Hypertension is an increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, where systolic is more than 140 mmHg and diastolic is more than 90 mmHg. The prevalence of hypertension in the world's population is found to be 22% and has resulted in 23.7% of deaths from a total of 1.7 million deaths in Indonesia. Waist circumference is a measurement of the distribution of abdominal fat which has a close relationship with hypertension, the larger the waist circumference, the more fat deposits in the abdominal area, the more fat deposits, the more bad cholesterol which will make blood vessels narrow and can cause hypertension. This study aims to determine the relationship between waist circumference and hypertension at the age of 18-45 years in Hutabarat Partali Toruan Village in 2021. This type of research is analytic observational with a cross sectional design. The population as many as 2775 people with a total sample of 96 people who were taken by purposive sampling technique. Collecting data by means of interviews, and observations using metline (cm) for waist circumference and sphygmomanometer for blood pressure. Based on the results of the study, it was found that waist circumference was abnormal at 77.1%, and hypertension was 56.3%. The results of the chi square test obtained p-value = 0.017 (p <0.05), meaning that there is a relationship between waist circumference and the incidence of hypertension. It is hoped that the Public Health Center will provide health promotion about a healthy lifestyle such as improving diet, activity and exercise, getting enough rest, not smoking, not consuming alcohol.
Excess body fat can cause a series of metabolic and mechanical effects on the body. Therefore, this study aimed to verify the clinical, metabolic, and risk factors of overweight (OW) cats. For the acceptance of participation in the research, the tutors were asked to answer a questionnaire containing 34 questions and to point out the body condition score (BCS) on a sheet containing nine images of different scores (1 to 9 on a 9-point scale). Thereafter, the body evaluations were performed as a classification of the BCS on a scale from 1 to 9, with an ideal score (IS) of BCS 5 and OW for BCS > 5. Further, the lean mass index and morphometric measurements (thoracic and abdominal circumferences and height and length of the patella to calcaneal tuberosity) were performed to estimate the percentage of body fat. Systolic blood pressure was measured using the non-invasive Doppler method and blood was collected for hemogram and serum biochemistry (creatinine, urea, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol). After these analyses, we sought to guide and raise the awareness of the tutors to promote the correct nutritional and environmental management of the animals. Thirty adult cats were divided into two groups, based on the classification of the BCS, with eight having an IS and 22 being OW. The OW group was found to have a low level of physical activity, hypercholesterolemia, and higher values of body characteristics. Additionally, there was a median agreement between the perceptions of the clinician and the tutors. Therefore, it was concluded that the main laboratory alteration found in the obese cats was hypercholesterolemia, which was a critical parameter. It was observed that a low degree of physical activity could cause excess weight gain. It was found that the guardians of the cats with ideal weight underestimated the BCS, which could contribute to the supply of excess food and consequently, obesity. Thus, this study was sought to guide and raise the awareness of tutors, to promote the correct nutritional and environmental management thereby providing welfare and quality of life to the animals.
Abstract Background Factual data exploring the relationship between obesity and diabetes mellitus prevalence from rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa remain scattered and are unreliable. To address this scarceness, this work reports population study data describing the relationship between the obesity and the diabetes mellitus in the general population of the rural area of Katana (South Kivu in the Democratic Republic of the Congo). Methods A cohort of three thousand, nine hundred, and sixty-two (3962) adults (>15 years old) were followed between 2012 and 2015 (or 4105 person-years during the observation period), and data were collected using the locally adjusted World Health Organization's (WHO) STEPwise approach to Surveillance (STEPS) methodology. The hazard ratio for progression of obesity was calculated. The association between diabetes mellitus and obesity was analyzed with logistic regression. Results The diabetes mellitus prevalence was 2.8 % versus 3.5 % for obese participants and 7.2 % for those with metabolic syndrome, respectively. Within the diabetes group, 26.9 % had above-normal waist circumference and only 9.8 % were obese. During the median follow-up period of 2 years, the incidence of obesity was 535/100,000 person-years. During the follow-up, the prevalence of abdominal obesity significantly increased by 23 % ( p <0.0001), whereas the increased prevalence of general obesity (7.8 %) was not significant ( p = 0.53). Finally, diabetes mellitus was independently associated with age, waist circumference, and blood pressure but not body mass index. Conclusion This study confirms an association between diabetes mellitus and abdominal obesity but not with general obesity. On the other hand, the rapid increase in abdominal obesity prevalence in this rural area population within the follow-up period calls for the urgent promoting of preventive lifestyle measures.
