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Examining how traditional media incumbents like studios and networks have responded to the rise of new entrants from the technology sector (such as Facebook, Apple, Amazon, Netflix and Google), the A01s take a critical look at the way new and old industrial logics collide in an increasingly fragmented and consolidated mediascape.

Consider a government that auctions a franchise for, e.g., an airport, telecommunication network, or utility. Consider an 'incumbent bidder' that owns a complement or substitute. With an auction on the transfer (i.e. payment) to the government, the incumbent is advantaged.If the government regulates the market with an auction on the price asked to consumers, it depends who is advantaged. With complements, the incumbent is advantaged: it can set a lower price on the new franchise, as this increases the profit of the other. With substitutes, the incumbent is disadvantaged. In many settings, the advantage bidder always wins.

WHAT'S THE TAKEAWAY? The Texas franchise tax burdens taxpayers without generating sufficient tax revenue. The tax is particularly hostile to smaller businesses and the business services industry. Revenue would be better raised by replacing the franchise tax with either a value added tax (VAT) or a broader sales tax that includes consumer services. ; In 2006, Texas faced a fiscal double whammy. Not only had the Texas Supreme Court ordered the state to pick up more of the tab for K-12 education, but the legislature promised voters significant property tax relief. To achieve both goals simultaneously, the Texas Legislature expanded the state's franchise tax (a form of corporate income tax) to include businesses other than corporations. A good idea in principle, but not in execution.

Understanding why elites extend the franchise is one of the central questions in comparative politics. However, most theories fail to account for subsequent extensions of voting rights to once-excluded groups, including women, racial and religious minorities, and the poor. This article
reviews three new books in comparative politics that focus on the struggle for voting rights and representation in the first-wave democracies. These books challenge classic assumptions and show that democratization is punctuated by ongoing struggles over inclusion that continue to this day.
Together, these books contribute to debates over modernization theory, democratic responsiveness, and the use of the United States as a case in comparative analysis.

Franchising is one of the most trustworthy strategic alliance formations to start or expand businesses. Like many other business formations, franchise businesses need sustainable and long-term running; these objectives can be reached by a proper relationship between partners – the franchisor and the franchisee – in the alliances. Both partners' perspectives are valuable inputs to provide insight into understanding the sustainability of Indonesian franchise businesses. Furthermore, in any type of strategic alliances conflict is a risk that needs to be managed properly. This study aims to examine the relationships of determinants that influence franchise business sustainability. The determinants are risk management, trust, satisfaction, and sustainability. The study applies confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation modeling (SEM) AMOS software. Respondents in this study are franchisors and franchisees in the Indonesian retail and food and beverages (F&B) sectors, the study accommodates 204 respondents. Based on the analysis the study reveals that there is a positive relationship between risk management and satisfaction. Risk management also has a positive relationship with survivability; trust and satisfaction also have a positive relationship. Meanwhile, there is no relationship between satisfaction and survivability and the last relationship is between trust and survivability that has no positive relationship between the determinants. This study provides clearer insight to understand the relationships between determinants that influence franchise business survivability in Indonesia, especially based on both parties' perspectives.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide an in-depth investigation of e-commerce strategy implementation in mature franchise organisations from both franchisor and franchisee perspectives.Design/methodology/approachThis research employed a multiple case study method where the e-commerce strategies of two mature franchise organisations were investigated in depth. Franchising experts were interviewed to provide an additional dimension to this study.FindingsThis research found that e-commerce must be integrated with the overall business strategy for optimal franchise performance. Since all parties to the franchising relationship are affected by the introduction of e-commerce, both the franchisees' and the franchisor's interests must be considered when the strategy is being developed. In addition, the consumer's perspective is central to how e-commerce is structured, and franchisees are best placed to know their customers' needs because they are directly involved in operating their business and interfacing with customers.Practical implicationsA preliminary model for e-commerce structures in service and retail franchising has been developed that depends on the nature of the business, the distribution arrangements and the order fulfilment arrangements. The two main avenues in e-commerce structuring were centralisation and decentralisation.Originality/valueThis study contributes to knowledge through an in-depth investigation of the internal process of e-commerce implementation in franchise networks from both franchisor and franchisee perspectives.

Abstract
Recent changes in ownership and consumption patterns have brought many pub operators to follow strategies that are more concerned with a retailing orientation.
Many of the companies operating pubs are aiming to grow sales and respond quickly to changes in consumer tastes and fashions. They no longer own brewing facilities and frequently control whole estates of pubs that are marginal and where the actions, skills and motivations of local unit managers are crucial for the success or failure of the property.
The exploration of different forms of indirect control via lease arrangements is recognition of the need to provide more entrepreneurial incentives for those managing these more marginal properties. In many ways, it is possible to view pubs owned by chains operated through both tenancies and leasing as a form of franchising.
The literature and research on franchising hospitality services can help inform a study of leasehold and tenanted relationships in licensed retailing. Franchising in licensed retailing is almost wholly based on the tenanted/leased agreements.
This paper argues that in this more retailing and service quality competitive environment, pub operating companies will need to use more traditional franchising approaches than have been practised in the past.
Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.