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The essence of banking control and scientific approaches to determine its differences from banking supervision have been researched; the place of banking control in the system of state control has been determined. The author has indicated on the absence of the definition of the concept of the state control in the banking sector in the legislation of Ukraine, as well as on the problem of the delineation of the terms "state control in the banking sector", "state regulation of the banks activities", "banking regulation" and "banking supervision". It has been established that the verification is a form of activity of the National Bank of Ukraine, which is inherent for banking control and banking supervision. Therefore, the notion of the state banking supervision involves the intervention of the state supervisory agency, which acts as a controller, in the activities of banks. It has been emphasized that control includes not only verification of the activity of the object under control and its legality, but also supervision (monitoring) over its realization and expediency. Therefore, the concept of "banking control" is identical to the concept of "banking supervision". It has been emphasized that it is expedient to distinguish the concepts of "state control in the banking sector" and "banking control". It has been found out that banking control (supervision) is a complex of ordered actions aimed at monitoring the activities of banks, verification of the conformity of actions of controlled subjects with the established requirements of legislation in order to detect deviations from established norms, implementation of managerial influence, and the provision of recommendations. The state control in the banking sector should be considered as a function of public administration, which covers both the activities of the National Bank of Ukraine on the implementation of banking control (supervision) and the activities of other state power agencies. ; Досліджено сутність банківського контролю та наукові підходи щодо визначення його відмінностей від банківського нагляду, визначено місце банківського контролю в системі державного контролю. Розглянуто проблему розмежування термінів «державний контроль у банківській сфері», «державне регулювання діяльності банків», «банківське регулювання» і «банківський нагляд». Наголошено на відмінності понять «державний контроль у банківській сфері» та «банківський контроль», запропоновано їх визначення.

Central banks are among the most powerful institutions in the world: they are granted a legal monopoly in the issuance of money, set interest rates, monitor the banking sector and generally control a country's money supply and monetary policy. Their decisions and actions affect directly or indirectly almost every economic activity on the planet. However, most of these institutions decide and act independently from government, they are managed by appointed rather than democratically-elected officials and these officials usually come from the private banking sector. These facts generate questions about the functionality of the system and its efficiency in managing global finance. The goal of this research is to investigate the status of central bank management and ownership across the world today, and examine both philosophically and ethically the arguments for and against central bank independence in modern democracies. The analysis concludes that modern democracies should reassess the structure of central banking and address methods and practices that could possibly jeopardize economic development and the effective functioning of democracy in the long run.

Purpose
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a technology, based on the quantum laws of physics, rather than the assumed computational complexity of mathematical problems, to generate and distribute provably secure cipher keys over unsecured channels. The authors are using this concept of QKD for the online banking systems. The paper aims to discuss these issues.


Design/methodology/approach
In order to function properly, any system using QKD needs to transport both quantum and classical data from a specified source to a specified destination, resolve competing requests for shared hardware, and manage shared keys between neighboring trusted nodes via a multi-hop mechanism. In this paper the authors are going to explain the transmission and control system for QKD implementation in online banking systems.


Findings
This paper presents the transmission and system control of QKD for online banking system is feasible under specific conditions outside a laboratory. Above, the authors have shown the research on the QKD based online banking systems. Though the current researches are focused on QKD systems for online banking systems, the techniques discussed can be applied to other quantum information processing involving photons. Combination with other efforts that are not mentioned here, such as entangled-photon-sources, single photon sources, two-qubit gates, and so on, will provide a rigid foundation for future quantum information technologies.


Originality/value
Recognizing the importance of online access as one of the vehicles for the development of cheaper, faster and more reliable services there are areas of improvement where all involved parties should endeavor to improve toward the deployment of services without unnecessary or excessive risks. This improvement applies to both retail and commercial customers and does not endorse any particular technology.

International audience ; Following the severe financial crisis that shook most of Western societies in the early 1930s, a strong shift towards state regulation on banking activities took place in numerous countries. Among them, both Belgium and Switzerland undertook the implementation of banking laws. More precisely, the Swiss Federal Banking Law of November 1934 was enacted a few months before the Belgian Royal Decree Nr. 185 of July 1935. While the historical context and the development of each of these regulations have been studied individually, a comparative perspective is still lacking. Moreover, the question of the possible links between these two regulatory regimes remains largely unexplored. A detailed analysis of the Belgian banking regulation process shows that the Swiss law acted as a role model, put forward by the representatives of the banking circles. The Swiss influence played a significant part in shaping the banking regulation in a liberal perspective ; thus meeting two essential needs for the Belgian bankers : to limit state intervention to a minimum, and to bypass the authority of the central bank. This relationship between banking laws finds its counterpart in the activities of the two supervision agencies set up in the 1930s, the ' Commission fédérale des banques' in Berne and the ' Commission bancaire' in Brussels. Both bodies featured limited means of actions and experienced similar paths during their first years of operation. ; Suite aux graves crises bancaires et financières qui ont secoué la plupart de sociétés occidentales au début des années 1930, on assiste à un foisonnement de réglementations publiques sur les activités bancaires. Parmi les très nombreux pays qui mettent en place des législations bancaires, l'on compte notamment la Suisse et la Belgique. Plus précisément, la loi fédérale suisse sur les banques de novembre 1934 précède de quelques mois l'arrêté royal belge n° 185 de juillet 1935. Alors que le contexte historique et l'élaboration respective de chacune de ces ...

International audience Following the severe financial crisis that shook most of Western societies in the early 1930s, a strong shift towards state regulation on banking activities took place in numerous countries. Among them, both Belgium and Switzerland undertook the implementation of banking laws. More precisely, the Swiss Federal Banking Law of November 1934 was enacted a few months before the Belgian Royal Decree Nr. 185 of July 1935. While the historical context and the development of each of these regulations have been studied individually, a comparative perspective is still lacking. Moreover, the question of the possible links between these two regulatory regimes remains largely unexplored. A detailed analysis of the Belgian banking regulation process shows that the Swiss law acted as a role model, put forward by the representatives of the banking circles. The Swiss influence played a significant part in shaping the banking regulation in a liberal perspective ; thus meeting two essential needs for the Belgian bankers : to limit state intervention to a minimum, and to bypass the authority of the central bank. This relationship between banking laws finds its counterpart in the activities of the two supervision agencies set up in the 1930s, the ' Commission fédérale des banques' in Berne and the ' Commission bancaire' in Brussels. Both bodies featured limited means of actions and experienced similar paths during their first years of operation. ; Suite aux graves crises bancaires et financières qui ont secoué la plupart de sociétés occidentales au début des années 1930, on assiste à un foisonnement de réglementations publiques sur les activités bancaires. Parmi les très nombreux pays qui mettent en place des législations bancaires, l'on compte notamment la Suisse et la Belgique. Plus précisément, la loi fédérale suisse sur les banques de novembre 1934 précède de quelques mois l'arrêté royal belge n° 185 de juillet 1935. Alors que le contexte historique et l'élaboration respective de chacune de ces ...