BACKGROUND: Perinatal mortality and morbidity continue to be major global health challenges strongly associated with prematurity and reduced fetal growth, an issue of further interest given the mounting evidence that fetal growth in general is linked to degrees of risk of common noncommunicable diseases in adulthood. Against this background, WHO made it a high priority to provide the present fetal growth charts for estimated fetal weight (EFW) and common ultrasound biometric measurements intended for worldwide use. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We conducted a multinational prospective observational longitudinal study of fetal growth in low-risk singleton pregnancies of women of high or middle socioeconomic status and without known environmental constraints on fetal growth. Centers in ten countries (Argentina, Brazil, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, India, Norway, and Thailand) recruited participants who had reliable information on last menstrual period and gestational age confirmed by crown-rump length measured at 8-13 wk of gestation. Participants had anthropometric and nutritional assessments and seven scheduled ultrasound examinations during pregnancy. Fifty-two participants withdrew consent, and 1,387 participated in the study. At study entry, median maternal age was 28 y (interquartile range [IQR] 25-31), median height was 162 cm (IQR 157-168), median weight was 61 kg (IQR 55-68), 58% of the women were nulliparous, and median daily caloric intake was 1,840 cal (IQR 1,487-2,222). The median pregnancy duration was 39 wk (IQR 38-40) although there were significant differences between countries, the largest difference being 12 d (95% CI 8-16). The median birthweight was 3,300 g (IQR 2,980-3,615). There were differences in birthweight between countries, e.g., India had significantly smaller neonates than the other countries, even after adjusting for gestational age. Thirty-one women had a miscarriage, and three fetuses had intrauterine death. The 8,203 sets of ultrasound measurements were scrutinized for outliers and leverage points, and those measurements taken at 14 to 40 wk were selected for analysis. A total of 7,924 sets of ultrasound measurements were analyzed by quantile regression to establish longitudinal reference intervals for fetal head circumference, biparietal diameter, humerus length, abdominal circumference, femur length and its ratio with head circumference and with biparietal diameter, and EFW. There was asymmetric distribution of growth of EFW: a slightly wider distribution among the lower percentiles during early weeks shifted to a notably expanded distribution of the higher percentiles in late pregnancy. Male fetuses were larger than female fetuses as measured by EFW, but the disparity was smaller in the lower quantiles of the distribution (3.5%) and larger in the upper quantiles (4.5%). Maternal age and maternal height were associated with a positive effect on EFW, particularly in the lower tail of the distribution, of the order of 2% to 3% for each additional 10 y of age of the mother and 1% to 2% for each additional 10 cm of height. Maternal weight was associated with a small positive effect on EFW, especially in the higher tail of the distribution, of the order of 1.0% to 1.5% for each additional 10 kg of bodyweight of the mother. Parous women had heavier fetuses than nulliparous women, with the disparity being greater in the lower quantiles of the distribution, of the order of 1% to 1.5%, and diminishing in the upper quantiles. There were also significant differences in growth of EFW between countries. In spite of the multinational nature of the study, sample size is a limiting factor for generalization of the charts. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides WHO fetal growth charts for EFW and common ultrasound biometric measurements, and shows variation between different parts of the world.
