Suchergebnisse

In Seeking Refuge: Central American Migration to Mexico, the United States, and Canada, María Cristina García evaluates the United States' response to political and military upheavals in Central America in the 1980s. García explains that both international and domestic law demanded that the United States provide refugee status to individuals with a "well-founded fear of persecution." She suggests that, because it played a significant role in creating these refugees, the United States had an even greater responsibility to provide for their refuge. This Book Review evaluates the failure of U.S. law and policy to realize even the minimal standards established under international agreements with regard to the protection of refugees. In examining the situations in Central America in the 1980s and Iraq now, it concludes that the United States must fulfill its obligations under international law without regard to whether the United States contributed to the refugee-creating crisis.

Abstract. The significance of the concept of interdependence is dealt with from four aspects. 1) Attention is focused upon the meanings attached to the concept of interdependence in the growing literature on the subject. 2) The mathematical structure of the concept is analyzed and its implications for, and restraints upon, global planning are emphasized. 3) the analysis of the implications of the concept for global planning is further extended by a discussion of the tasks that would be involved in all efforts to coordinate global plans that have been developed within a framework of International forms of interdependence. 4) An effort is made to relate the tasks of coordination for global plans that reflect various forms of interdependence, to economic concerns and to the relationships that arise for interdependencies of trade.

This dissertation aims at analyzing the role of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps' (IRGC) extraterritorial activities in attaining Iran's foreign policy goals. Based on observations and assessments from internal and external determinants, Iran's foreign policy goals are defined as follows: regime survival, which is an indispensable goal of Iranian foreign policy, is above everything; state security and survival; projecting power and becoming the dominant power in the region. The regime has deliberately supported several armed non-state actors to achieve the aforementioned goals, and as seen in the case studies, the IRGC has served as a node in providing a broad range of state support. Although the IRGC has the characteristics of conventional armed forces, its extraterritorial activities contradict the legal frame of 'use of military force' and mostly fit the characteristics of 'state sponsorship of terrorism.' Moreover, these activities challenge international norms and provoke other regional actors. This condition creates an obstacle to Iran's integration into the international system which is increasingly globalized and interconnected and an environment which is costly to live within and leaves it isolated. These attitudes paradoxically place Iran in a situation that challenges the goals of 'state security and survival' and 'becoming the regional power' in the long run. Thus, it is argued that the real reason behind the regime's insistence on this strategy is preserving the current political systemand the power of current ruling elites; in brief, it is labeled 'regime survival' in this study.

International economic sanctions are not singularly modem phenomena. In ancient Greece, Pericles of Athens enacted the Megerian Decree in 432 BC in response to hostile acts taken against it by neighboring Megera. Later, during the American Revolutionary War, Thomas Jefferson encouraged the use of sanctions as an effective tool of coercive foreign policy to be used against the colonists' enemies. Since then, following the historical precedence of economic acts like the Megerian Decree, economic sanctions have continued to be used as tools of coercive diplomatic policy. For example, following World War I, President Woodrow Wilson encouraged the use of economic sanctions as an equally strong, but less costly alternative to the use of military force. However, even though economic sanctions have long been used in attempts to force desired responses out of target nations (especially unilateral sanctions), they have seldom achieved their stated foreign policy goals.

Ключевые слова: внешнеполитические цели и задачи ФРГ; коалиционный договор; правящая коалиция; СДПГ; ХДС/ХСС; четвертое правительство А. Меркель.= Keywords: Angela Merkel's fourth government; CDU/CSU; coalition agreement; Germany's foreign policy goals and objectives; ruling coalition; SPD. ; В статье выявлены и охарактеризованы цели и задачи внешней политики четвертого правительства А. Меркель, которые нашли отражение в тексте коалиционного договора между Христианско-демократическим союзом (ХДС) / Христианско-социальным союзом (ХСС) и Социал-демократической партией Германии (СДПГ) как основного программного документа новой правящей коалиции. Это позволяет дать научную оценку произошедшей в середине 2010-х гг. вследствие глобальных геополитических изменений трансформации видения места и роли ФРГ в европейской и мировой политике представителями ее политической элиты. ; The author of the article defi nes and characterizes foreign policy goals and objectives of Angela Merkel's fourth government, which were refl ected in the text of the coalition agreement between the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) / the Christian Social Union (CSU) and the Social Democratic Party (SPD) as the main programme document of a new ruling coalition. It allows to objectively evaluate transformation of the vision of the Germany's place and role in the European and global politics by representatives of its political elite occurred in the mid-2010s due to the global geo-political changes.

Promidžba demokracije temeljni je cilj vanjske politike EU-a, a ujedno i međunarodna dimenzija demokratizacije kao temeljnog i ključnog političkog ishoda proširenja unija na države Istočne, Srednje i Jugoistočne Europe. U svjetlu relevantnosti te tematike ovaj rad nastoji definirati pojam, doseg i primjenu promidžbe demokracije u međunarodnim odnosima, posebice prema postkomunističkim državama u posthladnoratovskom razdoblju, instrumente, ciljeve, strategije, ograničenja, evolutivni okvir promidžbe demokracije, kao i njezinu primjenu na primjeru Europske Unije, posebice u odnosu na bivše komunističke države, gdje je zamijećeno da vanjski akteri ne mogu potaknuti demokratizaciju i dovesti do stabilnih političkih poredaka ukoliko snažni unutarnji politički akteri ne budu "upravljali" elementima državnosti i modernizacije ; Democracy promotion is a crucial objective of the EU foreign policy; at the same time it is also the international dimension of democratization as a fundamental and crucial political outcome of the EU enlargement to Eastern, Central and Southeastern Europe. In light of the relevance of that topic, this paper attempts to define the concept, scope and application of democracy promotion in international relations, especially in the post-communist countries in the post-Cold War period. It will also examine instruments, objectives, strategies, constraints and evaluation framework of democracy promotion, as well as its implication on the case study of the European Union, particularly regarding former communist countries. In these cases it was observed that external actors can encourage democratization and lead to a stable political order if elements ofstatehood and state modernization are not discouragely "managed" by influential internal political actors.

The basis and survival of states in foreign policy depends on national goals and interests. Guaranteeing and defining national goals for states is so fundamental and important that foreign policy has no special meaning without it. States pursue their national goals and interests seriously in their foreign policy decision-making and structuring. The national goals and interests of states are subject to variability for a variety of reasons, and uniformity is unlikely. Why some of the goals that are set for almost all states as national goals are related to the self-preservation and security of states. That security is paramount to all foreign goals in terms of degree of importance for all countries. The purpose of security is the self and the purpose of self-preservation is these four phenomena: Preservation of national territory, protect your population, protecting the independence of the country, the survival of the political and economic system.