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Introduction to the Transaction Edition, Preface, Part I. Ethical Relativity: Background and Analysis, I. What Is Ethical Relativity, II. Barriers and Tools: Conscience, Moral Law and Reason, III. Barriers and Tools: The Spectre of the Stubborn Man, IV. The Nature and Sources of Indeterminacy, Part II. What the Human Sciences Can Offer, V. Biological Perspectives, VI. Psychological Perspectives, VII. Cultural and Social Perspectives, VIII. Historical Perspectives, Part III. Towards A Common Ethic, IX. The Theory of the Valuational Base, Index

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- 1. Introduction -- I. David Wong's Pluralistic Moral Relativism -- 1. The Strategy and Style of Wong's Approach: Working Out a Defensible Relativism -- 2. The Three Main Theses of Wong's Pluralistic Relativism -- 3. Wong's Defense of Pluralistic Relativism -- 4. Wong's Moral Relativism and Chinese Philosophy -- II. Central Issues between Wong and His Critics -- 1. A Morality of Humanity Over and Above Moralities of Social Groups? -- 2. Can a Metaethics that Is Naturalistic, Pluralistic, and Relativistic Accommodate a Normative Morality that Is Non-Naturalistic, Monistic, or Universalistic Morality? -- 3. The Principle of Humanity vs. the Principle of Charity: Interpretation of Confucianism -- 4. Naturalism and the Naturalistic Fallacy -- 5. Naturalism, Relativism, and Realism -- 6. Speaker Relativism or Patient Relativism? -- Notes -- References -- Part I: Critical Essays -- 2. Human Morality, Naturalism, and Accommodation -- I. Wong's Pluralistic Relativism -- II. The Universal Element in Morality -- III. Relativism -- IV. Accommodation -- V. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 3. Naturalism and Pluralistic Relativism -- I. Introduction -- II. Individuating Moralities -- III. From Moral Ambivalence to Pluralistic Relativism? -- IV. Value Monism and Universalism Revisited -- V. Should Wong Allow Non-Naturalistic Moralities to be Adequate? -- VI. Moralities as Practiced Versus Ideal Moralities -- VII. A Problem for Wong's Reciprocity Constraint -- VIII. Wong's Use of Xunzi: A Separate Naturalistic Project? -- Acknowledgment -- Notes -- References -- 4. Principle of Humanity vs. Principle of Charity -- I. The Argument -- II. The Rival Principles of Humanity and Charity in Radical Translation -- III. The Role of Comparative Philosophy in the Argument -- IV. Xunzi and Sage Authority.

During the 1970s and 1980s, the field of ethics underwent a profound change in perspective from noncognitivism to cognitivism regarding moral judgments and reasoning. Although metaethical noncognitivism had been the predominant point of view during the previous three decades, a series of attacks had undermined its authority by the 1970s, and it gave way to the cognitivist belief that moral judgments have truth values. This book provides a descriptive and critical guide to the often bewildering scene that resulted from these controversies in contemporary moral epistemology

This study examined the relationship between ethical beliefs and tolerance of ambiguity. Two dimensions of ethical belief were examined: ethical relativism and idealism. Findings reported here are based on a questionnaire survey of 145 exporting and importing managers of Turkey. The results show a positive correlation between ethical relativism and tolerance of ambiguity, and a negative correlation between idealism and tolerance of ambiguity.

The aim of this review article is to reveal the cons and pros of ethical relativism, especially conventionalism. This article is written with the intention of showing some of the practical upshots of conventionalism without totally denying some of its virtues in a world where diversity of cultures and customs is apparent. The article inquires the question: Is ethical relativism tenable? The review article relies on reviewing secondary sources. What I am arguing in this article is that despite the attraction of ethical relativism as an intellectual weapon to fight against ethnocentrism and cultural intolerance, the view still goes against the idea of intercultural comparison, criticism and moral argumentation, so that it would have serious disastrous implication on practice, especially on the universal character of human rights and shutters all together any sort of moral progress and reform. The article concludes that we can set forth certain objective moral codes, discovered through rational intercultural dialogue and discussion which could be applied regardless of cultural specificities upon which cultural inter-comparison, discussion and moral argumentation is possible.

The theory of ethical relativism has been the subject of much misunderstanding. It is argued that the central insight of relativism is enculturation and not tolerance. Relativism is characterized as a metaethical theory about the nature of moral perceptions. As such it is logically consistent, permits moral criticism, and is compatible with cross‐cultural universals. The existence of universals may indicate global support for particular human rights.

"This is an innovative contribution to the philosophy of human rights. Considering both legal and philosophical scholarship, the views here bear an importance on the legitimacy of international politics and international law. As a result of more than 10 years of research, this revised edition engages with current debates through the help of new sections. Pluralistic universalism considers that, while formal filtering criteria constitute unavoidable requirements for the production of potentially valid arguments, the exemplarity of judgmental activity, in its turn, provides a pluralistic and retrospective reinterpretation for the fixity of such criteria. While speech formal standards grounds the thinnest possible presuppositions we can make as humans, the discursive exemplarity of judgments defends a notion of validity which is both contextually dependent and "subjectively universal". According to this approach, human rights principles are embedded within our linguistic argumentative practice. It is precisely from the intersubjective and dialogical relation among speakers that we come to reflect upon those same conditions of validity of our arguments. Once translated into national and regional constitutional norms, the discursive validity of exemplar judgments postulates the philosophical necessity for an ideal of legal-constitutional pluralism, challenging all those attempts trying to frustrate both horizontal (state to state) and vertical (supra-national-state-social) on-going debates on human rights."--Provided by publisher

The past, present and future of ethical rationalism / Patrick Capps and Shaun D. Pattinson -- How to become a successful Hegelian / Stuart Toddington -- Identifying and justifying moral norms : necessary basics / Kenneth R Westphal -- Hope, agency, and aesthetic sensibility : a response to Beyleveld's account of Kantian hope / Dascha Düring and Marcus Düwell -- Justification in morality and the law / Michael Boylan -- Advance refusals and the personal identity objection / Shaun D Pattinson -- Law as a moral judgment, the domain of jurisprudence, and technological management / Roger Brownsword -- Beyond reason : the legal importance of emotions / Thom Brooks and Diana Sankey -- Public goods in the ethical reconsideration of research innovation / Benjamin Capps -- Privacy, politeness, and the boundary between theory and practice in ethical rationalism / David Townend -- Fidelity to international law : on international courts and politics / Henrik Palmer Olsen -- Legal idealism and global law / Patrick Capps -- What is Gewirth and what is Beyleveld? a retrospect with comments on the contributions / Deryck Beyleveld

The war on terrorism, say America's leaders, is a war of Good versus Evil. But in the minds of the perpetrators, the September 11 attacks on New York and Washington were presumably justified as ethically good acts against American evil. Is such polarization leading to a violent "clash of civilizations" or can differences between ethical systems be reconciled through rational dialogue? This book provides an extraordinary resource for thinking clearly about the diverse ways in which humans see good and evil. In nine essays and responses, leading thinkers ask how ethical pluralism can be underst

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Fragmentation -- 2. Alienation -- 3. Goods: Relative and Neutral -- 4. Getting beyond Oneself -- 5. Sharing by Desire -- 6. Harmful Using -- 7. Foreseen Harm -- 8. Double Effect -- 9. Punishment -- 10. Impartiality -- 11. Restrictions -- 12. Ethics -- 13. Unity -- Bibliography -- Index.