Suchergebnisse

Nature and epistemology of law. Early thinkers: Apastamba (late third century B.C.E.), Patanjali (mid-second century B.C.E.) ; Later aphoristic texts on dharma: Gautama (late second century B.C.E.), Baudhayana (early first century B.C.E.), Vasistha (late first century B.C.E.) ; Perspectives from political science: Kautilya (first-second century C.E.) ; Innovations of Manu (mid-second century C.E.) ; Developments after Manu: Yajnavalkya (fourth-fifth century C.E.), Vishnu (seventh century C.E.), Parasara (seventh century C.E.) ; The school of vedic exegesis: Sabara (fifth century C.E.), Kumarila (seventh century C.E.) ; Early commentators: Bharuci (seventh century C.E.), Visvarupa (early ninth century C.E.), Medhatithi (second half of the ninth century C.E.) ; Medieval commentators and systematizers: Commentators of Manu: Govindaraja (eleventh-twelfth century C.E.), Nandana, Kulluka (fourteenth century C.E.); Commentators of Yajnavalkya: Vijnanesvara (fl. 1100-1125 C.E.), Apararka (first half of the twelfth century C.E.); Legal digests-Nibandhas: Devanna Bhatta (circa 1200 C.E.) -- Courts of law and legal procedure. The beginnings: Apastamba, Gautama, Baudhayana, Visistha ; The early theorists: Kautilya, Manu ; The mature phase: Yajnavalkya, Narada (fifth-sixth century C.E.) ; Early commentators: Bharuci, Medhatithi ; Medieval commentators and systematizers: Vijnanesvara, Devanna Bhatta

Intro -- Series Editors' Preface -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Praise for Cow Care in Hindu Animal Ethics -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- List of Figures -- 1 Introduction -- Terminology and Spelling -- References -- 2 The Release of Cosmic Cows -- The Rigveda-Cows Ranging in Meaning -- The Upanishads-Cows and the Acquisition of Higher Knowledge -- The Mahabharata-Pursuing Dharma with Cows -- The Bhagavata Purana-Cows in the World of Bhakti -- Krishna and His Cows in Vraja -- Vraja Bhakti Poetry-The Buttery Sweet Language of Love -- Compilations-Trails Toward Modern Cow Care -- Concluding Reflections -- References -- 3 Cows in Contested Fields -- Hindus' Modern Concern for Cows -- Dayananda Saraswati: "Cow-Reservoir of Compassion" -- Mahatma Gandhi: "The Law of Our Religion" -- B. R. Ambedkar: Compassion Denied the "Untouchables" -- Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada: Cow Care for the World -- Ancient Texts, Modern Controversies -- Nonviolence Preferred in Dharmashastra -- Thinking Aloud in the Sacrifice of War -- Violence, Nonviolence-And Cows in the Bhagavad Gita and Bhagavata Purana -- Concluding Reflections -- References -- 4 Surveying the Cow Care Field -- Cows (Un)Sheltered -- The Economics of Reverence and Care -- Bovine Products as Added Value -- Milk -- Ghee -- Dung and Urine -- Panchagavya -- Male Bovine Care and the Issue of Violence -- Intangible Benefits of Bovine Care and Proximity -- Bovines as Purifying Agents -- Learning Lessons from Cows -- "Keeping Cows, You Keep Your Sanity" -- Go-seva and Bhakti -- Ritual Bovine Veneration: Creating and Affirming Community -- Concluding Reflections -- References -- 5 Cow Care and the Ethics of Care -- Dharma and Animal Ethics -- Dharma as Settled Duty -- Dharma as Deliberation on Right Action -- Dharma as Cultivation of Virtue -- From Dharma to Yoga -- From Yoga to Bhakti.

Cotton is one of the most important and ancient crop of the world. It plays a very signification role in the economic,political and social affairs of the world. In India, cotton is cultivated as an important cash crop and used as fabric since time immemorial. Ancient texts of India like Rig Veda, Dharmashastra etc. mention the use of cotton. There are evidences to indicate that India had been the centre of important textile industry as early as 1500 BC. At present, Indian textile industry with more than 1062 textile mills constitutes one of the largest contributor to the economy in terms of annual output and labour employed, both direct and indirect. A poverty line is the income required for a minimum consumption level of food,clothing, shelter, transport, health care, and other necessary items. In 1979, the Task Force on Projections of Minimum Needs and Effective Consumption Demand defined the poverty line as the per capita consumption expenditure level at which the average daily calorie requirement were met on the basis of the all-India consumption basket using 1973–1974 data from the National Sample Survey (NSS) 28th round. The task forceused the age/sex/activity-specific calorie allowances recommended by the Nutrition Expert Group to estimate the average dailyper capita requirement for rural and urban areas (2,400 kilocalories in rural areas and 2,100 kilocalories in urban areas), usingtheir respective population structures as projected for 1982–1983. Thus, to the extent the data permitted, the age, sex, andoccupational differentials in the population's daily calorie requirement were captured in the average norms.

Introduction -- Antecedents and Preview -- Early Vedic Era -- Vedic Scriptures, Janapadas, and Women -- Jaina and Buddhist Canon and Women -- Dharma Sūtras -- Mauryan Empire and Arthaśāstra -- Early Classical Era -- Arthaśāstra and Manu Smŗiti -- Pre-Guptan and Guptan Monarchs -- Yājňavalkya Smŗiti and Nārada Smŗiti.