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This paper summarises the key conceptual themes raised by a broad review addressing the question: How do we define 'visual difficulty' for education and employment research? The review involved discussions with key informants from the Royal National Institute for the Blind (RNIB) and a critical survey of definitional and assessment practices in the literature. Key themes from the review are organised around a discussion of 1) diversity of definitional and assessment practice; 2) models of disability; 3) vision and function; 4) multiple disabilities; and 5) severity of disability. The paper concludes that currently there is no standard definition and related assessment tool that could be used across research contexts; although developments based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health would be welcome.

AbstractHealth, education and employment not only reflect women's status, but also affect other dimensions of the status. This commentary reviews changes in women's health, education, and employment from 2010 to 2020 by the information released from the Survey on Social Status of Women in China, and discusses challenges in further eliminating gender gap and push forward gender equality in China.

The Tactile Vision Substitution System converts the visual image from a narrow-angle television camera to a tactual image on a five-jnch square, loo-point display of vibrators placed against the abdomen of the blind person. This arrangement allows for the free use of the hands at the same time that the machine is in use. The possible applications of the system in education include the teaching of certain spatial concepts, e.g., monocular cues, and as an attachment to a microscope to allow for the examination of slides. In employment, the system could be used in those jobs in electronics requiring the use of an oscilloscope (to which it can be attached) or in assembly work involving the microscope, e.g., microcircuitry.