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This article deals with signif aspects of soc change in modern Brazil & particularly with the main demographic implications. Brazil's society is changing--old patterns persist, but do not prevail; new patterns are present, but are not dominant. The soc change is the result of the transition from an agrarian to an industrial economy, from a Ru to an Ur society, & from a parochial to a more secular way of life. Emerging SC's include an Ur proleteriat, a Me, & a bourgeoisie of merchants & industrialists. The gov is exercising great efforts to accelerate the rate of econ development of the country. An important feature of Brazil's demography is the high rate of natural increase in the pop due mainly to the high birth rate & declining death rate, particularly in infant mortality. AAAPSS.

This article deals with significant aspects of social change in modern Brazil and particularly with the main demographic implications. Brazil's society is changing—old patterns persist, but do not prevail; new patterns are present, but are not dominant. The social change is the result of the transition from an agrarian to an industrial economy, from a rural to an urban society, and from a parochial to a more secular way of life. Emerging social classes include an urban proleteriat, a middle class, and a bourgeoisie of merchants and industrial ists. The government is exercising great efforts to accelerate the rate of eco nomic development of the country. An important feature of Brazil's demogra phy is the high rate of natural increase in the population due mainly to the high birth rate and declining death rate, particularly in infant mortality—Ed.

Over the last years, Brazil and China's oil-related finance activities have expanded substantially. Between 2007 and 2019, Brazilian companies received approximately one-fourth of Chinese policy banks overseas oil-related loans, and Chinese financial institutions became Brazil's biggest oil company Petrobras' main creditor. A deep analysis of these loans highlights their usage as economic statecraft tools, with impacts on the bilateral crude trade and investments. Loan-for-oil mechanisms, content purchase requirements, and a countercyclical lending pattern have helped to influence Brazilian players to behave in a manner conducive to the Chinese state's energy security objectives and strategic goals, namely increase of imports, diversification of sources, and internationalisation of firms. With these loans, China has satisfactorily guaranteed a stable oil supply over time and has helped Chinese equipment makers and service providers to expand their footage in Brazil.

Over the last years, Brazil and China's oil-related finance activities have expanded substantially. Between 2007 and 2019, Brazilian companies received approximately one-fourth of Chinese policy banks overseas oil-related loans, and Chinese financial institutions became Brazil's biggest oil company Petrobras' main creditor. A deep analysis of these loans highlights their usage as economic statecraft tools, with impacts on the bilateral crude trade and investments. Loan-for-oil mechanisms, content purchase requirements, and a countercyclical lending pattern have helped to influence Brazilian players to behave in a manner conducive to the Chinese state's energy security objectives and strategic goals, namely increase of imports, diversification of sources, and internationalisation of firms. With these loans, China has satisfactorily guaranteed a stable oil supply over time and has helped Chinese equipment makers and service providers to expand their footage in Brazil. (JCCA/GIGA)