Trypanosoma vivax is a protozoan originating from the African continent, which, although it has not yet been able to complete its biological cycle in South America, due to the absence of the tsetse fly, can still cause death in ruminants. The objective of this study was to verify the effects of T. vivax on the measurements and indices in sheep that characterize animal performance, as well as on economic losses in meat animals. Twenty intact adult male sheep were used for this study, all of approximately the same ages and weights, reared in confinement, and subjected to the same management and diet, which was balanced and supplemented with adequate minerals. The animals were divided into two groups: the control group (CG) and the infected group (IG), which was inoculated intravenously with 1.3 x 105 trypomastigotes of T. vivax. Feed intake was verified daily, whereas the feed conversion (FC), feed efficiency index (FEI), and weight gain were obtained weekly. Total weight gain (TWG) was determined after 70 days post-infection. The economic loss was calculated by subtracting the value obtained (IG) from the expected value (CG), and the difference was expressed as a percentage. A randomized block design was used to isolate the effect of the initial weight. The means were compared by the Student "t" test at 5%. Of the 10 infected animals, one died from the parasitism, yielding a rate much lower than that observed in natural outbreaks. The groups presented similar feed intakes throughout the experimental period; however, the TWG of the infected group was significantly lower (50.7%) than that of the CG. Similarly, the daily weight gain (DWG), feed conversion (FC), and feed efficiency index (FEI) of the IG were significantly lower than those of the CG. In addition, the worst rates of FC and FEI coincided with parasitemia peaks and recurrences, probably due to immunological demand and tissue repair. The abdominal circumference of the infected animals was statistically lower than that of the CG, which may be directly related to fat mobilization, in addition to the possible negative effect on the digestive capacity. The economic losses due to weight alone were 24.07% and could reach 31.66% of the herd value due to animal death. Infection with T. vivax negatively affected animal performance indices, even when the animals were well nourished. Trypanosoma vivax in sheep destined for slaughter caused economic losses of 31.66% due to the decrease in performance and the death rate in the infected group.
Background: Several studies have investigated the possible association between prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and birth anthropometry. However, none has assessed fetal size longitudinally. We studied the possible association between PFASs and fetal biometry. Methods: In 1230 mother-child pairs of three cohorts from the Spanish INMA-Project, we analyzed perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) in first-trimester maternal plasma (collection: 2003-2008). We measured abdominal circumference (AC), femur length (FL), biparietal diameter (BPD), and estimated fetal weight (EFW) by ultrasounds at 12, 20, and 34 gestational weeks. We conducted multivariable linear regression analyses between log2-transformed (PFASs) and SD-scores of fetal parameters in each cohort and subsequent meta-analysis. We also assessed effect modification by sex and maternal smoking. Results: PFHxS, PFOA, PFOS, and PFNA medians were: 0.58, 2.35, 6.05, and 0.65 ng/mL, respectively. There were no associations for the whole population in any trimester of pregnancy. However, we found an indication that maternal smoking modified the effect in different directions depending on the PFAS. Among smokers (31%), we found negative associations between both PFOA and PFNA and FL or EFW at week 20 (% change ranging between -6.8% and -5.7% per twofold PFAS increase) and positive associations between PFHxS or PFOS and BPD at week 34 (6.8% and 6.3%, respectively). Conclusions: Results did not suggest an overall association between prenatal PFASs and fetal growth. The results among smokers should be taken with caution and further studies are warranted to elucidate the possible role of smoking in this association. ; This work was supported by grants from the European Union [FP7-ENV-2011 cod 282957 and HEALTH.2010.2.4.5-1] and from Spain: Instituto de Salud Carlos III [Red INMA G03/176, CB06/02/0041, FIS-FEDER: PI03/1615, PI041436, PI04/1509, PI04/1112, PI04/1931, PI05/1079, PI05/1052, PI06/0867, PI06/1213, PI07/0314, PI081151, PI09/02647, PI09/00090, PI11/01007, PI11/02591, PI11/02038, PI12/01890, PI13/1944, PI13/2032, PI14/00891, PI14/01687, PI16/1288, and PI17/00663; Miguel Servet-FEDER CP11/0178, Miguel Servet-FSE: MS16/00128, and MSII16/00051; and PFIS-FI14/00099]; Alicia Koplowitz Foundation 2017; Generalitat Valenciana [FISABIO-UGP 15-230, 15-244, and 15-249]; Department of Health of the Basque Government [2005111093 and 2009111069]; the Provincial Government of Gipuzkoa [DFG06/004 and DFG08/001]; and the Generalitat de Catalunya-CIRIT [1999SGR 00241].
