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This book is the first comprehensive, full-scale treatment of the politics, law, and economics with regard to the policies and policy instruments for budget stabilization at the local level. It examines budget stabilization in the United States from the 1910s to 2010 (from adoption of public budgeting in this country through the Great Recession). In addition, it provides details on the methods and results of empirical tests of the effects of budget stabilization instruments on government operations, key/basic services provision, and some other aspects of social and economic life at the local level, including full-purpose governments (county, metro city, municipality, township, and village) as well as special (single- ) purpose governments (like school districts and transportation districts). This book dissects an important and pressing issue in public financial administration, analyzes a lesson that has been in the learning process, especially in the United States, and identifies theoretical threads for scholarly refinement, which will be put into specific contexts of policy design and implementation. This book will be of interest to scholars in political science, economics, public choice and in public administration, where it will also appeal to policy-makers.

Purpose – The purpose of the article is to assess the significance of multiannual expenditures in the state and budgets of local government units in Poland. Research method – In order to achieve the objective, the methods of comparative analysis of budget expenditures extending beyond one financial year of the state and local government units were used. The research period covers the years 2014-2018. The source of data utilised for the analyses are reports relating to the performance of the state budget and information on the performance of the budgets of local government units, as well as databases on multiannual financial forecasts of local government units. The analysis used data on expenditure related to the implementation of multiannual programmes (in the state budget) and expenditure on undertakings shown in multiannual financial forecasts (in the budgets of local government units). The analysis also included the non-expiring expenditures. Therefore, it was possible to indicate the share of expenditures extending beyond one financial year in the budgets executed annually. Results – The research results indicate that despite the existence of solutions for long-term budget planning at the level of the state and local government units in Poland, the scale of implementation of multiannual expenditures in annual budgets remains relatively small. In addition, differences in the implementation of multiannual expenditures between specific categories of local government units were pointed out.

This policy brief examines the shifts in Russia's government budget flows around election times and economic recessions. The issue is intriguing as Russia has basically pursued a policy of maintaining budget surpluses. Indeed, the government budget sector has shown a positive net financial stock for many years – a rare achievement for almost any country. Large downward and upward shifts in revenue and expenditure have induced sizeable changes in the balance, although in recent years swings in budget revenues have decreased as non-oil revenue streams gained importance.The real volume of government budget expenditure increased strongly around election time a decade ago. Such spending accelerations faded by the election cycle of autumn 2016 to early 2018 and remained subdued around the Duma elections in autumn 2021. Counter-cyclical budget spending policies were implemented around the 2009 and 2020 recessions to contain economic harms. The stimulus focus was on social benefits and corporate subsidies. Russia's spending increases in real terms around the 2009 recession reached the mid-range of increases when compared to twelve European economies and the US. During the 2020 recession, Russia's increases were short-lived and fell short of the hikes in almost all 13 comparison countries relative to size of GDP, but not drops in GDP.

ABSTRACTA credit market is introduced into an IS‐LM model with wealth effects and the government budget constraint explicitly considered, The model is able to handle issues such as a credit market shock that would be impossible to examine in standard models without a credit market. The analysis of more standard policies or shocks is enhanced by recognition of the role of the credit market, thus supporting the view that such recognition is both feasible and warranted.

Intro -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1: Introduction -- Introduction -- References -- Part I: International and National -- 2: Macroeconomic Theory and Forecasting -- Introduction -- Potential Economic Growth -- Total Hours -- Labor Productivity -- Labor Quality -- Capital Intensity -- Total Factor Productivity -- Productivity, Potential and Short-Run Dynamics -- Inflation -- Interest Rates -- Forecast Errors and Adjustments -- Appendix -- References -- 3: Evaluating Government Budget Forecasts -- Introduction -- Literature Review -- Data -- Data Description -- Graphical Analysis -- Comparison of Alternative Forecasts -- Comparisons of RMSEs -- Illustration -- Forecast Encompassing -- Illustration -- Pooling and Combining Forecasts -- Illustration -- Forecast Failure -- Comparisons Across Subsamples -- Illustration -- Tests of Bias and Efficiency -- Illustration -- General Tests of Forecast Bias -- Illustration -- A Unified Approach -- Remarks -- Conclusions -- References -- 4: Budget Preparation and Forecasting in the Federal Republic of Germany -- Introduction -- The German Political Structure -- Federalism Reforms -- The Maastricht Treaty -- Balanced Budget -- Golden Rule -- The German Debt Brake -- Control Account -- Federal Fiscal Assistance to the Länder -- Debt Brake -- Exceptions -- Stability Council -- Revenue Estimation -- The Financial Planning -- Budget Planning -- Conclusion -- References -- 5: Revenue Forecasting in Low-Income and Developing Countries: Biases and Potential Remedies -- Introduction -- Previous Research -- Data and Findings -- Potential Remedies: Institutional Proposals and Effectiveness -- SARAs: A Promise That Has Yet to Deliver -- Independent Fiscal Authorities -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 6: The Reliability of Long-Run Budget Projections -- Introduction.

(Thesis) Thesis--University of Florida, 1974. ; (Bibliography) Bibliography: leaves 101-106. ; Typescript. ; Vita.

THIS ARTICLE CALCULATES A MEASURE OF WASTE FROM THE COMPETITIVE RENT-SEEKING ACTIVITY OF SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS IN FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL BUDGETS OVER THE PERIOD 1900-88. THIS PERIOD IN U.S. FISCAL HISTORY IS CHARACTERIZED BY CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGES THAT HAVE MADE FOR MORE TRANSPARENCY IN GOVERNMENTAL FISCAL ACTIVITIES AND FOR GREATER DIFFUSION OF TAXES. AS A RESULT, OPPORTUNITIES FOR RENT-SEEKING THROUGH BUDGETARY REALLOCATIONS ROSE IN THE UNITED STATES.

The system of local governments financing, which is used in Estonia is based on personal income tax and supports paid by the state.A system of that kind creates enormous inequality between the local governments. The continuing decrease of income taxes andthe increase of tax-free minimum arises the role of state supports. Central government reduced essentially the part of income taxesassigned for local governments and supports in 2007–2010. That's why the municipalities met a difficult economic situation. Thegreatest costs for municipalities is education. Government has taken a course to abolishing rural schools. As the analyses demonstratethe schools are enormous source of incomes for municipalities. Therefore the abolishment of schools would made the financialsituation of municipalities worse even more. A special method wasn't created for the analysis. The classical economic means – tables,indexes and marginal analyses were used.KEYWORDS: local government, income tax, economic supports

Abstract : Expenditure restraint is one of tools used by government to manage public financialresources. However, there is rationale for the prominence of expenditure restraint in governmentbudgets. This article attempts to explore the prominence of expenditure restraint and how toimplement expenditure restraint to improve economic management by focusing on expenditurerestraint in the Australian budgetary management imposed in the Fraser government (1975-1983) andin the Hawke Labor government (1983-1991), Australia.

A previous article (Vol. 1, No. 2, Spring 1980) examined the progress and problems of budgetary innovation in the postwar era. Through a succession of reforms, budgeting maintained its coherence and continuity, It is likely, however, that future innovations will take a different path, one less certain of its success and more a product of fiscal stress than of government affluence. This article considers the reform issues likely to emerge in the coming years.

published_or_final_version ; Public Administration ; Master ; Master of Social Sciences

This report focuses on how major developed and emerging-market country governments, particularly the G-20 and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, limit their fiscal deficits.