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Recently there has been a great deal of interest in applying the concept of resilience to pastoral systems and to development programs in pastoral systems. This paper addresses pastoralism and its resilience in Africa south of the Sahara, with a primary focus on the Horn of Africa and some contrast to West African examples. It begins with an overview of the realities of contemporary pastoralism in this area that highlights social, economic, and political challenges and opportunities. It then focuses on the concept of resilience and its applications in the specific context of pastoral production systems. After discussing the general appeal of resilience for analyzing these systems, the paper illustrates specific elements of pastoralism that enhance or constrain household‐level resilience. Empirical ; PR ; IFPRI1; E Building Resilience; E.1 Policies, institutions and investments for resilient social systems; 2020; CRP2; CRP4 ; DGO; A4NH; PIM ; CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM); CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH)

A clear distinction must be made between studies on race relations & problems of inter-group relations. Relations between diff races in South African countries include the relationships between soc, econ, & pol'al factors, & indicate the need for further study in inter-group relations. In a summary analysis of res in the field, the problems between native & immigrant (largely European) groups are distinguished as (1) the use of race as a status symbol, (2) racial stratification, SM, & the role of the African elite in relation to modernization, (3) cultural diff's, (4) soc structure instability, (5) conflicting att's, & (6) native religious movements. A pop chart of the states & territories concerned is appended. P. D. Montagna.

During the years immediately following the Second World War, India's prestige rose high in colonial Africa—and for several reasons. Among the dependent countries of Asia and Africa, India alone had an unusually long and unbroken record of resistance to colonial rule. This record earned greater respectability as India approached the threshold of political independence. Success more than any other element in the Gandhian technique of mass movement impressed colonial peoples all over the world. Among the African nationalists, the Indian National Congress became the model for waging successful mass struggle. In many cases they even adopted the nomenclature "Congress" to identify their respective parties.1 References to Mahatma Gandhi and his satyagraha became usual with the African nationalist leaders. Wrote Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana: "After months of studying Gandhi's policy and watching the effect it had, I began to see that, when backed by a strong political organization, it could be the solution to the colonial problem."2 Other leaders in other territories expressed similar views, and indeed it appeared for a time that the Gandhian model would become an inseparable part of the African nationalist heritage.