BACKGROUND: Air pollution exposure during pregnancy has been associated with impaired fetal growth. However, few studies have measured fetal biometry longitudinally, remaining unclear as to whether there are windows of special vulnerability. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to investigate the impact of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure on fetal and neonatal biometry in the Spanish INMA study. METHODS: Biparietal diameter (BPD), femur length (FL), abdominal circumference (AC), and estimated fetal weight (EFW) were evaluated for up to 2,478 fetuses in each trimester of pregnancy. Size at 12, 20, and 34 weeks of gestation and growth between these points, as well as anthropometry at birth, were assessed by SD scores derived using cohort-specific growth curves. Temporally adjusted land-use regression was used to estimate exposure to NO2 at home addresses for up to 2,415 fetuses. Associations were investigated by linear regression in each cohort and subsequent meta-analysis. RESULTS: A 10-μg/m3 increase in average exposure to NO2 during weeks 0-12 was associated with reduced growth at weeks 0-12 in AC (-2.1%; 95% CI: -3.7, -0.6) and EFW (-1.6%; 95% CI: -3.0, -0.3). The same exposure was inversely associated with reduced growth at weeks 20-34 in BPD (-2.6%; 95% CI: -3.9, -1.2), AC (-1.8%; 95% CI: -3.3, -0.2), and EFW (-2.1%; 95% CI: -3.7, -0.2). A less consistent pattern of association was observed for FL. The negative association of this exposure with BPD and EFW was significantly stronger in smoking versus nonsmoking mothers. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal exposure to NO2 in early pregnancy was associated with reduced fetal growth based on ultrasound measures of growth during pregnancy and measures of size at birth. ; This study was funded by grants from the European Union: NEWGENERIS FP6-2003-Food-3-A-016320, FP7-ENV-2011 cod 282957, HEALTH.2010.2.4.5-1; and by grants from Spain: Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Red INMA G03/176, CB06/02/0031, and FIS-FEDER PI03/1615, PI04/1509, PI04/1112, PI04/1931, PI04/2018, PI04/1436, PI05/1079, PI05/1052, PI06/1213, PI07/0314, PI08/1151, PI09/02647, PI09/02311, PI11/01007, PI11/02591, PI11/02038, PI13/1944, PI13/02429, PI14/0891, PI14/1687, and Miguel Servet CP11/00178 and MS13/00054), Conselleria de Sanitat Generalitat Valenciana, Generalitat de Catalunya (CIRIT 1999SGR 00241), Diputación Foral de Guipúzcoa (DFG/004), Departamento de Sanidad y Consumo Gobierno Vasco (2005111093), Obra Social Cajastur, and Oviedo University.
IntroductionThis study assessed overweight, obesity and lipid profiles in adults with intellectual disability and compared these metrics with their physical activity.Materials and MethodBasic somatic parameters, lipid profile and weekly physical activity were examined in 27 adults with moderate intellectual disability. Chi‐square independence tests and Pearson's linear correlation coefficients were used.ResultsThe participants had excess body mass, excess body fat and abdominal obesity. Very high positive correlations were shown between body mass index and both waist circumference and %fat. The lipid profiles were more favourable in the general population. Healthy levels of physical activity were observed in 8% of women and 26% of men. A high negative correlation was found between physical activity and body mass index.ConclusionThe study group was characterized by excess body mass and insufficient levels of physical activity. Body mass index and waist circumference are sufficient indicators for identifying obesity in adults with intellectual disability.
