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That rebels face a collective action problem is one of the most widely shared assumptions in the literature on civil wars. The authors argue that the collective action paradigm can be both descriptively inaccurate and analytically misleading when it comes to civil wars. They question both pillars of the paradigm as applied to the study of civil wars, namely, the free-riding incentive generated by the public goods dimension of insurgency and the risks of individual participation in insurgent collective action. The authors argue, instead, that although insurgent collective action may entail the expectation of future collective benefits, public (rather than just private) costs tend to predominate in the short term. Moreover, the costs of nonparticipation and free riding may equal or even exceed those of participation. The authors support these claims by triangulating three types of evidence: historical evidence from counterinsurgency operations in several civil wars; data from the Vietnam War's Phoenix Program; and regional evidence from the Greek Civil War. They conclude by drawing implications for the study of civil wars.

This article tells the singular story of the growth of Free Software and Open Source in Brazil - encouraged by the government, opposed by the world's largest software enterprise – throughout the experiments of a country in search of its democratic and independent identity.

Practice-based researchers in the design field usually adoptanthropological methods for 'observing' or 'studying' the field inorder to come up with some 'design solutions' for a provocativeco-designing of socio-political spaces. Usually such approachesmove in the direction of legitimization of the 'design knowledge'.What designers in socio-political action research do is an act oftranslation, which in various stages of the action gets different shapes(e.g. between their own knowledge and participants' knowledge).Translation always tries to fill the cracks between an unknownspace and a known one. Therefore translation becomes afunctional and hierarchical bridge for those who do not knowthe origin's language. But such a bridge has many cracks, whichin a 'good translation' are not visible to readers but only to thetranslator. Therefore the translator, by hiding these cracks,never allows readers to engage in the work. However thesecracks are fundamentally important for understanding thepositioning and self-reflexivity occurring during the research.This paper draws a retrospective reflection upon the process ofcollaboration with women rights activists in Iran and Sweden. Byadopting a new politics of translation called 'free translation' 5,I argue that action research in the design field needs such a resituationalmethod for formulating actions in other contexts, wherethe first language is not familiar with the second, third and so on.A free translation brings up questions of 'qualification', 'power'and 'legitimization' and opens a space for more engagement byintensifying the cracks in disciplines, knowledge and contexts.

Consists of 5 booklets : health care leaders, employers, governors, local officials, and legislators. Each booklet is 12 pages. ; Also available as 5 separate Acrobat .pdf files. ; Includes bibliographical references.

AbstractOne in five college students report tobacco use, thus universities are making strides to reduce tobacco use by adopting smoke‐ or tobacco‐free policies. The purpose of this article is to describe an innovative ambassador program to increase adherence with a tobacco‐free campus policy. The Tobacco‐Free Take Action! (TFTA!) Ambassador program was created to form an environment of compliance. Hot spots were targeted by Ambassadors, who were trained to use scripted messages. Ambassadors completed an online documentation form to assess the number of violators observed and approached. The Tobacco‐Free Compliance Assessment Tool (TF‐CAT) was used to collect pre‐ and post‐cigarette butt data at each hot spot. During the 4‐week intervention period, Ambassadors approached 332 violators (529 observed), of which 68 percent responded positively and complied with the policy. The number of cigarette butts declined by 25 percent. Adherence with campus tobacco‐free policies remains a challenge. Lessons learned from this innovative approach will benefit those currently implementing and planning tobacco‐free campus policies.