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Mining, in addition to other human activities and natural phenomena, has repeatedly reshaped the landscapes of the Peruvian Andes. Long-standing, significantly modified and new Andean landscapes have resulted in a complex reading of the 'land as palimpsest' (Corboz, 1983). In recent decades, large-scale modern mining has disturbed headwater landscapes and broader Andean ecologies, as exemplified in Cajamarca's gold mines. This article critically reads past and present spatial transformations induced by gold mining in the headwaters of the Cajamarca Basin. Through archival documentation, fieldwork and interpretative cartography, it analyses the large-scale surface mining operations in Cajamarca from 1993 to 2020, as well as their impact on downstream rural and urban ecologies. A cross-scalar mapping investigation discloses the spatial-ecological outcomes of twenty-seven years of mining (and closure) operational procedures. As a conclusion of the palimpsest reading, a design-research question is posed as to how Cajamarca's post-mining landscapes can be opportunely premeditated. It hypothesizes that, already during exploitation, the post-mining landscapes can be consciously constructed by an intelligent manipulation of mining procedures and create a layer of the territory that is more robust. Environmental reconstruction after mining closure recreates a pseudo-natural environment that supposedly erases the traces of mining and restores natural condition - literally back to nature, with no cultural trace. In this regard, reconstruction is merely theoretical since the repairing to a natural state would mean no palimpsests. However, despite the most imaginative and ecological repair, the territory remains a mega palimpsest, cruelly violated and disrupted. Therefore, at best, the proposition can be to build a cultural, consciously conceived and tailored post-mining landscape, merging mining and post-mining landscape construction into one movement, where the remaining (palimpsest) is part-and-parcel of the newly constructed.

La existencia de las Rondas Urbano- Campesinas en el Perú es una realidad y cada día se evidencian más, Cajamarca no es ajena a dicha realidad existiendo una colisión entre la justifica formal frente a la llamada justicia de los ronderos, quienes facultándose potestades jurisdiccionales, vulneran derecho fundamentales de la personas, desconocen la normatividad legal vigente, se exceden en sus atribuciones, rechazan al Poder Judicial como una institución que administra justicia, pretenden hacer justicia con su propia mano, creyendo buscar una justicia inmediata, problema que se debe, al desconocimiento de las leyes e inadecuada interpretación de sus facultades de apoyo y colaboración que les consagra la Constitución Política del Perú, a la deficiente estructura institucional del Estado, a la ausencia del Estado con una justicia inmediata, la desconfianza de los ronderos frente al Estado como administrador de justicia, al rol que desempeñan los Jueces y fiscales como operadores del Derecho en la administración de justicia en la ciudad de Cajamarca. ; The existence of the Urban-Peasant Rounds in Peru is a reality and every day are more evident, Cajamarca is not alien to this reality, there is a collision between the formal justification against the so-called justice of the ronderos, who empowered jurisdictional powers, Fundamental rights of the people, disregard existing legal regulations, exceed their powers, reject the judiciary as an institution that administers justice, pretend to do justice with their own hand, believing to seek immediate justice, a problem that is due to ignorance Of the laws and inadequate interpretation of their faculties of support and collaboration that enshrines the Political Constitution of Peru, the deficient institutional structure of the State, the absence of the State with an immediate justice, the distrust of the ronderos against the State as administrator Of justice, to the role played by S Judges and prosecutors as legal operators in the administration of justice in the city of Cajamarca. ; Tesis

To consider a city sustainable, a variety of guidelines must be considered that respond to problems generated in it. It is possible to identify, for example, that transportation in a city with recent urban growth, such as Cajamarca, either in a private vehicle or in a public one, is a latent inconvenience for those who live and move around the city. One of the main reasons for the chaos in this city is the lack of adequate urban planning by governments in the face of the explosive migratory movement caused by mining activity in the early 1990s. Within the framework of this problem, the main objective of this research is to analyze urban mobility in the historic center of the district of Cajamarca, Peru. A simple descriptive design was proposed with three data collection instruments: observation sheets, surveys, and interviews with experts. It was possible to identify that the lack of vision to face this problem manifested in road congestion, environmental pollution, urban fragmentation, informality in transportation systems, high economic costs in the population, and the almost null access to public spaces. This shows a city with violent growth, socially polarized, and highly disorganized. In conclusion, there is a notorious fragmentation between mobility and the city due to the lack of comprehensive policies and spontaneous growth, among other factors. In this sense, although Cajamarca is a city with historical potential, it has suffered the progressive deterioration of its urban fabric due to this scenario. ; A fin de considerar una ciudad sostenible se debe tener en cuenta una variedad de lineamientos que respondan a problemáticas que se generan en ella. En este sentido, es posible identificar, por ejemplo, que transportarse en una ciudad con un crecimiento urbano reciente como Cajamarca, bien sea en un vehículo particular o en uno público, es un inconveniente latente para quienes vivimos y nos desplazamos en esta ciudad. Uno de los motivos principales del caos de nuestra ciudad es la falta de una adecuada ...

Ecological and Economic Zoning (EEZ) is a Land Use Planning (LUP) methodology that aims at defining separate areas for productive uses and conservation. EEZ is designed as a method that balances different interests and it devises land use policy through stakeholder participation, technical expertise and GIS modelling. The article presents the case study of EEZ in Cajamarca, Peru to analyse the LUP process in a situation of conflicting interests over future land and water use. Cajamarca is a department with rich gold deposits in the headwater catchment area upstream of the city of Cajamarca. During the last decade, rural communities and urban populations have continuously protested against the opening of new open pit mines, as they fear this will affect their water supply. Therefore, the EEZ process became part of a controversy between a powerful pro-mining coalition lead by the central government and a conservation coalition lead by the regional government. We conclude that in these circumstances, LUP cannot, technically or politically, accommodate the different values attributed to the headwater catchment.