Background: Breast feeding appears to play a role in determining obesity and abdominal obesity during childhood, specifically in children with a history of low birth weight. Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relation of breast-feeding with either of abdominal obesity and obesity among Iranian school children. Materials and Methods: A total of 1184 students (625 girls and 559 boys), aged 10 to 13 years old, were selected from 112 governmental elementary schools in Iran. Height, weight, waist circumference and blood pressure were measured using standard instruments and a pretested standardized questionnaire was performed for compiling information about family economics and educational level, first–degree family history of obesity, history of breast feeding, food pattern and birth weight, as well. Results: 13.68% (n = 160) of students had a history of low birth weight, and 26.41% of them had abdominal obesity. Of all participants, 22.04% were overweight and 5.32% were obese which was more prevalent in girls than in boys (P = 0.03). First-degree family history of obesity (P = 0.001), excessive gestational weight gain (P = 0.001) and birth weight (P = 0.01) were significantly correlated with the prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity during childhood. Moreover the prevalence of abdominal obesity in children with low birth weight was significantly correlated with breast feeding (P = 0.04); But this relation was not significantly about obesity in our participants (P = 0.9). Furthermore duration of breast feeding was significantly and inversely correlated with obesity and abdominal obesity in schoolchildren with low birth weight (P = 0.01). Conclusions: The results suggest that Breast feeding and its long-term consequences were important factors for preventing metabolic syndrome criteria in childhood and later years of life span. With regard to the increasing prevalence of obesity in children, more research is urgently needed to clarify whether breast feeding have negative consequences for the risk of chronic disease in children, especially in children with low birth weight.
The prevalence of Chronic Noncommunicable Disease (CND) are rocketting over the world, including in young adults. The WHO estimates that more than half of the deaths in the world are caused by CND. A cross-sectional study was carried out from june to november 2016. The researchers visited 16 communities, with a sample size of 183 adult individuals performed for convenience. The patients went through screening and verified: weight, height, abdominal circumference, blood pressure, clinical-epidemiological history and performed physical and laboratory examination. Prevalence ratios were calculated with confidence intervals of 95% and with statistical significance with p<0.05. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of CND and its associated factors in the elderly riverside population of the Rio Madeira in Humaitá, Amazonas State, Western Brazilian Amazon. The prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) was 44.7%, 52.6% in female. Of the individuals with SAH, 77.5% did not use medication. About 51.5% of them had Grade I SAH. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 16.4%, where no patient used medication and about 40.4% of the studied population fits in the glucose intolerance range. Metabolic syndrome presented a prevalence of 24.0%, with a higher frequency in females (33.8%) (p=0.007). Concerning chronic kidney disease, a prevalence of 12.1% was observed in both genders. The associated factors found were alcoholism, smoking, sedentary lifestyle and obesity, and more than 45% of the patients had at least two associated factors. The population had a high prevalence of CND and associated factors, low frequency of medication use, revealing inefficiency of the local health system. Increased coverage of the Governmental Family Health Strategy (GFHS) and the increase in number of trained Community Health Assistants , together with health education actions can increase the population's health standard. ; O objetivo do estudo é estimar a prevalência de doença crônica não transmissível (DCNT) e seus fatores de risco em população ribeirinha do rio Madeira em Humaitá, Amazonas. Utilizou-se método observacional de estudo de prevalência. Foram visitadas 16 comunidades, com tamanho amostral de 183 indivíduos adultos, amostra realizada por conveniência, onde passaram por uma triagem e verificados: peso, altura, circunferência abdominal, pressão arterial, história clínico-epidemiológica e realizados o exame físico e laboratoriais. As análises de prevalência e as razões de prevalência foram calculadas com intervalos de confiança com significância estatística de 95% e p<0,05. A prevalência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) foi de 44,7%, destes, 52,6% do gênero feminino. Dos indivíduos hipertensos, 77,5% não usavam medicação. Cerca 51,5% dos hipertensos tem HAS Grau I. A prevalência de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, foi de 16,4%, onde nenhum paciente utilizava medicação e cerca de 40,4% da população estudada se encaixa na faixa de intolerância à glicose. Síndrome metabólica apresentou prevalência de 24,0%, maior frequência no gênero feminino (33,8%) (p=0,007). Em relação à disfunção renal, observou-se uma prevalência de 12,1%, nos dois gêneros. Os fatores de risco encontrados foram alcoolismo, tabagismo e obesidade, e mais de 45% apresentou ao menos dois fatores de risco. A população possui elevadas prevalências de DCNT e fatores de risco, baixa frequência de uso de medicamentos, revelando ineficiência do sistema de saúde local. Aumento da cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família, aliada a ações de educação em saúde podem incrementar o padrão de saúde da população.
BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a serious public health risk predisposing the workforce to cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the components and risk factors of MetS among Nigerian teachers and bank workers (BWs). SETTINGS AND DESIGN: The cross-sectional study was conducted in Idemili South Local Government Area, Southeast Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved 427 teachers and 66 BWs in 14 secondary schools and 5 microfinance banks, respectively. Data collection methods included questionnaire, lipid profile, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), weight, height, waist circumference, and blood pressure (BP) measurements. Inferential statistical analysis involved Pearson correlation and Chi square with Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test. Significance was accepted at P 0.05) between occupations, age, and gender. Females were more likely to have abdominal obesity (P < 0.01) than males. MetS prevalence was 20%. MetS was more likely among females (odds ratio [OR] =0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] =0.471–0.841); workers with abdominal obesity (OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.210–2.295), IFPG (OR = 0.05, 95% CI = 0.008–0.347), raised diastolic BP (OR = 12.00, 95% CI = 2.177–66.134), and hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.931–5.600); and those who often drank fluids other than water (OR = 0.11, 95% CI = 0.013–0.961). CONCLUSION: MetS was a problem of public health significance among the workers with higher prevalence among teachers, 40–60-year-olds, and females. Abdominal obesity was the strongest risk factor of metabolic syndrome among the workers.
Die Folgen von Osteoporose und Adipositas stellen große gesundheitspolitische und sozioökonomische Herausforderungen dar. Seit vielen Jahren wird untersucht, inwieweit Fettgewebe auf den Knochen einen protektiven oder schädlichen Einfluss ausübt. Dabei kamen verschiedene Studien, zum Großteil Querschnittsstudien, zu gegensätzlichen Ergebnissen. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen BMI, Taillenumfang, VAT oder abdominellem SAT und der Knochensteifigkeit sowie dem osteoporotischen Frakturrisiko in der erwachsenen Allgemeinbevölkerung im Nordosten Deutschlands untersucht. Dabei konnte ein positiver Zusammenhang zwischen BMI, Taillenumfang, VAT oder abdominellem SAT und der BUA und dem Steifigkeitsindex hergestellt werden. Der BMI war darüber hinaus positiv mit der BUA assoziiert. Außerdem wurde gezeigt, dass die Chance für ein mittleres oder hohes Frakturrisiko mit steigendem BMI, Taillenumfang und abdominellem Fettvolumen abnimmt. Diese Ergebnisse stützen im Wesentlichen das lange beschriebene Paradigma eines protektiven Einflusses des Fettgewebes auf den Knochenstatus und stärken darüber hinaus die Bedeutung der klinisch leicht verfügbaren Parameter BMI und Taillenumfang bei der Einschätzung des osteoporotischen Frakturrisikos. Allerdings erlaubt die Durchführung dieser Studie als Querschnittstudie keine Rückschlüsse auf Kausalitäten hinsichtlich der möglicherweise komplexen Interaktionen zwischen Fett- und Knochengewebe. Daher sind in Zukunft weitere Längsschnittstudien an einer repräsentativen Studienpopulation unter Verwendung standardisierter Messmethoden nötig, um die Zusammenhänge und Interaktionen dieser beiden Gewebe besser zu verstehen. ; Obesity is often considered to have a protective effect against osteoporosis. On the other hand, several recent studies suggest that adipose tissue may have detrimental effects on bone quality. We therefore aimed to investigate the associations between body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), visceral adipose tissue (VAT) or abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and bone stiffness. The study involved 2685 German adults aged 20–79 years, who participated in either the second follow-up of the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-2) or the baseline examination of the SHIP-Trend cohort. VAT and abdominal SAT were quantified by magnetic resonance imaging. Bone stiffness was assessed by quantitative ultrasound (QUS) at the heel (Achilles InSight, GE Healthcare). The individual risk for osteoporotic fractures was determined based on the QUS-derived stiffness index and classified in low, medium, and high risk. Linear regression models, adjusted for sex, age, physical activity, smoking status, risky alcohol consumption, diabetes, and height (in models with VAT or abdominal SAT as exposure), revealed positive associations between BMI, WC, VAT or abdominal SAT, and the QUS variables broadband-ultrasound attenuation or stiffness index. Moreover, BMI was positively associated with speed of sound. Our study shows that all anthropometric measures including BMI and, WC as well as abdominal fat volume are positively associated with bone stiffness in the general population. As potential predictors of bone stiffness, VAT and abdominal SAT are not superior to easily available measures like BMI or WC.
