Suchergebnisse

Проведено аналіз міжнародно-правових актів сфери захисту культурних цінностей під часзбройних конфліктів. Акцентовано увагу на необхідності вдосконалювання українськогозаконодавства стосовно захисту культурних цінностей відповідно до міжнародних конвенцій. ; The analysis of international laws in the sphere of cultural property protection in time of armed conflicts is conducted. Special attention is paid to the necessity of improvement of the Ukrainian legislation in consideration of cultural property protection in accordance with International Conventions.

Images of widespread looting were the first to come from Baghdad following the entry of US forces into the Iraqi capital city in April 2003. In particular, it is hard to forget the powerful images of smashed display cases, empty vaults, and desperate staff in the Iraqi National Museum. Worse still, the National Library was burnt down. The looting of the Iraqi National Museum took place between 8 April, when the security situation prompted staff to leave the museum, and 12 April when some of them managed to return. Despite early pleadings with US forces to move a tank to guard the museum gates, US tanks did not arrive until 16 April.1 Cynics would say that the protection of the Oil Ministry appeared to take priority at the time.2 Early reports estimated that around 170,000 items went missing from the Iraqi National Museum in Baghdad.3 This figure was completely exaggerated and the Bogdanos enquiry established that over 13,000 items had been stolen and about 3,000 recovered by September 2003.4 This article seeks to determine to what extent the US can be held legally responsible for the looting, and then to examine the international legal framework in place to facilitate the recovery and return of the items stolen from the Iraqi National Museum and other Iraqi cultural institutions

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Series Preface -- Introduction -- Bibliography and Further Reading -- Part I Foundations -- The Concept of Cultural Heritage -- 1 John Henry Merryman (2005), 'Cultural Property Internationalism', International Journal of Cultural Property, 12, pp. 11-39. -- 2 Janet Blake (2000), 'On Defining the Cultural Heritage', International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 49, pp. 61-85. -- The Politics of Cultural Heritage Rights -- 3 Rosemary J. Coombe (2009), 'The Expanding Purview of Cultural Properties and Their Polities', Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 5, pp. 393-412. -- 4 Jonathan S. Bell (2013), 'The Politics of Preservation: Privileging One Heritage over Another', Lnternational Journal of Cultural Property, 20, pp. 431-50. -- Part II Types of Cultural Heritage Rights -- Natural Heritage as Cultural Heritage -- 5 Shabnam Inanloo Dailoo and Frits Pannekoek (2008), 'Nature and Culture: A New World Heritage Context', Lnternational Journal of Cultural Property, 15, pp. 25-47. -- 6 Gonzalo Oviedo and Tatjana Puschkarsky (2012), 'World Heritage and Rights-Based Approaches to Nature Conservation', Lnternational Journal of Heritage Studies, 18, pp. 285-96. -- Urban Landscapes as Culture Heritage -- 7 Lindsay M. Weiss (2014), 'Informal Settlements and Urban Heritage Landscapes in South Africa', Journal of Social Archaeology, 14, pp. 3-25. -- 8 Michael L. Dutra (2004), 'Sir, How Much is that Ming Vase in the Window? Protecting Cultural Relics in the People's Republic of China', Asian-Pacific Law and Policy Journal, 5, pp. 62-100. -- Underwater Cultural Heritage Rights -- 9 Sarah Dromgoole (2003), '2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage', International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 18, pp. 59-91

This article argues that the question of whether the nation-state or the international community is the legitimate guardian of cultural property can only be answered with reference to what we expect measures of protection of our cultural heritage to accomplish. The very concept of 'protection' is at stake, and two different schools (object-centrism versus functionalism) are to be distinguished. Whereas object centrism focuses on the cultural object and its protection as a value in its own right, functionalism argues that the cultural heritage cannot even be identified as such without reference to society and its meaning for societal processes of acculturation and socialization. This article endorses functionalism and develops a perspective that includes identity and cross-cultural communication as the most important functions of all cultural heritage. These two criteria should guide our thinking about the legitimate guardian of cultural heritage in general.

Table of abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Private title claims -- 3 The interstate model -- 4 Claims to nazi-looted art -- 5 Colonial looting and indigenous peoples' lost heritage -- 6 Cross-border trade and claims: a synthesis -- 7 Concluding observations -- Table of instruments -- Table of cases -- Selected bibliography -- Other resources -- Annex: original sources.

Intro -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Figures and Table -- Contributors -- Preface -- 1. Introduction: The Heritage of the Colonised -- The issues -- The history of colonialism and its lasting effect on heritage management in Africa -- Conclusion -- References -- 2. Post-Colonial Archaeology in East Africa -- Introduction -- Pre-Colonial East Africa -- Colonial East Africa -- Post-Colonial Period -- Oral Traditions -- Subaltern Voices -- Liberation Sites -- Conclusion -- Note -- References -- 3. Museums and Heritage in West Africa -- The Spirit of Heritage and Collection Methods -- National Museums and Cooperation Model -- Museum Collections and Social Justice -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Archives -- 4. The Exhibition of the African in Post-Colonial Africa: Example from Kenya -- Introduction -- Exclusion from the Onset -- Post-Independence Exclusionary Amnesia -- Post-independence Nationhood Representation Complexity -- The Transition and Post-KANU (Re) Presentation -- Search for Relevance and the Restitution Debate -- Post-Devolution Representation Dilemma -- Conclusion -- References -- 5. Heritage Governance in Post-Colonial Africa -- Introduction -- Heritage Governance: Theoretical Considerations -- Contextualising Heritage Governance in Post-Colonial Africa -- Globalisation and Heritage Governance in Post - Colonial Africa -- Conclusion -- References -- 6. Legal Protection of African Cultural Heritage in the 21st Century and Beyond: A Prognosis and Futures Perspective -- Introduction -- Emerging issues in heritage protection -- Heritage for economic beneficiation -- Heritage, innovation and industrialisation -- Heritage in the digital world -- Protection of intellectual property in heritage -- Legal frameworks vs emerging issues -- Heritage laws and economic utilisation.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Introduction- Negotiating Ownership Claims: Changing Attitudes toward Cultural Property -- Part I: Contested Physical Culture -- 1. The Politics of Archaeology: Heritage, Ownership, and Repatriation -- 2. The Trial of Marion True and Changing Policies for Classical Antiquities in American Museums: Appendix: Art Repatriated to Italy and Greece through 2010 -- 3. The Salamanca Papers: A Cultural Property Episode in Post-Franco Spain -- Part II: Shared Stewardship -- 4. Language Ownership and Language Ideologies

The protection of cultural property during times of armed conflict and social unrest has been an on-going challenge for military forces throughout the world even after the ratification and implementation of the 1954 Hague Convention and its two Protocols by participating nations. This volume provides a series of case studies and "lessons learned" to assess the current status of Cultural Property Protection (CPP) and the military, and use that information to rethink the way forward. The contributors are all recognized experts in the field of military CPP or cultural heritage and conflict, and all are actively engaged in developing national and international solutions for the protection and conservation of these non-renewable resources and the intangible cultural values that they represent