand the real position of examination in the education system. Method: Phenomenology was chosen as the enquiry method and purposive sampling was used for the collection of data through semi-structure interviews from six respondents (two each from board of intermediate and secondary education Peshawar, two from the department of elementary and secondary education KP and two from the educationists one from public and other from private sector university). The collected data was analyzed through thematic analysis. Results: This study revealed that due to materialistic approach to education, examination which was a mean to education has usurped the very end of education. The abrogation and discontinuation of examination was timely needed due to Covid-19, while this practice is done in some advanced countries in normal situations. This study also identified that lack of professionalism in teachers has caused the students to resort to examination abuses. It was also find out that the exam culture is defective and is in the dire need of drastic reforms. Conclusion: This study recommended school based continuous assessment for the amelioration of examination system in the context of KP along with proper legislation regarding exams in abnormal situations; so that in pandemics disasters etc. the examinations could be handle without any hesitation.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to understand one portion of the sales ecological system. This paper focuses on the mesolevel or intra-organizational system that includes the sales and marketing functions. This paper examines distinct tensions at three levels of the firm's hierarchy and the mechanisms used to manage the tensions.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use a qualitative data collection. A discovery-oriented process is used to understand the interconnections that exist among marketing-sales dyads at three organizational levels across several firms.FindingsThis paper uncovers distinct tensions and defenses exhibited by managers at each hierarchical level and this paper presents mechanisms that can are used to reduce the tensions.Research limitations/implicationsThe multi-level perspective demonstrates the value of examining the intra-organizational aspect of the sales ecosystem. This paper uses a qualitative approach to highlight that sales-marketing tensions are unique to each of the hierarchical levels. This paper demonstrates that the tensions are a function of the unique roles each sales and marketing executive has within the organization.Practical implicationsTo make the sales and marketing interface more effective, managers need to view tensions across the sales-marketing interface as complementary versus opposing forces. Managers must balance these tensions, rather than fight them and/or select one of the alternatives over the other. This paper suggests that paradoxical thinking may be a valued skillset for managers at each level of the organization.Originality/valueThe study uses a unique qualitative data set that examines the sales-marketing interface across three levels of an organizational hierarchy. Through this approach, this paper delineates specific tensions between marketing and sales within each level of the firm. This paper also describes mechanisms to manage the tensions common within the sales-marketing interface.

ABSTRACTRonen and Livingstone [42] have proposed that expectancy theory can provide a unifying framework for accounting research aimed at the motivational impact of budgets on managers. Unfortunately, researchers attempting to use this approach have employed an inappropriate across‐persons methodology. This paper uses the decision modeling approach we recently developed [48] to provide a within‐persons examination of Vroom's force model in a budget setting. An examination of two hypotheses questions the belief expressed in the budget literature to the effect that the use of currently attainable cost standards results in a cost budget with unique motivating characteristics. Strengths of this research are the use of the within‐persons approach and the use of an innovative measure of motivational force.

This study is to determine how the decision-making levels of individuals who play table tennis in Kyrgyzstan are shaped. It has been concluded that harmful habits, age, education level, place of residence and profession are the determining factors in shaping the psychological resilience levels of table tennis players.

The performance distribution assessment (PDA) method was purported to be a breakthrough in performance appraisal methodology; however, little research has been conducted to determine the usefulness of this method. This article describes some of the critical features of the PDA method and presents evidence supporting the validity of the PDA in an organizational setting. The performance and ability data of 397 sewing machine operators were analyzed to determine the validity of multiple performance measures derived from the PDA, the relative accuracy of the PDA compared with an evaluative rating method, and differential criterion-related validities for the multiple PDA performance measures. Results revealed significant correlations between the PDA-derived performance measures and objective measures of job performance, differential correlations between ability and the multiple PDA-derived performance measures, and equivalent levels of rating accuracy for the PDA and the evaluative measure of typical performance. Implications for research and practice are discussed.