Obesity, especially when concentrated in the abdominal area, is often associated with the presence of metabolic syndrome. Stress, particularly occupational stress, is one of the most important factors contributing to the increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome components among different populations. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of overweight and obesity as well as the criteria for metabolic syndrome and its risk factors and different obesity phenotype in a population of military personnel aged 20 to 65 years. This study is a retrospective cross-sectional study in which data are extracted from the database of a military hospital (2,200 participants). The records of participants contained information such as age, marital status, educational level, weight, height, body mass index, blood pressure, waist circumference, history of drug use and smoking, as well as the results of tests including lipid profile and fasting blood glucose. The Adult Treatment Panel III criteria as well as two national criteria were used to identify metabolic syndrome among participants. Data analysis was p1erformed using SPSS version 16. The average age of participants was 33.37 (7.75) years. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to Iranian cutoff was 26.6% for the waist circumference >90 cm (585 persons) and 19.6% for the waist circumference >95 cm (432 persons). The rate of metabolic syndrome was identified as 11.1% (432 cases) according to Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Results of the current study identified that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among military individuals is less than other populations, but the prevalence of the syndrome is higher than other military personnel in other countries.
PurposeTo identify whether physical fitness (PF) components play a moderating role in the relationship between TV time and adiposity levels.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingFew studies have examined if different PF levels modify the association between TV time and adiposity in adolescents. Studies often focus on the isolated relationships between obesity and TV time, or obesity and PF levels.Subjects1071 adolescents (617 girls), aged 12 to 17 years.MeasuresCardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), abdominal muscular endurance, and lower limb strength were evaluated using the protocols of the Projeto Esporte Brasil fitness testing battery. TV time was obtained using a self-reported questionnaire. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were also assessed. Moderation analyses were conducted through multiple linear regression models with the following associations tested in different models: PF components, TV time, and interaction (PF component x TV time) with adiposity parameters (BMI and WC);ResultsA significant interaction term was found for CRF and TV time in the association with both WC (β: −.005; 95% CI: −.009; −.001; P = .012) and BMI (β: −.002; 95% CI: −.004; −.001; P = .009).ConclusionCRF moderates the relationship between TV time and adiposity measures in this cross-sectional analysis. These data support strategies looking at increasing physical activity levels to improve CRF and avoid the development of excess abdominal obesity and excess weight.
AbstractThe aim of this paper was to evaluate the socioeconomic differences in adult anthropometric parameters of young women in Poland. The study was cross-sectional and conducted in the years 2015 to 2018 among 1257 women aged 19–24 years. The heights, weights, wrist widths and waist, hip and chest circumferences of the subjects were measured. Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), waist-to-chest ratio (WCR) and chest-to-height ratio (CHtR) were calculated. A survey was conducted to collect data on the women's socioeconomic characteristics. The application of the Generalized Linear Model (GLM) including all socioeconomic indicators (urbanization level of place of residence in childhood, parental education, number of siblings, material conditions) revealed no significant association of these with any of the analysed anthropometric traits. The results of the logistic regression showed no significant differences in the risk of underweight, too low abdominal adiposity or too high abdominal adiposity. However, the risk of overweight and obesity was significantly affected by the degree of urbanization of the women's place of residence in childhood and by their number of siblings. The results show that the socioeconomic factors that once had a significant influence on anthropometric traits currently do not play such an important role. This change can be explained by the equalization of living conditions and lifestyles of individual social groups in Poland.
